Unit 6 Forces and Pressure
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1 Unit 6 Forces and Pressure
2 Lesson Objectives: Mass and weight Gravitational field and field strength describe the effect of balanced and unbalanced forces on a body describe the ways in which a force may change the motion of a body identify forces acting on an object and draw free body diagram(s) representing the forces acting on the object (for cases involving forces acting in at most 2 dimensions) recall and apply the relationship resultant force = mass x acceleration to new situations or to solve related problems explain the effects of friction on the motion of a body
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5 Lesson Objectives State that a force is a push or a pull. List different forces, namely, pushing, pulling, lifting, stretching, twisting, pressing, gravitational, frictional and magnetic forces. Explain what gravitational force of gravity is. State the effects of gravitational force of gravity. Define weight. Use the newton as the unit of force, with a clear idea of its magnitude. Use a forcemeter or spring balance to measure force. Deduction of net force acting on a body. Being able to solve simple problems involving various forces acting on a body such as applied force, weight & frictional force.
6 Watch Video Question: Discuss in pair and list at least 3 effects of a force on your worksheet.
7 What is Force? Definition: A force is a push or a pull. push pull S.I. unit : newton (N) Named after Sir Isaac Newton ( ) who did a lot of important work on forces.
8 Effects of Forces change the shape of an object change the size of an object change the direction of a moving object force start an object moving change the speed of a moving object stop a moving object
9 Misconception about Forces Our experience seems to tell us that a force is needed to keep an object moving. trolley stops moving when it is no longer pushed pushed ball stops rolling on the ground after sometime In fact, many objects stop moving because of friction (a force which we do not observe).
10 Measuring Forces Forces are measured with spring balance (also known as force-meters). Two types of spring balances: Extension spring balance (spring stretches when a pulling force acts on it) compression spring balance (spring is compressed when a force acts on it)
11 Check point On your own, give two examples of what a force can do to a moving object.
12 Types of Forces What is a Gravity? Definition: It is the force of attraction that pulls the objects towards the Earth. Another term for gravity is gravitational force. Force of gravity is always pulling (attraction) objects together, but never pushing (repelling) them apart. It is gravity that gives us our weight!
13 Weight Types of Forces Weight is a force due to gravity on an object or the pull of Earth that acts on an object. Earth s gravity causes all bodies to fall towards the centre of the Earth weight = mass x acceleration due to gravity W = mg mass weight towards Earth g=10 m/s 2
14 Check point A man has a mass of 72 kg. a) What is his weight on earth? b) Assuming the acceleration due to gravity on the Moon is one-sixth that of the earth s, what is the weight of the man on the Moon?
15 Friction Types of Forces Friction acts along the contact surfaces. Friction opposes motion of a body. object moving in this direction friction object slows down
16 Factors affecting friction Frictional force between two surfaces on a horizontal plane depends on the materials in contact depends on the nature (texture) of the surfaces in contact Less friction glass smooth More friction wood, leather, rubber rough proportional to the force pressing the surfaces together independent of the area of contact less force more force - -
17 Friction as a useful force friction between the wheel and the brakes slows down the bicycle friction holds a nail in a wall friction stops hands from slipping off the rock friction is needed between our feet and the ground to give the grip needed
18 Friction as a nuisance force rubbing of surfaces wears away materials friction produces heat (loss of energy) friction has worn out the rubber on the top tyre brakes pads and brake blocks need to be replaced regularly
19 Ways to reduce friction Can you list some ways in which you reduce friction in your daily life? E.g. removing a tight fitting ring a door that squeak moving a large cupboard
20 Methods to reduce friction Moving parts are made as smooth as possible Examples The piston and cylinders of an engine made of highly polished steel or aluminium smooth surface gives the child a smooth ride Wax is also used to smoothen contact surface e.g. new zips
21 Methods to reduce friction Materials with very low frictional resistance are used Ball and roller bearings are placed between the moving parts Examples Slippery graphite used for contact points in motors and dynamos In the hubs of bicycle wheels conveyor belt moves on wheels or rollers to reduce friction
22 Methods to reduce friction Surfaces are separated by a lubricant Surfaces are separated by air cushion Examples Engine oil and grease used to lubricate engines A hovercraft travel over rough land, swamp or sea oil allows door to turn easily a hovercraft uses a layer of air to move about easily
23 Methods to reduce friction Streamlined design to reduce air friction (drag) Examples Design of sports car, aeroplane, swim suit Name the common design features in aeroplanes and sports cars? Body of a fish has a streamlined shape High tech swimsuits that are streamlined!
24 Air resistance Types of Forces 1. On Earth, falling objects always experience some air resistance 2. Air resistance is a form of frictional force and opposes motion (horizontally and vertically) in the air. 3. Air resistance increases with the speed of the moving object in the air. 4. Air resistance increases with the surface area of the object moving in the air. air rubs against the inside of a parachute causing it to fall slowly
25 Air resistance Types of Forces Why do cyclists wear caps? Caps help to reduce the air resistance.
26 What is a Magnetic Force? Types of Forces It is the non-contact force exerted by a magnet. A magnet can attract materials such as iron and steel.
27 Law of Magnetism Types of Forces Like poles repel. Unlike poles attract. S N N S repulsion (push) due to like poles facing each other S N S N attraction (pull) due to unlike poles facing each other
28 Magnetic Force Types of Forces Magnets are used to make trains move. How are the magnets used to make train move? Maglev trains stay above the tracks by repelling the magnets on the track. This allows them to travel faster in the absence of friction. Maglev comes from the term magnetic levitation.
29 Magnetic Force Types of Forces Magnetic relay switch and remote control demo
30 Newton s 1 st law of motion If a balanced force is acting on a body, then 1. if it is at rest, it remains at rest; 2. if it is moving, it will keep moving at the same speed in a straight line in the same direction.
31 Balanced Forces When all the forces acting on an object add up to zero, the forces acting on the object are balanced. For example, 2+8 = 10 N to the right 10 N There is a 10 N force to the left Therefore the forces are balanced 2N 8 N The object experiences no resultant force; i.e. NO unbalanced force. The motion of the object remains unchanged as Resultant force equals to zero.
32 Other examples of balanced forces The gymnast experiences NO unbalanced force. i.e the forces acting on her are balanced. She remains stationary.
33 Examples of balanced forces The aircraft moves with constant speed as the forward thrust equals to the air resistance. i.e the resultant force is zero.
34 Examples of balanced forces The object remains at rest unless an unbalanced force acts on it.
35 Examples of balanced forces The forces are balanced. i.e the resultant force on the skater is zero.
36 Examples of balanced forces The parachutist experiences an increasing air resistance as he falls with increasing speed. When the air resistance equals his weight, he falls with a constant velocity, the terminal velocity.
37 Balanced forces The upthrust acting on the boat and its weight balanced. The boat remains floating.
38 Does no resultant force mean that an object has no forces acting on it? No.
39 Unbalanced force : When all the forces acting on an object do not balance out, then, there is an unbalanced force acting on the object. For example, Object accelerates in the direction of unbalanced force.
40 Unbalanced Forces Unbalanced forces cause 1. A stationary object to move 2. A moving object to change its speed or direction 10 N 2N 16 N There is an unbalanced force of 8 N to the right that changes the motion of the object.
41 Question A submarine of weight 1000 N is sinking at constant speed of 2 m/s N 2 m/s What is the upthrust (upward force) acting on the submarine? The submarine is not accelerating. There is no unbalanced force. Therefore, upthrust = weight = 1000 N
42 Newton s 2 nd Law of Motion When an unbalanced force, i.e Resultant Force (F) acts on object of constant mass (m), the object will accelerate (changes its velocity over time) in the same direction of the resultant force. The acceleration (a) of the object is directly proportional to the resultant force:
43 Relationship between unbalanced force and acceleration Resultant Force = mass x acceleration F = ma If m=1kg, a=1m/s 2, then F = 1 kg m/s 2 = 1 N Therefore, 1 newton is the force required to produce an acceleration of 1m/s 2 in a body of mass 1kg.
44 Examples A block of wood of mass 2 kg is pulled along a flat horizontal surface as shown. Pulling force 20 N 16 N Horizontal surface What is the acceleration of the wood and in which direction is the wood accelerating? Unbalanced force = = 4 N to the left. F= ma a= F/m = 4/2 = 2 m/s 2 Direction of the acceleration is to the left and is in the direction of unbalanced force.
45 Newton s 3 rd Law of Motion If body A exerts a force F on body B, then body B exerts a force (-F) on body A. Or Action and reaction are always equal and opposite.
46 More Questions on F=ma 1. A boy pushes a box of mass 20kg with a force of 50N. What is the acceleration of the box? (Assume no friction) 2. Now assume there is friction of 10N between the box and the ground. What is the acceleration of the box?
47 More Questions on F=ma 1. A car of mass 1000kg decelerates from 20m/s to rest in a time of 5s. Calculate the braking force of the car. V = 0 u = 20 a v - t u m/s 2 F= ma =1000 x 4 = 4000 N Braking force = 4000 N
48 1. A car of mass 1000kg decelerates from 20m/s to rest in a time of 5s. Calculate the braking force of the car. (Assume no friction) Assume there is friction of 100N. Calculate the braking force of the car. V = 0 u = 20 F= ma =1000 x 4 = 4000 N Braking force + friction = 4000 N Braking force = 4000 N Braking force = = 3900 N Friction = 100 N
49 Question What is the acceleration produced? Where is the object moving? Normal reaction force = 20 N Friction = 16 N Weight = 20 N Unbalanced force = = 8 N to the right. a = F/m = 8/2 = 4 m/s 2 The object moves to the right. Applied force = 24 N W= mg m= W/g = 20 /10 = 2 kg
50 Pressure Force acting on a surface produces a pressure. Pressure is force acting normally on unit area Formula: Unit : N/m 2 P = F/A
51 Pressure depends on: force area The pressure increases when force increases area decreases weight A weight B weight C weight D mud mud weight A sinks further than weight B weight D sinks further than weight C
52 Examples Pressure is large on the ground as the area of stud is small. P = F/A
53 The pressure in both cases are very large as the area of contact is very small.
54 Why skis has a large area? Question: Give any example in daily life that apply the same concept as skis.
55 Why does the wall foundation have a large horizontal area?
56 Have you notice this?
57 Why is it easier to walk on soft sand if you wear flat shoes rather than shoes with high heels?
58 Example A girl weighing 600 N stands on one heel of dimensions 1 cm x 1 cm. What is the pressure exerted by the girl? Pressure = force area = 600 N 0.01 m x 0.01 m = N/m 2
59 Example A girl weighing 600 N stands on one flat shoe of dimensions 8 cm x 20 cm. What is the pressure exerted by the girl? Pressure = force area = 600 N 0.08 m x 0.20 m = N/m 2
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