Instytut Fizyki Doświadczalnej Wydział Matematyki, Fizyki i Informatyki UNIWERSYTET GDAŃSKI
|
|
- Garey Jenkins
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Instytut Fizyki Doświadzalnej Wydział Matematyki, Fizyki i Informatyki UNIWERSYTET GDAŃSKI
2 I. Bakground theory. 1. Laser doppler anemometry LDA (Doppler model): a) LDA priniples; b) single and multi-hannel LDA systems; ) appliations of LDA, advantages and disadvantages. 2. Eletromagneti waves. 3. Phenomena assoiated with the wave nature of light: a) diffration; b) interferene; ) beats; d) moiré patterns; e) Doppler effet. 4. Sattering of light by partiles (Mie sattering). 5. Fluid mehanis: a) laminar and turbulent flow; b) Reynolds number. 6. Signal proessing and analysis: a) spetral analysis of signals: Fourier transform; disrete Fourier transform; spetral power density; fast Fourier transform (FFT). b) digital-analogue proessing: sampling; Nyquist Shannon sampling theorem; aliasing (masking); high and low-pass filters; signal onditioning. 7. Beam path through a system of lenses and mirrors. 8. Constrution and operation of He-Ne lasers. Instytut Fizyki Doświadzalnej 1.
3 II. Experimental tasks. 1. Refer to the experimental set-up in Piture 1. Piture 1. Experimental set-up for the analysis of laser Doppler anemometry: 1 - base plate; 2 - He-Ne laser; 3 - laser power supply with ontroller; 4 - photodetetor amplifier; 5 - Cobra 3 interfae; 6 - plane mirror; 7 - beam splitter; 8 - lenses; 9 - mounted uvette; 10 - photodetetor; 11 - iris diaphragm; 12 - bottle (1000 ml). 2. Turn on the laser and the Cobra 3 interfae ( 3 and 5 in Piture 1 ). 3. Start the Measure program and selet Miernik-Cobra 3 Analiza zęstotliwośi from the menu. 4. Assemble the measuring system as desribed in part I of Appendix A. 5. Fous the interferene pattern. 6. Take measurements of the distanes desribed in Figure 2 in part I of Appendix A. 7. Prepare a solution of miro-partiles as desribed in part III of Appendix A. 8. Set up the experiment as desribed in part II of Appendix A. 9. Following the instrutions in Appendix B, reord an interferene signal as a funtion of time and perform a Fourier analysis. 10. Based on the results obtained in part I of Appendix A and Formula (9) of Appendix C, alulate the half-angle φ (the angle between the beams, Figure 2 in Appendix A). 11. Calulate the veloity of the miro-partiles using Formula (8) in Appendix C. 12. Inrease the flow-rate and repeat steps Instytut Fizyki Doświadzalnej 2.
4 III. Apparatus. 1. Base plate. 2. He-Ne laser, λ=632.8 nm, 5 mw. 3. Laser power supply and ontroller. 4. Photodetetor amplifier. 5. Cobra 3 interfae. 6. Two plane mirrors :50 Beam splitter. 8. Lenses with foal lengths : 20 mm, 50 mm, 100 mm. 9. Mounted uvette. 10. Photodetetor. 11. Iris diaphragm, irular aperture of 30µm. 12. Two 1000 ml bottles. 13. Sreen. IV. Literature. 1. L.E. Drain The Laser Doppler Tehnique, John Wiley and Sons, F. Durst, M. Zare Laser Doppler Measurements in Two-Phase Flows, LDA-Symposium, Copenhagen, 1975, p Y. Yeh, H.Z. Cummings Loalized Fluid Flow Measurements with an He-Ne Laser Spetrometer, Appl. Phys. Lett. 4, 176, J. F. Douglas Fluid Mehanis, Harlow, Longman, F. Durst, A. Melling, J. Whitelaw Priniples and Praties of Laser Doppler Anemometry, Aademi Press, P.W. Milonni, J.H. Eberly Lasers, John Wiley and Sons, G.F. Lothion Optis and its Uses, VNR, M. Tadeusiewiz Signals and Systems, Tehnial University of Łódź, A. Reimann Physis, Part 1 & 2, Barnes and Noble, Sears and Zemansky s University Physis with Modern Physis, Pearson Addison - Wesley,2008. Instytut Fizyki Doświadzalnej 3.
5 Appendix A Preliminaries I. Obtaining an interferene signal. a) Using Piture 2 and the diagram in Figure 3, set up the system omponents on the base plate, remembering that the oordinates are a guide for ourse adjustments only (aided by the grid on the base plate). Coordinates for the various iruit elements are given in square-brakets. Mirror M1 = [1,8] Beam splitter BS = [1,2.5] Mirror M2 = [1,1.5] Lens L1 with foal length f=+100 mm =[2,2] Sreen S = [11,2]. The distane between the beam splitter BS and mirror M2 should not exeed 3 m. The beam splitter BS should be plaed on the silvered side of the mirror M1. The reommended height of the beam above the base plate is 13 m. The parallel beams from the beam splitter BS and mirror M2 should be aimed symmetrially about the entre of lens L1. Two red spots will appear on the sreen S. Plae the 30 µm iris diaphragm PK at position [4,2], at the point of intersetion of the beams (10 m from lens L1). Adjust the positions of mirror M2, iris diaphragm PK, and optionally the beam splitter BS and lens L1 to reate an interferene pattern with the two beams. After refletion by mirror M2, the beam s spot on the sreen S should appear to the left, while the spot from the beam through the beam splitter BS should appear on the right (Piture 2b). Instytut Fizyki Doświadzalnej 4.
6 (a) (b) Piture 2. a) Ciruit geometry resulting in interferene of light beams; b) view of the image on the sreen showing an interferene pattern. Adjustment of the height and diretion of the two beams oming from mirror M2 and beam splitter BS will help to obtain an interferene image. To do this, set the lens L2 with foal length f=+20 mm at position [4.5,2], rotate the sreen 45 0 (as shown in Fig.1) and hek that the two beams are at the same height by adjusting the srews in the mirror M2. Then remove lens L2 from the optial path and get an interferene pattern (the aperture PK remains at position [4,2], but may be temporarily removed during adjustments). Figure 1. Diagram of set-up to ensure orret high and diretion of beams (Phywe): L1, L2 - lenses with foal lengths f = +100 mm and f = +20 mm; S - sreen. Instytut Fizyki Doświadzalnej 5.
7 b) After obtaining a lear interferene pattern, remove the aperture PK and measure the distanes l and D (Figure 2). Figure 2. Shemati setup to determine the angle ϕ: l - distane from lens L1 to the plane of observation; D distane between the two spots of light on the plane of observation (Phywe). II. Setting up the apparatus to determine miro-partile veloities. Remove the sreen S from the base plate. Replae the aperture PK by the uvette T = [4,2], ensuring that the light beams interset at its entre. The uvette is very fragile, handle it with are. With the help of Figure 3 and Piture 3, orretly position the following elements, whose oordinates are given enlosed in square brakets: Iris diaphragm PI = [5,2] (to restrit the area of observation to the Moiré rings); Lens L2 with foal length f = +50 mm = [7,2]; Photodetetor PD = [8,2]. Instytut Fizyki Doświadzalnej 6.
8 Figure 3. Shemati setup for determining the veloity of miropartiles (Phywe). Piture 3. System geometry allowing the determination of instantaneous flow rate. Instytut Fizyki Doświadzalnej 7.
9 III. Preparing the solution. Add one drop of a suspension of miro-partiles to be studied (silveroat hollow glass spheres - meandiameter 10 µm in water) to 10 ml distilled water and mix 1-2 ml of the solution with 500 ml distilled water. It is neessary to add a few drops of formaldehyde to the prepared solution to inhibit the growth of bateria. Mount a bottle of the prepared solution on a tripod. Mount a seond empty bottle below the bottle with solution (Piture 1). Adjust the lamps on the rubber hoses very slowly to establish a flow of liquid. Instytut Fizyki Doświadzalnej 8.
10 Appendix B Reording a signal Choose Rejestraja pomiaru from the menu. Establish the voltage and frequeny measurement. Start with small values (e.g.: U = 0.3 V; f = 10 khz). Selet the options Bez Wyzwalaza and Pomiar iągły. Clik the button Pomiar. After obtaining a good signal, lik Zahowaj. Figure 4. View of the program to measure flow veloity. Figure 5. Interferene signal as a funtion of time. Instytut Fizyki Doświadzalnej 9.
11 Make a Fourier analysis of the spetrum and alulate the peak frequeny. The tool Pokaż ekstrema allows an aurate reading of the frequeny. Figure 6. Fourier transform of the measured interferene signal. After 30 minutes, stir the solution to avoid sedimentation. Do not lean on the table during measurements. In the ase of a weak signal, Fourier analysis an only be performed on the interesting part of the speturm. To do this, selet Zmierz, selet the desired range, and then hoose Analiza Fouriera. Instytut Fizyki Doświadzalnej 10.
12 a b Figure 7. a) Example of analysis of a weak signal; b) Peak frequenies obtained by the Fourier transform of the signal. In order to improve the signal, the positions of lens L2 with foal length f = +50 mm and the photodetetor PD an be gently adjusted. At low flow rates, it is possible to shift the maximum frequeny of the measured signal too lose to zero. In this ase, you may have a problem determining the value of the measured frequeny in the frequeny domain (you should make measurements for different outputs on the photodetetor ontroller - Piture 1, element 4). Instytut Fizyki Doświadzalnej 11.
13 Appendix C Laser anemometry fundamentals Laser anemometry allows for measuring the speed of moving partiles (elements) by sattered light [1]. Anemometry is based on two physial phenomena. These are, the Doppler effet (A) and interferene (B). (A) The Doppler effet is the hange in frequeny due to relative movement between the wave soure and the observer. Two ases of the Doppler effet have been used o disuss the priniples of LDA (Figure 8). Figure 8. Two ases of the Doppler effet. a) In the first ase, the soure is stationary and the observer is moving, with a veloity of U. The frequeny observed by the reeiver f R is given by: f R = f S 1 U l (1) where: - speed of light in air,f s frequeny of light emitted by the soure. Instytut Fizyki Doświadzalnej 12.
14 b) In the seond ase, the soure is moving and the reeiver is stationary. The observed frequeny is given by: f R = f S 1 U k (2) In LDA, a stationary light soure shines light whih is then sattered by moving miro-partiles and then reorded by the photodiode. Combining the two equations above (1-2), gives the frequeny of the sattered light deteted by the stationary reeiver (see Figure 9). 1 U l f R = f S 1 U k (3) Figure 9.Light sattered by a moving partile. Dual-beam anemometer As a onsequene of the Doppler effet, there is a small shift in frequeny of the sattered light due to the movement of the miro-partiles (as follows from Equation (3)) and diret measurement of the frequeny (e.g. using a Fabry-Pérot interferometer) annot be made with suffiient auray. There are various methods to avoid diret measurement of optial frequenies. Due to the square shape of the photodetetor lines, it is possible to mix the two frequenies and reord the beats in the resulting signal. For example, the method of self-beats where a shifted signal is mixed with itself (where the frequeny measured is twie the frequeny differene). Instytut Fizyki Doświadzalnej 13.
15 In Experiment 11, a double-beam onfiguration is used two interseting light beams from the same soure. A laser beam is split into two partial beams of the same intensity. Later, they are reombined and interset at a ertain point (mv) (uvette), where a flow of miro-partiles in suspension ross the area where the beams interset. The Doppler shift of the sattered light is different for the two partial beams (different vetors l, but the same vetors k ). This differene leads to the beat frequeny. The frequenies of the sattered light for eah of the partial beams are given by: f R1 = f S 1 U l 1 1 U k 1 f R2 = f S 1 U l 2 1 U k 2 (4) (5) The frequeny differene (referred to as the Doppler frequeny) is given as: f D = f R1 f R2 = f S U l 2 l 1 (6) The frequeny differene is signifiantly lower and has a narrower bandwidth than the frequeny of the soure, thereby allowing aurate measurement. Using the relations in Figure 10 and the relationship = f S λ ( λ wavelength of the laser beam), the Doppler frequeny an be expressed as follows: f D = f R1 f R2 = f S U l 2 l 1 = U 2 sin φ λ (7) where: U partile s veloity omponent perpendiular to the bisetor of the angle between the beams. Figure 10. The differene in unit vetors (Phywe). Instytut Fizyki Doświadzalnej 14.
16 Knowing the Doppler frequeny, we an alulate the partile veloity. Equation (7) shows that the veloity of a partile an be determined by measuring the Doppler frequeny, if the partile passes through the uvette (mv). U = f D λ 2 sin φ (8) During the experiment, you an also determine the half-angle ϕ by measuring the distane from lens L1 to the plane of observation (l ) and the distane between the two dots of light on the plane of observation (D) (Figure 2 in Appendix A). The angle ϕ is obtained as follows: tgφ = D 2l φ = artan D 2l (9) where: l = l f( f foal length of lens L1). (B) The priniples behind LDA an also be explained by the use of Moiré fringes (or a fringe model) (Figure 11a, b). In this model, two laser beams interset and form parallel interferene fringes at the uvette (mv). Small moving partiles satter the alternating onstrutive and destrutive interferene fringes. As a result, you an observe pulses with a frequeny proportional to the veloity (omponent perpendiular to the grid), and inversely proportional to the distane between the fringes. (a) (b) Figure 11. a) LDA fringe model (Phywe); b) Distane between interferene fringes. The frequeny of intensity hanges is given by: f D = U Δx (10) Instytut Fizyki Doświadzalnej 15.
17 The distane x between fringes is given by: Δx = λ 2 sin φ (11) Finally, Equations (10) and (11) leads to Equation (7), whih is used to alulate flow veloities. To onlude veloity measurements are redued to measuring the radiation intensity hanges over time. In the ase of (A) we measure the beat frequeny, in (B) we measure the frequeny of the partiles passing through the interferene maxima formed by the interseting beams [1]. The frequeny an be found from the experimental results using the fast Fourier transform proedure (FFT) (referene [1] in the literature). Instytut Fizyki Doświadzalnej 16.
Atomic and Nuclear Physics
Atomi and Nulear Physis X-ray physis Compton effet and X-ray physis LD Physis Leaflets P6.3.7. Compton effet: Measuring the energy of the sattered photons as a funtion of the sattering angle Objets of
More informationAtomic and Nuclear Physics
Atomi and Nulear Physis X-ray physis Compton effet and X-ray physis LD Physis Leaflets P6.3.7. Compton effet: Measuring the energy of the sattered photons as a funtion of the sattering angle Objets of
More information9 Geophysics and Radio-Astronomy: VLBI VeryLongBaseInterferometry
9 Geophysis and Radio-Astronomy: VLBI VeryLongBaseInterferometry VLBI is an interferometry tehnique used in radio astronomy, in whih two or more signals, oming from the same astronomial objet, are reeived
More informationWave Propagation through Random Media
Chapter 3. Wave Propagation through Random Media 3. Charateristis of Wave Behavior Sound propagation through random media is the entral part of this investigation. This hapter presents a frame of referene
More informationThe Concept of Mass as Interfering Photons, and the Originating Mechanism of Gravitation D.T. Froedge
The Conept of Mass as Interfering Photons, and the Originating Mehanism of Gravitation D.T. Froedge V04 Formerly Auburn University Phys-dtfroedge@glasgow-ky.om Abstrat For most purposes in physis the onept
More informationPhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 1
PhysisAndMathsTutor.om. (a (i beam splitter [or semi-silvered mirror] (ii a ompensator [or a glass blok] allows for the thikness of the (semi-silvered mirror to obtain equal optial path lengths in the
More informationINTERFEROMETRIC TECHNIQUE FOR CHROMATIC DISPERSION MEASUREMENTS
007 Poznańskie Warsztaty Telekomunikayne Poznań 6-7 grudnia 007 POZNAN POZNAN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYOF OF TECHNOLOGY ACADEMIC ACADEMIC JOURNALS JOURNALS No 54 Eletrial Engineering 007 Jan LAMPERSKI* INTERFEROMETRIC
More informationControl Theory association of mathematics and engineering
Control Theory assoiation of mathematis and engineering Wojieh Mitkowski Krzysztof Oprzedkiewiz Department of Automatis AGH Univ. of Siene & Tehnology, Craow, Poland, Abstrat In this paper a methodology
More informationTutorial 8: Solutions
Tutorial 8: Solutions 1. * (a) Light from the Sun arrives at the Earth, an average of 1.5 10 11 m away, at the rate 1.4 10 3 Watts/m of area perpendiular to the diretion of the light. Assume that sunlight
More informationParticle-wave symmetry in Quantum Mechanics And Special Relativity Theory
Partile-wave symmetry in Quantum Mehanis And Speial Relativity Theory Author one: XiaoLin Li,Chongqing,China,hidebrain@hotmail.om Corresponding author: XiaoLin Li, Chongqing,China,hidebrain@hotmail.om
More informationClass XII - Physics Electromagnetic Waves Chapter-wise Problems
Class XII - Physis Eletromagneti Waves Chapter-wise Problems Multiple Choie Question :- 8 One requires ev of energy to dissoiate a arbon monoxide moleule into arbon and oxygen atoms The minimum frequeny
More informationINTRO VIDEOS. LESSON 9.5: The Doppler Effect
DEVIL PHYSICS BADDEST CLASS ON CAMPUS IB PHYSICS INTRO VIDEOS Big Bang Theory of the Doppler Effet Doppler Effet LESSON 9.5: The Doppler Effet 1. Essential Idea: The Doppler Effet desribes the phenomenon
More informationModeling superlattice patterns using the interference of sharp focused spherical waves
Modeling superlattie patterns using the interferene of sharp foused spherial waves Fidirko N.S. Samara State Aerospae University Abstrat. In this paper, modelling of pseudonondiffrational beams forming
More informationThe Special Theory of Relativity
The Speial Theory of Relatiity Galilean Newtonian Relatiity Galileo Galilei Isaa Newton Definition of an inertial referene frame: One in whih Newton s first law is alid. onstant if F0 Earth is rotating
More informationCHAPTER 26 The Special Theory of Relativity
CHAPTER 6 The Speial Theory of Relativity Units Galilean-Newtonian Relativity Postulates of the Speial Theory of Relativity Simultaneity Time Dilation and the Twin Paradox Length Contration Four-Dimensional
More informationRelativistic Addition of Velocities *
OpenStax-CNX module: m42540 1 Relativisti Addition of Veloities * OpenStax This work is produed by OpenStax-CNX and liensed under the Creative Commons Attribution Liense 3.0 Abstrat Calulate relativisti
More informationVibration and Radiation Behavior of Loudspeaker s Membrane
Hands-On Training 2 Vibration and Radiation Behavior of Loudspeaker s Membrane 1 Objetive of the Hands-on Training - Understanding the need for distributed parameters to model loudspeakers at higher frequenies
More informationl. For adjacent fringes, m dsin m
Test 3 Pratie Problems Ch 4 Wave Nature of Light ) Double Slit A parallel beam of light from a He-Ne laser, with a wavelength of 656 nm, falls on two very narrow slits that are 0.050 mm apart. How far
More informationarxiv: v1 [physics.gen-ph] 5 Jan 2018
The Real Quaternion Relativity Viktor Ariel arxiv:1801.03393v1 [physis.gen-ph] 5 Jan 2018 In this work, we use real quaternions and the basi onept of the final speed of light in an attempt to enhane the
More information4. (12) Write out an equation for Poynting s theorem in differential form. Explain in words what each term means physically.
Eletrodynamis I Exam 3 - Part A - Closed Book KSU 205/2/8 Name Eletrodynami Sore = 24 / 24 points Instrutions: Use SI units. Where appropriate, define all variables or symbols you use, in words. Try to
More informationAharonov-Bohm effect. Dan Solomon.
Aharonov-Bohm effet. Dan Solomon. In the figure the magneti field is onfined to a solenoid of radius r 0 and is direted in the z- diretion, out of the paper. The solenoid is surrounded by a barrier that
More informationPhysics 30 Lesson 32 x-rays and the Compton Effect
I. Disovery of x-rays Physis 30 Lesson 32 x-rays and the Compton ffet During all the researh on athode rays, several sientists missed their hane at some glory. Hertz narrowly missed disovering x-rays during
More informationUTC. Engineering 329. Proportional Controller Design. Speed System. John Beverly. Green Team. John Beverly Keith Skiles John Barker.
UTC Engineering 329 Proportional Controller Design for Speed System By John Beverly Green Team John Beverly Keith Skiles John Barker 24 Mar 2006 Introdution This experiment is intended test the variable
More informationInvestigation of the de Broglie-Einstein velocity equation s. universality in the context of the Davisson-Germer experiment. Yusuf Z.
Investigation of the de Broglie-instein veloity equation s universality in the ontext of the Davisson-Germer experiment Yusuf Z. UMUL Canaya University, letroni and Communiation Dept., Öğretmenler Cad.,
More informationLECTURE 22. Electromagnetic. Spectrum 11/11/15. White Light: A Mixture of Colors (DEMO) White Light: A Mixture of Colors (DEMO)
LECTURE 22 Eletromagneti Spetrum 2 White Light: A Mixture of Colors (DEMO) White Light: A Mixture of Colors (DEMO) 1. Add together magenta, yan, and yellow. Play with intensities of eah to get white light.
More informationIntroduction to Quantum Chemistry
Chem. 140B Dr. J.A. Mak Introdution to Quantum Chemistry Without Quantum Mehanis, how would you explain: Periodi trends in properties of the elements Struture of ompounds e.g. Tetrahedral arbon in ethane,
More informationRelativity in Classical Physics
Relativity in Classial Physis Main Points Introdution Galilean (Newtonian) Relativity Relativity & Eletromagnetism Mihelson-Morley Experiment Introdution The theory of relativity deals with the study of
More informationPhysics 486. Classical Newton s laws Motion of bodies described in terms of initial conditions by specifying x(t), v(t).
Physis 486 Tony M. Liss Leture 1 Why quantum mehanis? Quantum vs. lassial mehanis: Classial Newton s laws Motion of bodies desribed in terms of initial onditions by speifying x(t), v(t). Hugely suessful
More informationUNCERTAINTY RELATIONS AS A CONSEQUENCE OF THE LORENTZ TRANSFORMATIONS. V. N. Matveev and O. V. Matvejev
UNCERTAINTY RELATIONS AS A CONSEQUENCE OF THE LORENTZ TRANSFORMATIONS V. N. Matveev and O. V. Matvejev Joint-Stok Company Sinerta Savanoriu pr., 159, Vilnius, LT-315, Lithuania E-mail: matwad@mail.ru Abstrat
More informationA model for measurement of the states in a coupled-dot qubit
A model for measurement of the states in a oupled-dot qubit H B Sun and H M Wiseman Centre for Quantum Computer Tehnology Centre for Quantum Dynamis Griffith University Brisbane 4 QLD Australia E-mail:
More informationCherenkov Radiation. Bradley J. Wogsland August 30, 2006
Cherenkov Radiation Bradley J. Wogsland August 3, 26 Contents 1 Cherenkov Radiation 1 1.1 Cherenkov History Introdution................... 1 1.2 Frank-Tamm Theory......................... 2 1.3 Dispertion...............................
More informationExperiment 03: Work and Energy
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Physis Department Physis 8.01 Purpose of the Experiment: Experiment 03: Work and Energy In this experiment you allow a art to roll down an inlined ramp and run into
More informationPart G-4: Sample Exams
Part G-4: Sample Exams 1 Cairo University M.S.: Eletronis Cooling Faulty of Engineering Final Exam (Sample 1) Mehanial Power Engineering Dept. Time allowed 2 Hours Solve as muh as you an. 1. A heat sink
More informationELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES WITH NONLINEAR DISPERSION LAW. P. М. Меdnis
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES WITH NONLINEAR DISPERSION LAW P. М. Меdnis Novosibirs State Pedagogial University, Chair of the General and Theoretial Physis, Russia, 636, Novosibirs,Viljujsy, 8 e-mail: pmednis@inbox.ru
More informationChapter 9. The excitation process
Chapter 9 The exitation proess qualitative explanation of the formation of negative ion states Ne and He in He-Ne ollisions an be given by using a state orrelation diagram. state orrelation diagram is
More informationWavetech, LLC. Ultrafast Pulses and GVD. John O Hara Created: Dec. 6, 2013
Ultrafast Pulses and GVD John O Hara Created: De. 6, 3 Introdution This doument overs the basi onepts of group veloity dispersion (GVD) and ultrafast pulse propagation in an optial fiber. Neessarily, it
More informationModes are solutions, of Maxwell s equation applied to a specific device.
Mirowave Integrated Ciruits Prof. Jayanta Mukherjee Department of Eletrial Engineering Indian Institute of Tehnology, Bombay Mod 01, Le 06 Mirowave omponents Welome to another module of this NPTEL mok
More informationLecture #1: Quantum Mechanics Historical Background Photoelectric Effect. Compton Scattering
561 Fall 2017 Leture #1 page 1 Leture #1: Quantum Mehanis Historial Bakground Photoeletri Effet Compton Sattering Robert Field Experimental Spetrosopist = Quantum Mahinist TEXTBOOK: Quantum Chemistry,
More informationOrbital angular momentum of mixed vortex beams
Orbital angular momentum of mixed vortex beams Z. Bouhal *, V. Kollárová, P. Zemánek, ** T. ižmár ** Department of Optis, Palaký University, 17. listopadu 5, 77 7 Olomou, Ceh Republi ** Institute of Sientifi
More information1 sin 2 r = 1 n 2 sin 2 i
Physis 505 Fall 005 Homework Assignment #11 Solutions Textbook problems: Ch. 7: 7.3, 7.5, 7.8, 7.16 7.3 Two plane semi-infinite slabs of the same uniform, isotropi, nonpermeable, lossless dieletri with
More informationGreen s function for the wave equation
Green s funtion for the wave equation Non-relativisti ase January 2019 1 The wave equations In the Lorentz Gauge, the wave equations for the potentials are (Notes 1 eqns 43 and 44): 1 2 A 2 2 2 A = µ 0
More informationDuct Acoustics. Chap.4 Duct Acoustics. Plane wave
Chap.4 Dut Aoustis Dut Aoustis Plane wave A sound propagation in pipes with different ross-setional area f the wavelength of sound is large in omparison with the diameter of the pipe the sound propagates
More informationPHY 108: Optical Physics. Solution to Midterm Test
PHY 108: Optial Physis Solution to Midterm Test TA: Xun Jia 1 May 14, 2008 1 Email: jiaxun@physis.ula.edu Spring 2008 Physis 108 Xun Jia (May 14, 2008) Problem #1 For a two mirror resonant avity, the resonane
More informationChapter 26 Lecture Notes
Chapter 26 Leture Notes Physis 2424 - Strauss Formulas: t = t0 1 v L = L0 1 v m = m0 1 v E = m 0 2 + KE = m 2 KE = m 2 -m 0 2 mv 0 p= mv = 1 v E 2 = p 2 2 + m 2 0 4 v + u u = 2 1 + vu There were two revolutions
More informationMillennium Relativity Acceleration Composition. The Relativistic Relationship between Acceleration and Uniform Motion
Millennium Relativity Aeleration Composition he Relativisti Relationship between Aeleration and niform Motion Copyright 003 Joseph A. Rybzyk Abstrat he relativisti priniples developed throughout the six
More informationMeasuring & Inducing Neural Activity Using Extracellular Fields I: Inverse systems approach
Measuring & Induing Neural Ativity Using Extraellular Fields I: Inverse systems approah Keith Dillon Department of Eletrial and Computer Engineering University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr. La
More informationDevelopment of the Numerical Schemes and Iteration Procedures Nielsen, Peter Vilhelm
Aalborg Universitet Development of the Numerial Shemes and Iteration Proedures Nielsen, Peter Vilhelm Published in: Euroaademy on Ventilation and Indoor Climate Publiation date: 2008 Doument Version Publisher's
More information22.54 Neutron Interactions and Applications (Spring 2004) Chapter 6 (2/24/04) Energy Transfer Kernel F(E E')
22.54 Neutron Interations and Appliations (Spring 2004) Chapter 6 (2/24/04) Energy Transfer Kernel F(E E') Referenes -- J. R. Lamarsh, Introdution to Nulear Reator Theory (Addison-Wesley, Reading, 1966),
More informationAn Adaptive Optimization Approach to Active Cancellation of Repeated Transient Vibration Disturbances
An aptive Optimization Approah to Ative Canellation of Repeated Transient Vibration Disturbanes David L. Bowen RH Lyon Corp / Aenteh, 33 Moulton St., Cambridge, MA 138, U.S.A., owen@lyonorp.om J. Gregory
More informationThe gravitational phenomena without the curved spacetime
The gravitational phenomena without the urved spaetime Mirosław J. Kubiak Abstrat: In this paper was presented a desription of the gravitational phenomena in the new medium, different than the urved spaetime,
More informationTHEORETICAL PROBLEM 2 SOLUTION DOPPLER LASER COOLING AND OPTICAL MOLASSES. v 1 c
THEOETICA POBEM SOUTION DOPPE ASE COOING AND OPTICA MOASSES The key to this problem is the Doppler effet (to be preise, the longitudinal Doppler effet): The frequeny of a monohromi beam of light deteted
More informationTowards an Absolute Cosmic Distance Gauge by using Redshift Spectra from Light Fatigue.
Towards an Absolute Cosmi Distane Gauge by using Redshift Spetra from Light Fatigue. Desribed by using the Maxwell Analogy for Gravitation. T. De Mees - thierrydemees @ pandora.be Abstrat Light is an eletromagneti
More informationPrinciples of Physics III
Priniples of Physis III J. M. Veal, Ph. D. version 8.0.0 Contents Mehanial Waves 3. Basis................................ 3.2 Speed................................ 3.3 Wave equation...........................
More informationAn Effective Photon Momentum in a Dielectric Medium: A Relativistic Approach. Abstract
An Effetive Photon Momentum in a Dieletri Medium: A Relativisti Approah Bradley W. Carroll, Farhang Amiri, and J. Ronald Galli Department of Physis, Weber State University, Ogden, UT 84408 Dated: August
More informationDirectional Coupler. 4-port Network
Diretional Coupler 4-port Network 3 4 A diretional oupler is a 4-port network exhibiting: All ports mathed on the referene load (i.e. S =S =S 33 =S 44 =0) Two pair of ports unoupled (i.e. the orresponding
More informationPhase Diffuser at the Transmitter for Lasercom Link: Effect of Partially Coherent Beam on the Bit-Error Rate.
Phase Diffuser at the Transmitter for Laserom Link: Effet of Partially Coherent Beam on the Bit-Error Rate. O. Korotkova* a, L. C. Andrews** a, R. L. Phillips*** b a Dept. of Mathematis, Univ. of Central
More informationBreakdown of the Slowly Varying Amplitude Approximation: Generation of Backward Traveling Second Harmonic Light
Claremont Colleges Sholarship @ Claremont All HMC Faulty Publiations and Researh HMC Faulty Sholarship 1-1-003 Breakdown of the Slowly Varying Amplitude Approximation: Generation of Bakward Traveling Seond
More informationThe Determination of Surface Albedo of Thailand Using Satellite Data
The Determination of Surfae Albedo of Thailand Using Satellite Data Serm Janjai 1,*, Wathara Wanvong 2 and Jarungsaeng Laksanaboonsong 1 1 Laboratory of Tropial Atmospheri Physis, Department of Physis,
More informationIllustrating the relativity of simultaneity Bernhard Rothenstein 1), Stefan Popescu 2) and George J. Spix 3)
Illustrating the relativity of simultaneity ernhard Rothenstein 1), Stefan Popesu ) and George J. Spix 3) 1) Politehnia University of Timisoara, Physis Department, Timisoara, Romania, bernhard_rothenstein@yahoo.om
More informationarxiv:gr-qc/ v7 14 Dec 2003
Propagation of light in non-inertial referene frames Vesselin Petkov Siene College, Conordia University 1455 De Maisonneuve Boulevard West Montreal, Quebe, Canada H3G 1M8 vpetkov@alor.onordia.a arxiv:gr-q/9909081v7
More informationELECTROMAGNETIC NORMAL MODES AND DISPERSION FORCES.
ELECTROMAGNETIC NORMAL MODES AND DISPERSION FORCES. All systems with interation of some type have normal modes. One may desribe them as solutions in absene of soures; they are exitations of the system
More informationRecapitulate. Prof. Shiva Prasad, Department of Physics, IIT Bombay
18 1 Reapitulate We disussed how light an be thought of onsisting of partiles known as photons. Compton Effet demonstrated that they an be treated as a partile with zero rest mass having nonzero energy
More informationAnswers to Coursebook questions Chapter J2
Answers to Courseook questions Chapter J 1 a Partiles are produed in ollisions one example out of many is: a ollision of an eletron with a positron in a synhrotron. If we produe a pair of a partile and
More informationFour-dimensional equation of motion for viscous compressible substance with regard to the acceleration field, pressure field and dissipation field
Four-dimensional equation of motion for visous ompressible substane with regard to the aeleration field, pressure field and dissipation field Sergey G. Fedosin PO box 6488, Sviazeva str. -79, Perm, Russia
More informationImproved Extended Kalman Filter for Parameters Identification
Improved Extended Kalman Filter for Parameters Identifiation Peipei Zhao. Zhenyu Wang. ao Lu. Yulin Lu Institute of Disaster Prevention, Langfang,Hebei Provine, China SUMMARY: he extended Kalman filter
More informationThe universal model of error of active power measuring channel
7 th Symposium EKO TC 4 3 rd Symposium EKO TC 9 and 5 th WADC Workshop nstrumentation for the CT Era Sept. 8-2 Kosie Slovakia The universal model of error of ative power measuring hannel Boris Stogny Evgeny
More informationDIGITAL DISTANCE RELAYING SCHEME FOR PARALLEL TRANSMISSION LINES DURING INTER-CIRCUIT FAULTS
CHAPTER 4 DIGITAL DISTANCE RELAYING SCHEME FOR PARALLEL TRANSMISSION LINES DURING INTER-CIRCUIT FAULTS 4.1 INTRODUCTION Around the world, environmental and ost onsiousness are foring utilities to install
More informationThin Airfoil Theory Lab
Thin Airfoil Theory Lab AME 3333 University of Notre Dame Spring 26 Written by Chris Kelley and Grady Crahan Deember, 28 Updated by Brian Neiswander and Ryan Kelly February 6, 24 Updated by Kyle Heintz
More informationThe experimental plan of displacement- and frequency-noise free laser interferometer
7th Edoardo Amaldi Conferene on Gravitational Waves (Amaldi7) Journal of Physis: Conferene Series 122 (2008) 012022 The experimental plan of displaement- and frequeny-noise free laser interferometer K
More informationCritical Reflections on the Hafele and Keating Experiment
Critial Refletions on the Hafele and Keating Experiment W.Nawrot In 1971 Hafele and Keating performed their famous experiment whih onfirmed the time dilation predited by SRT by use of marosopi loks. As
More informationTWO WAYS TO DISTINGUISH ONE INERTIAL FRAME FROM ANOTHER
TWO WAYS TO DISTINGUISH ONE INERTIAL FRAME FROM ANOTHER (No general ausality without superluminal veloities) by Dr. Tamas Lajtner Correspondene via web site: www.lajtnemahine.om ABSTRACT...2 1. SPACETIME
More informationThe Gravitational Potential for a Moving Observer, Mercury s Perihelion, Photon Deflection and Time Delay of a Solar Grazing Photon
Albuquerque, NM 0 POCEEDINGS of the NPA 457 The Gravitational Potential for a Moving Observer, Merury s Perihelion, Photon Defletion and Time Delay of a Solar Grazing Photon Curtis E. enshaw Tele-Consultants,
More informationThe Laws of Acceleration
The Laws of Aeleration The Relationships between Time, Veloity, and Rate of Aeleration Copyright 2001 Joseph A. Rybzyk Abstrat Presented is a theory in fundamental theoretial physis that establishes the
More informationmax min z i i=1 x j k s.t. j=1 x j j:i T j
AM 221: Advaned Optimization Spring 2016 Prof. Yaron Singer Leture 22 April 18th 1 Overview In this leture, we will study the pipage rounding tehnique whih is a deterministi rounding proedure that an be
More informationCAN SLOW ROTATING NEUTRON STAR BE RADIO PULSAR?
CAN SLOW ROTATING NEUTRON STAR BE RADIO PULSAR? Ya.N. Istomin, A.P. Smirnov, D.A. Pak LEBEDEV PHYSICAL INSTITUTE, MOSCOW, RUSSIA Abstrat It is shown that the urvature radius of magneti field lines in the
More informationFinal Review. A Puzzle... Special Relativity. Direction of the Force. Moving at the Speed of Light
Final Review A Puzzle... Diretion of the Fore A point harge q is loated a fixed height h above an infinite horizontal onduting plane. Another point harge q is loated a height z (with z > h) above the plane.
More informationInstytut Fizyki Doświadczalnej Wydział Matematyki, Fizyki i Informatyki UNIWERSYTET GDAŃSKI
Instytut Fizyki Doświadczalnej Wydział Matematyki, Fizyki i Informatyki UNIWERSYTET GDAŃSKI I. Background theory. 1. Electromagnetic waves and their properties. 2. Polarization of light: a) non-polarised
More informationModel for a Distributed Radio Telescope. Patrick Fleckenstein
Model for a Distributed Radio Telesope Patrik Flekenstein Department of Mathematis, Rohester Institute of Tehnology, Rohester, NY 14623, U.S.A. E-mail address: pat@sh.rit.edu Abstrat. In this paper, a
More information). In accordance with the Lorentz transformations for the space-time coordinates of the same event, the space coordinates become
Relativity and quantum mehanis: Jorgensen 1 revisited 1. Introdution Bernhard Rothenstein, Politehnia University of Timisoara, Physis Department, Timisoara, Romania. brothenstein@gmail.om Abstrat. We first
More informationMetric of Universe The Causes of Red Shift.
Metri of Universe The Causes of Red Shift. ELKIN IGOR. ielkin@yande.ru Annotation Poinare and Einstein supposed that it is pratially impossible to determine one-way speed of light, that s why speed of
More informationRelativistic Dynamics
Chapter 7 Relativisti Dynamis 7.1 General Priniples of Dynamis 7.2 Relativisti Ation As stated in Setion A.2, all of dynamis is derived from the priniple of least ation. Thus it is our hore to find a suitable
More informationCanimals. borrowed, with thanks, from Malaspina University College/Kwantlen University College
Canimals borrowed, with thanks, from Malaspina University College/Kwantlen University College http://ommons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:ursus_maritimus_steve_amstrup.jpg Purpose Investigate the rate of heat
More informationAnalysis of discretization in the direct simulation Monte Carlo
PHYSICS OF FLUIDS VOLUME 1, UMBER 1 OCTOBER Analysis of disretization in the diret simulation Monte Carlo iolas G. Hadjionstantinou a) Department of Mehanial Engineering, Massahusetts Institute of Tehnology,
More informationPhysical Laws, Absolutes, Relative Absolutes and Relativistic Time Phenomena
Page 1 of 10 Physial Laws, Absolutes, Relative Absolutes and Relativisti Time Phenomena Antonio Ruggeri modexp@iafria.om Sine in the field of knowledge we deal with absolutes, there are absolute laws that
More informationThe superposition principle and cavity ring-down spectroscopy
The superposition priniple and avity ring-down spetrosopy Kevin K. Lehmann Department of Chemistry, Prineton University, Prineton, New Jersey 08544 Daniele Romanini Laboratoire de Spetrométrie Physique-CNRS
More informationSpeed-feedback Direct-drive Control of a Low-speed Transverse Flux-type Motor with Large Number of Poles for Ship Propulsion
Speed-feedbak Diret-drive Control of a Low-speed Transverse Flux-type Motor with Large Number of Poles for Ship Propulsion Y. Yamamoto, T. Nakamura 2, Y. Takada, T. Koseki, Y. Aoyama 3, and Y. Iwaji 3
More informationThe Lorenz Transform
The Lorenz Transform Flameno Chuk Keyser Part I The Einstein/Bergmann deriation of the Lorentz Transform I follow the deriation of the Lorentz Transform, following Peter S Bergmann in Introdution to the
More informationSpeed measurement of a rotating diffuser by means of the Doppler shift of the scattered light
Speed measurement of a rotating by means of the Doppler shift of the sattered light Gladis Graiela Romero 1, Elvio Edgardo Alanís 1, Andrea Carolina Monaldi 1, Hétor Jorge Rabal 2 1 GOL Grupo de Óptia
More informationTWO WAYS TO DISTINGUISH ONE INERTIAL FRAME FROM ANOTHER
TWO WAYS TO DISTINGUISH ONE INERTIAL FRAME FROM ANOTHER (WHY IS THE SPEED OF LIGHT CONSTANT?) Dr. Tamas Lajtner Correspondene via web site: www.lajtnemahine.om. ABSTRACT... 2 2. SPACETIME CONTINUUM BY
More informationRelativistic effects in earth-orbiting Doppler lidar return signals
3530 J. Opt. So. Am. A/ Vol. 4, No. 11/ November 007 Neil Ashby Relativisti effets in earth-orbiting Doppler lidar return signals Neil Ashby 1,, * 1 Department of Physis, University of Colorado, Boulder,
More informationCALCULATION OF NONLINEAR TUNE SHIFT USING BEAM POSITION MEASUREMENT RESULTS
International Journal of Modern Physis A Vol. 24, No. 5 (2009) 974 986 World Sientifi Publishing Company CALCULATION OF NONLINEAR TUNE SHIFT USING BEAM POSITION MEASUREMENT RESULTS PAVEL SNOPOK, MARTIN
More informationA Numerical Method For Constructing Geo-Location Isograms
A Numerial Method For Construting Geo-Loation Isograms Mike Grabbe The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physis Laboratory Laurel, MD Memo Number GVW--U- June 9, 2 Introdution Geo-loation is often performed
More informationMass Transfer 2. Diffusion in Dilute Solutions
Mass Transfer. iffusion in ilute Solutions. iffusion aross thin films and membranes. iffusion into a semi-infinite slab (strength of weld, tooth deay).3 Eamples.4 ilute diffusion and onvetion Graham (85)
More informationQuantum Theory of Two-Photon Wavepacket Interference in a Beam Splitter
Quantum Theory of Two-Photon Wavepaket Interferene in a Beam Splitter Kaige Wang CCAST (World Laboratory), P. O. Box 8730, Beijing 100080, and Department of Physis, Applied Optis Beijing Area Major Laboratory,
More informationEinstein s Three Mistakes in Special Relativity Revealed. Copyright Joseph A. Rybczyk
Einstein s Three Mistakes in Speial Relativity Revealed Copyright Joseph A. Rybzyk Abstrat When the evidene supported priniples of eletromagneti propagation are properly applied, the derived theory is
More informationSemiconductor light sources Outline
Light soures Semiondutor light soures Outline Thermal (blakbody) radiation Light / matter interations & LEDs Lasers Robert R. MLeod, University of Colorado Pedrotti 3, Chapter 6 3 Blakbody light Blakbody
More informationHeat exchangers: Heat exchanger types:
Heat exhangers: he proess of heat exhange between two fluids that are at different temperatures and separated by a solid wall ours in many engineering appliations. he devie used to implement this exhange
More informationNUMERICAL SIMULATION OF ATOMIZATION WITH ADAPTIVE JET REFINEMENT
Paper ID ILASS8--7 ILASS 28 Sep. 8-, 28, Como Lake, Italy A44 NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF ATOMIZATION WITH ADAPTIVE JET REFINEMENT Anne Bagué, Daniel Fuster, Stéphane Popinet + & Stéphane Zaleski Université
More informationCombined Electric and Magnetic Dipoles for Mesoband Radiation, Part 2
Sensor and Simulation Notes Note 53 3 May 8 Combined Eletri and Magneti Dipoles for Mesoband Radiation, Part Carl E. Baum University of New Mexio Department of Eletrial and Computer Engineering Albuquerque
More information19 Lecture 19: Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
PHYS 652: Astrophysis 97 19 Leture 19: Cosmi Mirowave Bakground Radiation Observe the void its emptiness emits a pure light. Chuang-tzu The Big Piture: Today we are disussing the osmi mirowave bakground
More information