Understand How Valves & Fittings Affect Head Loss

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Understand How Valves & Fittings Affect Head Loss"

Transcription

1 Understand How Valves & Fittings Affect Head Loss by Ray Hardee (Engineered Software, Inc.) This column discusses valves and fittings and evaluates how these devices affect the operation of piping systems. Valves and fittings connect pipelines, direct flow, and isolate equipment and parts of a piping system. Hydraulic energy is used to move fluid through the piping system. Hydraulic energy can be lost in a valve or fitting in four ways: friction between the moving fluid and the internal surface change in direction of flow obstruction in the flow path change in fluid velocity caused by different shape or cross-sectional area of the flow path Valves and fittings have a compounded effect on plant system performance that is often overlooked when making calculations and optimizing piping systems. Calculating Head Loss The three common methods for calculating the head loss in valves and fittings are: the K method the L/D coefficient (pronounced L over D) the C V (pronounced C sub V) Each method can accurately determine the head loss associated with valves and fittings under most industrial applications. The calculations in this column are presented as a general way of calculating the head loss for valve types, not for valves from a specific manufacturer.

2 Last month's column (Pumps & Systems, April 2015) demonstrated the method for calculating the head loss in pipes based on pipe and fluid properties. The same method can be used to determine the losses associated with valves and fittings. Specifically, the head loss across a valve or fitting can be calculated as a function of the velocity of the fluid flowing through the valve or fitting. K Value As the Bernoulli Equation shows, the fluid's velocity in a pipe contributes to the total energy of the fluid. The velocity head is based on the relationship shown in Equation 1. Where v = Fluid velocity (feet per second) g = Local gradational constant (feet per second 2 ) When fluid flows through valves and fittings, a pressure drop and resulting head loss occur. The pressure drop across the device also varies with the square of the velocity through it. As a result, the head loss may be expressed in terms of velocity head using the dimensionless resistance coefficient K as listed in Equation 2. The resistance coefficient K can be thought of as the number of velocity head loss caused by a valve or fitting. The value of K is constant when the flow is in the zone of complete turbulence.

3 The value of K can be calculated from the geometry of the valve or fitting based on empirical results obtained from a variety of test data. For example, the K value for a reducer shown in Figure 1 with a 45-degree to 180-degree approach can be calculated using Equation 3. 2 Figure 1. Contracting reducer in which the angle of the reducer is greater than 40 degrees but less than or equal to 180 degrees (Graphics courtesy of the author) Where K 2 = K value in relation to the major diameter (unitless) Θ = Angle of approach of the reducer in (degrees) β = d 1/d 2 d 1 = Reducer minor diameter (inches) d 2 = Reducer major diameter (inches) In Figure 1, Equation 3 is an example of a method for calculating the K value for fittings typically found in fluid piping systems. Equation 3 shows that the greater the change in pipe diameter, the greater the K value for the reducer. It also shows that the greater the angle of approach, the greater the value of K. Figure 1 shows that as the angle (Θ) increases, the fluid must accelerate from a lower velocity (v 2) to a higher velocity (v 1) in a shorter distance. A greater change in velocity

4 per distance traveled results in greater head loss. Looking at the beta (β) ratio, the greater the difference, the faster the fluid must accelerate within the reducer, resulting in a greater head loss. greatest when making a transition from a pipeline into a tank. Figure 2. The K value is the Parts of the process, such as the transition from a tank into a pipe or from a pipe into a tank, are also described by a K value. Figure 2 shows several types of transitions and their associated K values. A change in momentum causes the loss. For example, the velocity of a fluid is close to 0 feet per second. But in a pipeline the fluid must be accelerated, resulting in a change of momentum. That change is lost to friction. L/D Coefficient

5 The L/D coefficient is often used to determine the head loss in a valve or fitting. The head loss formula using velocity heads in Equation 2 is similar to the head loss formula for pipelines shown in the April 2015 column (Equation 4). Where f = Darcy friction factor (unitless) L = Pipe length (feet) D = Pipe diameter (feet) v = Fluid velocity (feet per second) g = Gravitational acceleration (feet per second 2 ) Comparing Equation 3 and Equation 4 allows the creation of Equation 5. With this equation, the value of K can be determined by comparing the head loss for a valve or fitting to an equivalent length of pipe producing the same head loss as the valve or fitting. Studies conducted by the Crane Company provided close correlation when the turbulent friction factor (f T) is used in Equation 5 instead of the pipe friction factor that occurs in the pipeline.

6 Figure 3. A globe valve Figure 3 illustrates how the L/D coefficient is used in a globe valve. The L/D coefficient for a globe valve is 340. That value is multiplied by the Darcy friction factor for turbulent flow in the pipe diameter connected to the valve. For example, for a fully seated valve in a 4-inch pipeline, the value of f T is For a 6-inch valve, the f T of is used. So the K value for a 4-inch globe valve is References 1. Flow of fluids through valves, fittings, and pipe. (1957). Chicago: Crane

7 2. Flow of Fluids through Valves, Fittings and Pipe Technical Paper Crane Co. Stamford CT ABOUT THE AUTHOR Ray Hardee is a principal founder of Engineered Software, creators of PIPE-FLO and PUMP- FLO software. At Engineered Software, he helped develop two training courses and teaches these courses in the U.S. and internationally. He is a member of the ASME ES-2 Energy Assessment for Pumping Systems standards committee and the ISO Technical Committee 115/Working Group 07 "Pumping System Energy Assessment." Hardee was a contributing member of the HI/Europump Pump Life Cycle Cost and HI/PSM Optimizing Piping System publications. He may be reached at ray.hardee@eng-software.com.

LOSSES DUE TO PIPE FITTINGS

LOSSES DUE TO PIPE FITTINGS LOSSES DUE TO PIPE FITTINGS Aim: To determine the losses across the fittings in a pipe network Theory: The resistance to flow in a pipe network causes loss in the pressure head along the flow. The overall

More information

Calculation of Pipe Friction Loss

Calculation of Pipe Friction Loss Doc.No. 6122-F3T071 rev.2 Calculation of Pipe Friction Loss Engineering Management Group Development Planning Department Standard Pump Business Division EBARA corporation October 16th, 2013 1 / 33 2 /

More information

FE Fluids Review March 23, 2012 Steve Burian (Civil & Environmental Engineering)

FE Fluids Review March 23, 2012 Steve Burian (Civil & Environmental Engineering) Topic: Fluid Properties 1. If 6 m 3 of oil weighs 47 kn, calculate its specific weight, density, and specific gravity. 2. 10.0 L of an incompressible liquid exert a force of 20 N at the earth s surface.

More information

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL & ENERGY ENGINEERING FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY TITLE OF EXPERIMENT: MINOR LOSSES IN PIPE (E4)

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL & ENERGY ENGINEERING FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY TITLE OF EXPERIMENT: MINOR LOSSES IN PIPE (E4) FACULTY OF CHEMICAL & ENERGY ENGINEERING FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY TITLE OF EXPERIMENT: MINOR LOSSES IN PIPE (E4) 1 1.0 Objectives The objective of this experiment is to calculate loss coefficient (K

More information

Experiment- To determine the coefficient of impact for vanes. Experiment To determine the coefficient of discharge of an orifice meter.

Experiment- To determine the coefficient of impact for vanes. Experiment To determine the coefficient of discharge of an orifice meter. SUBJECT: FLUID MECHANICS VIVA QUESTIONS (M.E 4 th SEM) Experiment- To determine the coefficient of impact for vanes. Q1. Explain impulse momentum principal. Ans1. Momentum equation is based on Newton s

More information

Pipe Flow. Lecture 17

Pipe Flow. Lecture 17 Pipe Flow Lecture 7 Pipe Flow and the Energy Equation For pipe flow, the Bernoulli equation alone is not sufficient. Friction loss along the pipe, and momentum loss through diameter changes and corners

More information

Hydraulic Design Of Polyethylene Pipes

Hydraulic Design Of Polyethylene Pipes Hydraulic Design Of Polyethylene Pipes Waters & Farr polyethylene pipes offer a hydraulically smooth bore that provides excellent flow characteristics. Other advantages of Waters & Farr polyethylene pipes,

More information

Department of Energy Fundamentals Handbook. THERMODYNAMICS, HEAT TRANSFER, AND FLUID FLOW, Module 3 Fluid Flow

Department of Energy Fundamentals Handbook. THERMODYNAMICS, HEAT TRANSFER, AND FLUID FLOW, Module 3 Fluid Flow Department of Energy Fundamentals Handbook THERMODYNAMICS, HEAT TRANSFER, AND FLUID FLOW, Module 3 REFERENCES REFERENCES Streeter, Victor L., Fluid Mechanics, 5th Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, ISBN 07-062191-9.

More information

Water Circuit Lab. The pressure drop along a straight pipe segment can be calculated using the following set of equations:

Water Circuit Lab. The pressure drop along a straight pipe segment can be calculated using the following set of equations: Water Circuit Lab When a fluid flows in a conduit, there is friction between the flowing fluid and the pipe walls. The result of this friction is a net loss of energy in the flowing fluid. The fluid pressure

More information

Major and Minor Losses

Major and Minor Losses Abstract Major and Minor Losses Caitlyn Collazo, Team 2 (1:00 pm) A Technovate fluid circuit system was used to determine the pressure drop across a pipe section and across an orifice. These pressure drops

More information

1-Reynold s Experiment

1-Reynold s Experiment Lect.No.8 2 nd Semester Flow Dynamics in Closed Conduit (Pipe Flow) 1 of 21 The flow in closed conduit ( flow in pipe ) is differ from this occur in open channel where the flow in pipe is at a pressure

More information

Chapter 6. Losses due to Fluid Friction

Chapter 6. Losses due to Fluid Friction Chapter 6 Losses due to Fluid Friction 1 Objectives To measure the pressure drop in the straight section of smooth, rough, and packed pipes as a function of flow rate. To correlate this in terms of the

More information

UNIT II Real fluids. FMM / KRG / MECH / NPRCET Page 78. Laminar and turbulent flow

UNIT II Real fluids. FMM / KRG / MECH / NPRCET Page 78. Laminar and turbulent flow UNIT II Real fluids The flow of real fluids exhibits viscous effect that is they tend to "stick" to solid surfaces and have stresses within their body. You might remember from earlier in the course Newtons

More information

Lesson 6 Review of fundamentals: Fluid flow

Lesson 6 Review of fundamentals: Fluid flow Lesson 6 Review of fundamentals: Fluid flow The specific objective of this lesson is to conduct a brief review of the fundamentals of fluid flow and present: A general equation for conservation of mass

More information

Piping Systems and Flow Analysis (Chapter 3)

Piping Systems and Flow Analysis (Chapter 3) Piping Systems and Flow Analysis (Chapter 3) 2 Learning Outcomes (Chapter 3) Losses in Piping Systems Major losses Minor losses Pipe Networks Pipes in series Pipes in parallel Manifolds and Distribution

More information

Chapter 10 Flow in Conduits

Chapter 10 Flow in Conduits Chapter 10 Flow in Conduits 10.1 Classifying Flow Laminar Flow and Turbulent Flow Laminar flow Unpredictable Turbulent flow Near entrance: undeveloped developing flow In developing flow, the wall shear

More information

EXPERIMENT II - FRICTION LOSS ALONG PIPE AND LOSSES AT PIPE FITTINGS

EXPERIMENT II - FRICTION LOSS ALONG PIPE AND LOSSES AT PIPE FITTINGS MM 30 FLUID MECHANICS II Prof. Dr. Nuri YÜCEL Yrd. Doç. Dr. Nureddin DİNLER Arş. Gör. Dr. Salih KARAASLAN Arş. Gör. Fatih AKTAŞ EXPERIMENT II - FRICTION LOSS ALONG PIPE AND LOSSES AT PIPE FITTINGS A. Objective:

More information

For example an empty bucket weighs 2.0kg. After 7 seconds of collecting water the bucket weighs 8.0kg, then:

For example an empty bucket weighs 2.0kg. After 7 seconds of collecting water the bucket weighs 8.0kg, then: Hydraulic Coefficient & Flow Measurements ELEMENTARY HYDRAULICS National Certificate in Technology (Civil Engineering) Chapter 3 1. Mass flow rate If we want to measure the rate at which water is flowing

More information

The Mechatronics Design for Measuring Fluid Friction Losses in Pipe Flows Rıza Gurbuz

The Mechatronics Design for Measuring Fluid Friction Losses in Pipe Flows Rıza Gurbuz Solid State Phenomena Vol. 113 (2006) pp 603-608 Online available since 2006/Jun/15 at www.scientific.net (2006) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.113.603 The Mechatronics

More information

Chapter (3) Water Flow in Pipes

Chapter (3) Water Flow in Pipes Chapter (3) Water Flow in Pipes Water Flow in Pipes Bernoulli Equation Recall fluid mechanics course, the Bernoulli equation is: P 1 ρg + v 1 g + z 1 = P ρg + v g + z h P + h T + h L Here, we want to study

More information

Applied Fluid Mechanics

Applied Fluid Mechanics Applied Fluid Mechanics 1. The Nature of Fluid and the Study of Fluid Mechanics 2. Viscosity of Fluid 3. Pressure Measurement 4. Forces Due to Static Fluid 5. Buoyancy and Stability 6. Flow of Fluid and

More information

FLOW FRICTION CHARACTERISTICS OF CONCRETE PRESSURE PIPE

FLOW FRICTION CHARACTERISTICS OF CONCRETE PRESSURE PIPE 11 ACPPA TECHNICAL SERIES FLOW FRICTION CHARACTERISTICS OF CONCRETE PRESSURE PIPE This paper presents formulas to assist in hydraulic design of concrete pressure pipe. There are many formulas to calculate

More information

An overview of the Hydraulics of Water Distribution Networks

An overview of the Hydraulics of Water Distribution Networks An overview of the Hydraulics of Water Distribution Networks June 21, 2017 by, P.E. Senior Water Resources Specialist, Santa Clara Valley Water District Adjunct Faculty, San José State University 1 Outline

More information

LECTURE 6- ENERGY LOSSES IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS SELF EVALUATION QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

LECTURE 6- ENERGY LOSSES IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS SELF EVALUATION QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LECTURE 6- ENERGY LOSSES IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS SELF EVALUATION QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 1. What is the head loss ( in units of bars) across a 30mm wide open gate valve when oil ( SG=0.9) flow through at a

More information

STEADY FLOW THROUGH PIPES DARCY WEISBACH EQUATION FOR FLOW IN PIPES. HAZEN WILLIAM S FORMULA, LOSSES IN PIPELINES, HYDRAULIC GRADE LINES AND ENERGY

STEADY FLOW THROUGH PIPES DARCY WEISBACH EQUATION FOR FLOW IN PIPES. HAZEN WILLIAM S FORMULA, LOSSES IN PIPELINES, HYDRAULIC GRADE LINES AND ENERGY STEADY FLOW THROUGH PIPES DARCY WEISBACH EQUATION FOR FLOW IN PIPES. HAZEN WILLIAM S FORMULA, LOSSES IN PIPELINES, HYDRAULIC GRADE LINES AND ENERGY LINES 1 SIGNIFICANCE OF CONDUITS In considering the convenience

More information

The following article was authored by Jacques Chaurette, President Fluide Design, Inc. (www.fluidedesign.com) All rights reserved.

The following article was authored by Jacques Chaurette, President Fluide Design, Inc. (www.fluidedesign.com) All rights reserved. The following article was authored by Jacques Chaurette, President Fluide Design, Inc. (www.fluidedesign.com) All rights reserved. - HOW TO AVOID CAVITATION? CAVITATION CAN BE AVOIDED IF THE N.P.S.H. AVAILABLE

More information

2 Internal Fluid Flow

2 Internal Fluid Flow Internal Fluid Flow.1 Definitions Fluid Dynamics The study of fluids in motion. Static Pressure The pressure at a given point exerted by the static head of the fluid present directly above that point.

More information

Experiment (4): Flow measurement

Experiment (4): Flow measurement Experiment (4): Flow measurement Introduction: The flow measuring apparatus is used to familiarize the students with typical methods of flow measurement of an incompressible fluid and, at the same time

More information

S.E. (Mech.) (First Sem.) EXAMINATION, (Common to Mech/Sandwich) FLUID MECHANICS (2008 PATTERN) Time : Three Hours Maximum Marks : 100

S.E. (Mech.) (First Sem.) EXAMINATION, (Common to Mech/Sandwich) FLUID MECHANICS (2008 PATTERN) Time : Three Hours Maximum Marks : 100 Total No. of Questions 12] [Total No. of Printed Pages 8 Seat No. [4262]-113 S.E. (Mech.) (First Sem.) EXAMINATION, 2012 (Common to Mech/Sandwich) FLUID MECHANICS (2008 PATTERN) Time : Three Hours Maximum

More information

Hydraulics and hydrology

Hydraulics and hydrology Hydraulics and hydrology - project exercises - Class 4 and 5 Pipe flow Discharge (Q) (called also as the volume flow rate) is the volume of fluid that passes through an area per unit time. The discharge

More information

Viscous Flow in Ducts

Viscous Flow in Ducts Dr. M. Siavashi Iran University of Science and Technology Spring 2014 Objectives 1. Have a deeper understanding of laminar and turbulent flow in pipes and the analysis of fully developed flow 2. Calculate

More information

Chapter Four fluid flow mass, energy, Bernoulli and momentum

Chapter Four fluid flow mass, energy, Bernoulli and momentum 4-1Conservation of Mass Principle Consider a control volume of arbitrary shape, as shown in Fig (4-1). Figure (4-1): the differential control volume and differential control volume (Total mass entering

More information

ME 309 Fluid Mechanics Fall 2010 Exam 2 1A. 1B.

ME 309 Fluid Mechanics Fall 2010 Exam 2 1A. 1B. Fall 010 Exam 1A. 1B. Fall 010 Exam 1C. Water is flowing through a 180º bend. The inner and outer radii of the bend are 0.75 and 1.5 m, respectively. The velocity profile is approximated as C/r where C

More information

Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes

Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes 8-1 Introduction 8-2 Laminar and Turbulent Flows 8-3 The Entrance Region 8-4 Laminar Flow in Pipes 8-5 Turbulent Flow in Pipes 8-6 Fully Developed Pipe Flow 8-7 Minor Losses 8-8 Piping Networks and Pump

More information

APPENDICES. Consider a cylinder of a fluid that is travelling a velocity (v) as shown in Figure 10. Distance S

APPENDICES. Consider a cylinder of a fluid that is travelling a velocity (v) as shown in Figure 10. Distance S 1 PPENDICES 1. Kinetic Energy of a Fluid Consider a cylinder of a fluid that is travelling a velocity (v) as shown in Figure 10. v Distance S Figure 10. This body contains kinetic energy (energy of movement).

More information

Chapter 6. Losses due to Fluid Friction

Chapter 6. Losses due to Fluid Friction Chapter 6 Losses due to Fluid Friction 1 Objectives ä To measure the pressure drop in the straight section of smooth, rough, and packed pipes as a function of flow rate. ä To correlate this in terms of

More information

EXPERIMENT NO: F5. Losses in Piping Systems

EXPERIMENT NO: F5. Losses in Piping Systems SJSU ME115 - THERMAL ENGINEERING LAB EXPERIMENT NO: F5 Losses in Piping Systems Objective One of the most common problems in fluid mechanics is the estimation of pressure loss. It is the objective of this

More information

ENGR 1100 Introduction to Mechanical Engineering

ENGR 1100 Introduction to Mechanical Engineering ENGR 1100 Introduction to Mechanical Engineering Mech. Engineering Objectives Newton s Laws of Motion Free Body Diagram Transmissibility Forces and Moments as vectors Parallel Vectors (addition/subtraction)

More information

REE 307 Fluid Mechanics II. Lecture 1. Sep 27, Dr./ Ahmed Mohamed Nagib Elmekawy. Zewail City for Science and Technology

REE 307 Fluid Mechanics II. Lecture 1. Sep 27, Dr./ Ahmed Mohamed Nagib Elmekawy. Zewail City for Science and Technology REE 307 Fluid Mechanics II Lecture 1 Sep 27, 2017 Dr./ Ahmed Mohamed Nagib Elmekawy Zewail City for Science and Technology Course Materials drahmednagib.com 2 COURSE OUTLINE Fundamental of Flow in pipes

More information

TOTAL HEAD, N.P.S.H. AND OTHER CALCULATION EXAMPLES Jacques Chaurette p. eng., June 2003

TOTAL HEAD, N.P.S.H. AND OTHER CALCULATION EXAMPLES Jacques Chaurette p. eng.,   June 2003 TOTAL HEAD, N.P.S.H. AND OTHER CALCULATION EXAMPLES Jacques Chaurette p. eng., www.lightmypump.com June 2003 Figure 1 Calculation example flow schematic. Situation Water at 150 F is to be pumped from a

More information

Friction Factors and Drag Coefficients

Friction Factors and Drag Coefficients Levicky 1 Friction Factors and Drag Coefficients Several equations that we have seen have included terms to represent dissipation of energy due to the viscous nature of fluid flow. For example, in the

More information

When water (fluid) flows in a pipe, for example from point A to point B, pressure drop will occur due to the energy losses (major and minor losses).

When water (fluid) flows in a pipe, for example from point A to point B, pressure drop will occur due to the energy losses (major and minor losses). PRESSURE DROP AND OSSES IN PIPE When water (luid) lows in a pipe, or example rom point A to point B, pressure drop will occur due to the energy losses (major and minor losses). A B Bernoulli equation:

More information

Steven Burian Civil & Environmental Engineering September 25, 2013

Steven Burian Civil & Environmental Engineering September 25, 2013 Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) Exam Mechanics Steven Burian Civil & Environmental Engineering September 25, 2013 s and FE Morning ( Mechanics) A. Flow measurement 7% of FE Morning B. properties Session

More information

Exam #2: Fluid Kinematics and Conservation Laws April 13, 2016, 7:00 p.m. 8:40 p.m. in CE 118

Exam #2: Fluid Kinematics and Conservation Laws April 13, 2016, 7:00 p.m. 8:40 p.m. in CE 118 CVEN 311-501 (Socolofsky) Fluid Dynamics Exam #2: Fluid Kinematics and Conservation Laws April 13, 2016, 7:00 p.m. 8:40 p.m. in CE 118 Name: : UIN: : Instructions: Fill in your name and UIN in the space

More information

Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes

Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes Objectives 1. Have a deeper understanding of laminar and turbulent flow in pipes and the analysis of fully developed flow 2. Calculate the major and minor losses associated with pipe flow in piping networks

More information

Hydraulic Considerations for Citrus Microirrigation Systems 1

Hydraulic Considerations for Citrus Microirrigation Systems 1 Cir1425 Hydraulic Considerations for Citrus Microirrigation Systems 1 Brian Boman and Sanjay Shukla 2 Introduction Hydraulics is the study of the behavior of liquids as they move through channels or pipes.

More information

Fluids Engineering. Pipeline Systems 2. Course teacher Dr. M. Mahbubur Razzaque Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering BUET

Fluids Engineering. Pipeline Systems 2. Course teacher Dr. M. Mahbubur Razzaque Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering BUET COURSE NUMBER: ME 423 Fluids Engineering Pipeline Systems 2 Course teacher Dr. M. Mahbubur Razzaque Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering BUET 1 SERIES PIPE FLOW WITH PUMP(S) 2 3 4 Colebrook-

More information

Pressure Head: Pressure head is the height of a column of water that would exert a unit pressure equal to the pressure of the water.

Pressure Head: Pressure head is the height of a column of water that would exert a unit pressure equal to the pressure of the water. Design Manual Chapter - Stormwater D - Storm Sewer Design D- Storm Sewer Sizing A. Introduction The purpose of this section is to outline the basic hydraulic principles in order to determine the storm

More information

ME 305 Fluid Mechanics I. Part 8 Viscous Flow in Pipes and Ducts. Flow in Pipes and Ducts. Flow in Pipes and Ducts (cont d)

ME 305 Fluid Mechanics I. Part 8 Viscous Flow in Pipes and Ducts. Flow in Pipes and Ducts. Flow in Pipes and Ducts (cont d) ME 305 Fluid Mechanics I Flow in Pipes and Ducts Flow in closed conduits (circular pipes and non-circular ducts) are very common. Part 8 Viscous Flow in Pipes and Ducts These presentations are prepared

More information

CHAPTER THREE FLUID MECHANICS

CHAPTER THREE FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER THREE FLUID MECHANICS 3.1. Measurement of Pressure Drop for Flow through Different Geometries 3.. Determination of Operating Characteristics of a Centrifugal Pump 3.3. Energy Losses in Pipes under

More information

Flowmeter Discharge Coefficient Estimation

Flowmeter Discharge Coefficient Estimation Bankston 1 Flowmeter Discharge Coefficient Estimation Elizabeth Bankston Team 1 Abstract An Edibon FME18 Flow Meter demonstration system was used to obtain experimental values for this experiment. The

More information

Chapter 3 Basic Physical Principles Applications to Fluid Power Sy S stems

Chapter 3 Basic Physical Principles Applications to Fluid Power Sy S stems Chapter 3 Basic Physical Principles Applications to Fluid Power Systems 1 Objectives Identify and explain the design and operation of the six basic machines. Describe the factors that affect energy in

More information

Review of pipe flow: Friction & Minor Losses

Review of pipe flow: Friction & Minor Losses ENVE 204 Lecture -1 Review of pipe flow: Friction & Minor Losses Assist. Prof. Neslihan SEMERCİ Marmara University Department of Environmental Engineering Important Definitions Pressure Pipe Flow: Refers

More information

Reynolds, an engineering professor in early 1880 demonstrated two different types of flow through an experiment:

Reynolds, an engineering professor in early 1880 demonstrated two different types of flow through an experiment: 7 STEADY FLOW IN PIPES 7.1 Reynolds Number Reynolds, an engineering professor in early 1880 demonstrated two different types of flow through an experiment: Laminar flow Turbulent flow Reynolds apparatus

More information

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore. Fluid Mechanics Lab

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore. Fluid Mechanics Lab DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore Fluid Mechanics Lab Introduction Fluid Mechanics laboratory provides a hands on environment that is crucial for developing

More information

P & I Design Limited. 2 Reed Street, Gladstone Industrial Estate, Thornaby, TS17 7AF. Tel: +44 (0) Fax: +44 (0)

P & I Design Limited. 2 Reed Street, Gladstone Industrial Estate, Thornaby, TS17 7AF. Tel: +44 (0) Fax: +44 (0) ump Sizing & Rating USER MANUAL & I Design Limited Reed Street, Gladstone Industrial Estate, Thornaby, TS7 7AF. Tel: +44 (0) 64 67444 Fax: +44 (0) 64 66447 www.pidesign.co.uk Support: sales@pidesign.co.uk

More information

V/ t = 0 p/ t = 0 ρ/ t = 0. V/ s = 0 p/ s = 0 ρ/ s = 0

V/ t = 0 p/ t = 0 ρ/ t = 0. V/ s = 0 p/ s = 0 ρ/ s = 0 UNIT III FLOW THROUGH PIPES 1. List the types of fluid flow. Steady and unsteady flow Uniform and non-uniform flow Laminar and Turbulent flow Compressible and incompressible flow Rotational and ir-rotational

More information

Pressure and Flow Characteristics

Pressure and Flow Characteristics Pressure and Flow Characteristics Continuing Education from the American Society of Plumbing Engineers August 2015 ASPE.ORG/ReadLearnEarn CEU 226 READ, LEARN, EARN Note: In determining your answers to

More information

Objectives. Conservation of mass principle: Mass Equation The Bernoulli equation Conservation of energy principle: Energy equation

Objectives. Conservation of mass principle: Mass Equation The Bernoulli equation Conservation of energy principle: Energy equation Objectives Conservation of mass principle: Mass Equation The Bernoulli equation Conservation of energy principle: Energy equation Conservation of Mass Conservation of Mass Mass, like energy, is a conserved

More information

EXPERIMENT No.1 FLOW MEASUREMENT BY ORIFICEMETER

EXPERIMENT No.1 FLOW MEASUREMENT BY ORIFICEMETER EXPERIMENT No.1 FLOW MEASUREMENT BY ORIFICEMETER 1.1 AIM: To determine the co-efficient of discharge of the orifice meter 1.2 EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: Orifice meter test rig, Stopwatch 1.3 PREPARATION 1.3.1

More information

Head loss coefficient through sharp-edged orifices

Head loss coefficient through sharp-edged orifices Head loss coefficient through sharp-edged orifices Nicolas J. Adam, Giovanni De Cesare and Anton J. Schleiss Laboratory of Hydraulic Constructions, Ecole Polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

More information

ME 305 Fluid Mechanics I. Chapter 8 Viscous Flow in Pipes and Ducts

ME 305 Fluid Mechanics I. Chapter 8 Viscous Flow in Pipes and Ducts ME 305 Fluid Mechanics I Chapter 8 Viscous Flow in Pipes and Ducts These presentations are prepared by Dr. Cüneyt Sert Department of Mechanical Engineering Middle East Technical University Ankara, Turkey

More information

Uniform Channel Flow Basic Concepts. Definition of Uniform Flow

Uniform Channel Flow Basic Concepts. Definition of Uniform Flow Uniform Channel Flow Basic Concepts Hydromechanics VVR090 Uniform occurs when: Definition of Uniform Flow 1. The depth, flow area, and velocity at every cross section is constant 2. The energy grade line,

More information

Comparison of MOC and Lax FDE for simulating transients in Pipe Flows

Comparison of MOC and Lax FDE for simulating transients in Pipe Flows International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-issn: 395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 03 Mar -07 www.irjet.net p-issn: 395-007 Comparison of MOC and Lax FDE for simulating transients

More information

FLOW MEASUREMENT IN PIPES EXPERIMENT

FLOW MEASUREMENT IN PIPES EXPERIMENT University of Leicester Engineering Department FLOW MEASUREMENT IN PIPES EXPERIMENT Page 1 FORMAL LABORATORY REPORT Name of the experiment: FLOW MEASUREMENT IN PIPES Author: Apollin nana chaazou Partner

More information

June 9, Phosphate Conference Clearwater Convention June Abstract:

June 9, Phosphate Conference Clearwater Convention June Abstract: PUMP CONSULTING & TRAINING LLC Joseph R. Askew 1811 Stonecrest Ct. Lakeland, Fl. 33813 863-644-3118-Office Phone 863-899-9896-Cell Phone E-mail: pmpcnslt@tampabay.rr.com Objectivity in pump selection,

More information

ERRATA CRANE FLOW OF FLUIDS THROUGH VALVES, FITTINGS AND PIPE TECHNICAL PAPER NO. 410 METRIC VERSION

ERRATA CRANE FLOW OF FLUIDS THROUGH VALVES, FITTINGS AND PIPE TECHNICAL PAPER NO. 410 METRIC VERSION ERRATA CRANE FLOW OF FLUIDS THROUGH VALVES, FITTINGS AND PIPE TECHNICAL PAPER NO. 410 METRIC VERSION CONTACT Please address questions and possible errata to solutions@flowoffluids.com FRONT MATTER PAGE

More information

9. Pumps (compressors & turbines) Partly based on Chapter 10 of the De Nevers textbook.

9. Pumps (compressors & turbines) Partly based on Chapter 10 of the De Nevers textbook. Lecture Notes CHE 31 Fluid Mechanics (Fall 010) 9. Pumps (compressors & turbines) Partly based on Chapter 10 of the De Nevers textbook. Basics (pressure head, efficiency, working point, stability) Pumps

More information

S. Ahmed, M. Q. Islam and A. S. M. Jonayat. Department of Mechanical Engineering, BUET, Dhaka, Bangladesh

S. Ahmed, M. Q. Islam and A. S. M. Jonayat. Department of Mechanical Engineering, BUET, Dhaka, Bangladesh Proceedings of the International Conference on Mechanical Engineering 2011 (ICME2011) 18-20 December 2011, Dhaka, Bangladesh ICME11- DETERMINATION OF LOSS COEFFICIENT FOR FLOW THROUGH FLEXIBLE PIPES AND

More information

CVE 372 HYDROMECHANICS EXERCISE PROBLEMS

CVE 372 HYDROMECHANICS EXERCISE PROBLEMS VE 37 HYDROMEHNIS EXERISE PROLEMS 1. pump that has the characteristic curve shown in the accompanying graph is to be installed in the system shown. What will be the discharge of water in the system? Take

More information

Determining Liquid Capacity 4 th Annual Pipeline Knowledge Retention Chris Sonneborn November 7, 2013

Determining Liquid Capacity 4 th Annual Pipeline Knowledge Retention Chris Sonneborn November 7, 2013 Determining Liquid Capacity 4 th Annual Pipeline Knowledge Retention Chris Sonneborn November 7, 2013 Outline What is important? Liquid Properties Thermal Conditions Hydraulic Gradient Flow Regime in Liquids

More information

FE Exam Fluids Review October 23, Important Concepts

FE Exam Fluids Review October 23, Important Concepts FE Exam Fluids Review October 3, 013 mportant Concepts Density, specific volume, specific weight, specific gravity (Water 1000 kg/m^3, Air 1. kg/m^3) Meaning & Symbols? Stress, Pressure, Viscosity; Meaning

More information

Vectors in Physics. Topics to review:

Vectors in Physics. Topics to review: Vectors in Physics Topics to review: Scalars Versus Vectors The Components of a Vector Adding and Subtracting Vectors Unit Vectors Position, Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration Vectors Relative Motion

More information

Bernoulli and Pipe Flow

Bernoulli and Pipe Flow Civil Engineering Hydraulics Mechanics of Fluids Head Loss Calculations Bernoulli and The Bernoulli equation that we worked with was a bit simplistic in the way it looked at a fluid system All real systems

More information

Hydraulics for Urban Storm Drainage

Hydraulics for Urban Storm Drainage Urban Hydraulics Hydraulics for Urban Storm Drainage Learning objectives: understanding of basic concepts of fluid flow and how to analyze conduit flows, free surface flows. to analyze, hydrostatic pressure

More information

Detailed Outline, M E 320 Fluid Flow, Spring Semester 2015

Detailed Outline, M E 320 Fluid Flow, Spring Semester 2015 Detailed Outline, M E 320 Fluid Flow, Spring Semester 2015 I. Introduction (Chapters 1 and 2) A. What is Fluid Mechanics? 1. What is a fluid? 2. What is mechanics? B. Classification of Fluid Flows 1. Viscous

More information

Fluid Mechanics II 3 credit hour. Fluid flow through pipes-minor losses

Fluid Mechanics II 3 credit hour. Fluid flow through pipes-minor losses COURSE NUMBER: ME 323 Fluid Mechanics II 3 credit hour Fluid flow through pipes-minor losses Course teacher Dr. M. Mahbubur Razzaque Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering BUET 1 Losses in Noncircular

More information

53:071 Principles of Hydraulics Laboratory Experiment #3 ANALYSIS OF OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW TRANSITIONS USING THE SPECIFIC ENERGY DIAGRAM

53:071 Principles of Hydraulics Laboratory Experiment #3 ANALYSIS OF OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW TRANSITIONS USING THE SPECIFIC ENERGY DIAGRAM 53:071 Principles of Hydraulics Laboratory Experiment #3 ANALYSIS OF OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW TRANSITIONS USING THE SPECIFIC ENERGY DIAGRAM Principle Adaptation of the Bernoulli equation to open-channel flows

More information

Mechanical Engineering Programme of Study

Mechanical Engineering Programme of Study Mechanical Engineering Programme of Study Fluid Mechanics Instructor: Marios M. Fyrillas Email: eng.fm@fit.ac.cy SOLVED EXAMPLES ON VISCOUS FLOW 1. Consider steady, laminar flow between two fixed parallel

More information

Chemical Engineering 3P04 Process Control Tutorial # 1 Learning goals

Chemical Engineering 3P04 Process Control Tutorial # 1 Learning goals Chemical Engineering 3P04 Process Control Tutorial # 1 Learning goals 1. Sensor Principles with the flow sensor example 2. The typical manipulated variable: flow through a conduit Sensors: We need them

More information

s and FE X. A. Flow measurement B. properties C. statics D. impulse, and momentum equations E. Pipe and other internal flow 7% of FE Morning Session I

s and FE X. A. Flow measurement B. properties C. statics D. impulse, and momentum equations E. Pipe and other internal flow 7% of FE Morning Session I Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) Exam General Section Steven Burian Civil & Environmental Engineering October 26, 2010 s and FE X. A. Flow measurement B. properties C. statics D. impulse, and momentum

More information

M E 320 Professor John M. Cimbala Lecture 23

M E 320 Professor John M. Cimbala Lecture 23 M E 320 Professor John M. Cimbala Lecture 23 Today, we will: Discuss diffusers and do an example problem Begin discussing pumps, and how they are analyzed in pipe flow systems D. Diffusers 1. Introduction.

More information

PIPING SYSTEMS. Pipe and Tubing Standards Sizes for pipes and tubes are standardized. Pipes are specified by a nominal diameter and a schedule number.

PIPING SYSTEMS. Pipe and Tubing Standards Sizes for pipes and tubes are standardized. Pipes are specified by a nominal diameter and a schedule number. PIPING SYSTEMS In this chapter we will review some of the basic concepts associated with piping systems. Topics that will be considered in this chapter are - Pipe and tubing standards - Effective and hydraulic

More information

White Paper FINAL REPORT AN EVALUATION OF THE HYDRODYNAMICS MECHANISMS WHICH DRIVE THE PERFORMANCE OF THE WESTFALL STATIC MIXER.

White Paper FINAL REPORT AN EVALUATION OF THE HYDRODYNAMICS MECHANISMS WHICH DRIVE THE PERFORMANCE OF THE WESTFALL STATIC MIXER. White Paper FINAL REPORT AN EVALUATION OF THE HYDRODYNAMICS MECHANISMS WHICH DRIVE THE PERFORMANCE OF THE WESTFALL STATIC MIXER Prepared by: Dr. Thomas J. Gieseke NUWCDIVNPT - Code 8233 March 29, 1999

More information

Flow Behavior Lab BSEN Major and Minor Losses. Samuel Dunbar

Flow Behavior Lab BSEN Major and Minor Losses. Samuel Dunbar Flow Behavior Lab BSEN 3310 Major and Minor Losses Samuel Dunbar Abstract: The major losses, friction loss, and minor losses, head loss, in pipes were determined through the use of two different devices.

More information

CEE 3310 Control Volume Analysis, Oct. 7, D Steady State Head Form of the Energy Equation P. P 2g + z h f + h p h s.

CEE 3310 Control Volume Analysis, Oct. 7, D Steady State Head Form of the Energy Equation P. P 2g + z h f + h p h s. CEE 3310 Control Volume Analysis, Oct. 7, 2015 81 3.21 Review 1-D Steady State Head Form of the Energy Equation ( ) ( ) 2g + z = 2g + z h f + h p h s out where h f is the friction head loss (which combines

More information

Prediction of Performance Characteristics of Orifice Plate Assembly for Non-Standard Conditions Using CFD

Prediction of Performance Characteristics of Orifice Plate Assembly for Non-Standard Conditions Using CFD International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR) ISSN: 2321-0869, Volume-3, Issue-5, May 2015 Prediction of Performance Characteristics of Orifice Plate Assembly for Non-Standard Conditions

More information

Centrifugal pumps - characteristics

Centrifugal pumps - characteristics University of Ljubljana Faculty of mechanical engineering Askerceva 6 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija telefon: 01 477 1 00 faks: 01 51 85 67 www.fs.uni-lj.si e-mail: dekanat@fs.uni-lj.si Laboratory for Heat

More information

Basics of fluid flow. Types of flow. Fluid Ideal/Real Compressible/Incompressible

Basics of fluid flow. Types of flow. Fluid Ideal/Real Compressible/Incompressible Basics of fluid flow Types of flow Fluid Ideal/Real Compressible/Incompressible Flow Steady/Unsteady Uniform/Non-uniform Laminar/Turbulent Pressure/Gravity (free surface) 1 Basics of fluid flow (Chapter

More information

DOE FUNDAMENTALS HANDBOOK THERMODYNAMICS, HEAT TRANSFER, AND FLUID FLOW Volume 3 of 3

DOE FUNDAMENTALS HANDBOOK THERMODYNAMICS, HEAT TRANSFER, AND FLUID FLOW Volume 3 of 3 DOE-HDBK-1012/3-92 JUNE 1992 DOE FUNDAMENTALS HANDBOOK THERMODYNAMICS, HEAT TRANSFER, AND FLUID FLOW Volume 3 of 3 U.S. Department of Energy Washington, D.C. 20585 FSC-6910 Distribution Statement A. Approved

More information

ESSEX COUNTY COLLEGE Engineering Technologies and Computer Sciences Division MET 215 Fluid Mechanics Course Outline

ESSEX COUNTY COLLEGE Engineering Technologies and Computer Sciences Division MET 215 Fluid Mechanics Course Outline ESSEX COUNTY COLLEGE Engineering Technologies and Computer Sciences Division MET 215 Fluid Mechanics Course Outline Course Number & Name: MET 215 Fluid Mechanics Credit Hours: 3.0 Contact Hours: 4.5 Lecture:

More information

Hydraulics. B.E. (Civil), Year/Part: II/II. Tutorial solutions: Pipe flow. Tutorial 1

Hydraulics. B.E. (Civil), Year/Part: II/II. Tutorial solutions: Pipe flow. Tutorial 1 Hydraulics B.E. (Civil), Year/Part: II/II Tutorial solutions: Pipe flow Tutorial 1 -by Dr. K.N. Dulal Laminar flow 1. A pipe 200mm in diameter and 20km long conveys oil of density 900 kg/m 3 and viscosity

More information

FLOW IN CONDUITS. Shear stress distribution across a pipe section. Chapter 10

FLOW IN CONDUITS. Shear stress distribution across a pipe section. Chapter 10 Chapter 10 Shear stress distribution across a pipe section FLOW IN CONDUITS For steady, uniform flow, the momentum balance in s for the fluid cylinder yields Fluid Mechanics, Spring Term 2010 Velocity

More information

Applied Fluid Mechanics

Applied Fluid Mechanics Applied Fluid Mechanics 1. The Nature of Fluid and the Study of Fluid Mechanics 2. Viscosity of Fluid 3. Pressure Measurement 4. Forces Due to Static Fluid 5. Buoyancy and Stability 6. Flow of Fluid and

More information

Heat Transfer Convection

Heat Transfer Convection Heat ransfer Convection Previous lectures conduction: heat transfer without fluid motion oday (textbook nearly 00 pages) Convection: heat transfer with fluid motion Research methods different Natural Convection

More information

F L U I D S Y S T E M D Y N A M I C S

F L U I D S Y S T E M D Y N A M I C S F L U I D S Y S T E M D Y N A M I C S T he proper design, construction, operation, and maintenance of fluid systems requires understanding of the principles which govern them. These principles include

More information

ENGINEERING FLUID MECHANICS. CHAPTER 1 Properties of Fluids

ENGINEERING FLUID MECHANICS. CHAPTER 1 Properties of Fluids CHAPTER 1 Properties of Fluids ENGINEERING FLUID MECHANICS 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Development of Fluid Mechanics 1.3 Units of Measurement (SI units) 1.4 Mass, Density, Specific Weight, Specific Volume, Specific

More information

Force, Friction & Gravity Notes

Force, Friction & Gravity Notes Force, Friction & Gravity Notes Key Terms to Know Speed: The distance traveled by an object within a certain amount of time. Speed = distance/time Velocity: Speed in a given direction Acceleration: The

More information

Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) Analysis of Gas and Liquid Flow Through a Modular Sample System

Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) Analysis of Gas and Liquid Flow Through a Modular Sample System Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) Analysis of Gas and Liquid Flow Through a Modular Sample System Tony Y. Bougebrayel, PE, PhD John J. Wawrowski Swagelok Solon, Ohio IFPAC 2003 Scottsdale, Az January 21-24,

More information

Engineering Fluid Mechanics

Engineering Fluid Mechanics Engineering Fluid Mechanics Eighth Edition Clayton T. Crowe WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY, PULLMAN Donald F. Elger UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO, MOSCOW John A. Roberson WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY, PULLMAN WILEY

More information