T 1. Activity 2 GRANNY ON THE RAMP. ACTIVITY 2A Answer Key What is a Hypothesis?

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1 ACIVIY 2A Answer Key What is a Hypothesis? Hypothesis: Example A Scientists make predictions about what will happen in an experiment. hey call their predictions a hypothesis. he hypothesis is a likely explanation of what the scientists think will happen during the experiment. If I put an ice cube made with tap water in a room with a temperature of 68 degrees Fahrenheit, then it will melt in less than 30 minutes. Hypothesis: Example B If I place a raw egg in container with two cups of water and four tablespoons of salt then the egg will float. Writing a good hypothesis means it can be tested. his means an experiment can be designed to find out if the hypothesis is true or not true. Look at the two examples above. Working with a partner, select either Example A or Example B. Describe what you would do to test the hypothesis. Answers may vary: Example A: Adjust the room temperature so it is 68 degrees Fahrenheit. Place an ice cube on a plate in the room. ime how long it takes for the ice cube to melt. Example B: In a container, place two cups of water and four tablespoons of salt. Stir until the salt is dissolves. Place a raw egg in the container and see if it sinks or floats. 1

2 ACIVIY 2B Answer Key and Energy is energy in motion, or the energy of motion. Any particular thing-object, person-that is moving is using kinetic energy. Examples of kinetic energy include a cat running, a person exercising, throwing a frisbee, and a leaf falling to the ground. Potential energy is stored energy, or energy at rest. An example is an apple in a tree. When the apple falls from the tree, the apple s potential energy (energy of position) is changed to kinetic energy (energy of motion). If you were to place a marble in your hand and hold your arm straight out from your body, the marble would have potential energy because of it s position above the ground. If you were to raise your hand above your head, the marble would have even more potential energy because it is even higher above the ground. If you were to drop the marble, as the marble falls and gets closer to the ground, it s amount of potential energy gets smaller. What do you think happens to the marble s kinetic energy? Name the types of energy displayed here. Is it kinetic or potential energy? 2

3 ACIVIY 2C Answer Key Independent and Dependent Variables Scientists are always conducting experiments using variables. But what is a variable? In science, a variable is something that is changed or can change. In experiments, variables are used to help determine the cause and effect. Variables come in pairs: independent variables and dependent variables. An independent variable can be thought of as the cause of change. A dependent variable is what is effected by the independent variable. In fact, experiments are designed to help discover some kind of relationship between the variables: does the independent variable cause some kind of change in the dependent variable. here can only be one independent variable and one dependent variable in an experiment. Everything else that can impact the experiment must be kept constant or controlled. hese are known as controls. What s an independent variable? An independent variable is exactly what it sounds like. It is a variable that stands alone and does not respond to other variables. It causes things to happen! he independent variable is selected controlled by YOU! he independent variable is also controlled by YOU! In other words, you can manipulate the independent variable during an experiment to discover what effect it has on other variables. HIS IS HE EFFEC! What s a dependent variable? HIS IS HE CAUSE! dependent variable is exactly what it sounds like. It is dependent A on another variable; specifically, the independent variable. Usually when you are looking for a relationship between two things you are trying to find out what makes the dependent variable change the way it does. 3

4 ACIVIY 2C Answer Key Independent and Dependent Variables Bringing it together: Now that you know about independent variables and dependent variables, how can you use them to help write a hypothesis? Remember: when learning to write a hypothesis, we will start with if/then statements. For example: If something is changed, then it will cause an effect. Did you notice the words changed and effect? An independent variable is changed by the scientist and the dependent variable is effected. In other words, the variables can help you write a hypothesis! he independent variable should be in the if section of the hypothesis. he dependent variable should be in the then section of the hypothesis. Your urn: A scientist thinks that if she increases the temperature in a room, it will cause the plants in the room to grow taller. What can the scientist change? What is effected? With a partner, complete the following: What is the independent variable? he independent variable is what is changed by the scientist. he scientist can change the temperature. What is the dependent variable? he dependent variable is the height of the plant. Write a hypothesis for the scientist: 4 If the temperature is increased in the room then the plant will grow taller.,.

5 ACIVIY 2 Independent and Dependent Variables Hypothesis: Example A If I put an ice cube made with tap water in a room with a temperature of 68 degrees Fahrenheit, then it will melt in less than 30 minutes. Hypothesis: Example B If I place a raw egg in container with two cups of water and four tablespoons of salt then the egg will float. Complete the following chart for Example A IV 68 degrees Fahrenheit Constants Complete the following chart for Example B IV salt water Answers may vary but could include any reasonable response. Responses could include: tap water size of ice cube size of room only one ice cube Constants amount of water amount of salt temperature of water size of container raw egg DV melting time is less than 30 minutes DV floating egg 5

6 ACIVIY 2D Answer Key Processing Out 6 Instructions: Granny Rides Again! (second trial) After assembling your ramp complete the following table: Measure and record the length of the Rise and Run in cm. Measure and record the length of the Ramp Length in cm. Measure and record the total distance traveled by Granny. Record the time as reported by the Measure Master (from Granny s release to Granny s stop). Number of Books Questions: Rise (cm) Run (cm) Ramp Length (cm) Distance raveled (cm) ime(s) 1. Look at your data table and think about what you did during the experiment. Which variable, rise or run, is the independent variable? Why? he rise is the independent variable because it was determined/ manipulated/controlled by the student. 2. Look at your data table and think about what you did during the experiment. Which variable, rise or run, is the dependent variable? Why? he run was the dependent variable because it s distance depended on how high the ramp was raised.

7 3. What did you notice about the Ramp Length during the experiment? In this experiment, the ramp length is considered a control. What other controls were part of the experiment? (HIN: what stayed the same?) Since the ramp is a control, the length should remain the same. Other controls would be the granny and the wheelchair. (Accept any other reasonable control that may have effected the experiment). 4. Consider three of variables in this experiment: rise, run, and ramp length. If run is the independent variable, write a hypothesis predicting what would happen to rise. Possible answers: If the run is increased, then the rise will decrease. If the run is decreased, then the rise will increase. 5. If you kept the rise the same during the experiment and changed the run distance, predict what you think would to the ramp length? Possible answers: If the run distance is increased, then the ramp length will also increase. If the run distance is decreased, then the ramp length will decrease. 6. he independent variable is manipulated or controlled by you. What could be done to Granny or her chair to make her an independent variable and not a control? he Granny could be made heavier. he wheels could be made smaller or larger. 7

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