I I. R E L A T E D W O R K

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "I I. R E L A T E D W O R K"

Transcription

1 A c c e l e r a t i n g L a r g e S c a l e C e n t r o i d - B a s e d C l u s t e r i n g w i t h L o c a l i t y S e n s i t i v e H a s h i n g R y a n M c C o n v i l l e, X i n C a o, W e i r u L i u, P a u l M i l l e r S c h o o l o f E l e c t r i c a l, E l e c t r o n i c E n g i n e e r i n g a n d C o m p u t e r S c i e n c e Q u e e n ' s U n i v e r s i t y B e l f a s t { r m c c o n v i l l e 0 7, x. c a o, w. l i u, p. m i l l e r q u b. a c. u k A b s tr a c t - M o s t t r a d i t i o n a l d a t a m i n i n g a l g o r i t h m s s t r u g g l e t o c o p e w i t h t h e s h e e r s c a l e o f d a t a e ffi c i e n t l y. I n t h i s p a p e r, w e p r o p o s e a g e n e r a l f r a m e w o r k t o a c c e l e r a t e e x i s t i n g a l g o r i t h m s t o c l u s t e r l a r g e - s c a l e d a t a s e t s w h i c h c o n t a i n l a r g e n u m b e r s o f a t t r i b u t e s, i t e m s, a n d. O u r f r a m e w o r k m a k e s u s e o f l o c a l i t y s e n s i t i v e h a s h i n g t o s i g n i fi c a n t l y r e d u c e t h e e a r c h s p a c e. W e a l s o t h e o r e t i c a l l y p r o v e t h a t o u r f r a m e w o r k h a s a g u a r a n t e e d e r r o r b o u n d i n t e r m s o f t h e c l u s t e r i n g q u a l i t y. T h i s f r a m e w o r k c a n b e a p p l i e d t o a s e t o f c e n t r o i d - b a s e d c l u s t e r i n g a l g o r i t h m s t h a t a s s i g n a n o b j e c t t o t h e m o s t s i m i l a r c l u s t e r, a n d w e a d o p t t h e p o p u l a r K - M o d e s c a t e g o r i c a l c l u s t e r i n g a l g o r i t h m t o p r e s e n t h o w t h e f r a m e w o r k c a n b e a p p l i e d. W e v a l i d a t e d o u r f r a m e w o r k w i t h fi v e s y n t h e t i c d a t a s e t s a n d a r e a l w o r l d Y a h o o! A n s w e r s d a t a s e t. T h e e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s d e m o n s t r a t e t h a t o u r f r a m e w o r k i s a b l e t o s p e e d u p t h e e x i s t i n g c l u s t e r i n g a l g o r i t h m b e t w e e n f a c t o r s o f 2 a n d 6, w h i l e m a i n t a i n i n g c o m p a r a b l e c l u s t e r p u r i t y. I. I N T R O D U C T I O N. D a t a c l u s t e r i n g [ 1 ] i s a w i d e l y u s e d d a t a m i n i n g t e c h n i q u e f o r t h e u n s u p e r v i s e d g r o u p i n g o f d a t a p o i n t s, i t e m s o r p a t t e r n s. T h e g o a l i s t o a u t o m a t i c a l l y d i s c o v e r t h e s e g r o u p i n g s f r o m u n l a b e l l e d d a t a. T h e p r o b l e m c a n u s u a l l y b e f o r m u l a t e d a s g i v e n n i t e m s, d i s c o v e r k g r o u p s u s i n g s u i t a b l e s i m i l a r i t y m e a s u r e s w h i c h m a x i m i s e t h e d e g r e e o f s i m i l a r i t y o f i t e m s i n t h e s a m e g r o u p, w h i l e m i n i m i s i n g t h e d e g r e e o f s i m i l a r i t y o f i t e m s i n d i ff e r e n t g r o u p s. T y p i c a l l y, i n c e n t r o i d - b a s e d c l u s t e r i n g a l g o r i t h m s ( e. g., K M e a n s [ 2 ] a n d K - M o d e s [ 3 ] ), a r e r e p r e s e n t e d b y a c e n t r a l v e c t o r, a n d t h e c l u s t e r i n g t a s k i s u s u a l l y d e fi n e d a s a n o p t i m i s a t i o n p r o b l e m : fi n d k a n d a s s i g n t h e i t e m s t o t h e c l o s e s t o r m o s t s i m i l a r u c h t h a t a c e r t a i n m e a s u r e ( e. g., t h e s q u a r e d d i s t a n c e s i n K - M e a n s ) i s m i n i m i s e d. T h e r e f o r e, s i m i l a r i t y ( o r d i s t a n c e ) c o m p a r i s o n s c a n b e a m a j o r p e r f o r m a n c e b o t t l e n e c k w h e n f a c i n g l a r g e s c a l e d a t a c l u s t e r i n g. W h e n k i s v e r y l a r g e, s u c h c l u s t e r i n g a l g o r i t h m s d o n o t s c a l e w e l l a n d h a v e p o o r p e r f o r m a n c e i n t e r m s o f e ffi c i e n c y. M o t i v a t e d b y t h i s, t h e k e y c h a l l e n g e t o b e a d d r e s s e d i n t h i s p a p e r i s t o p r o p o s e a n o v e l c l u s t e r i n g fr a m e w o r k t h a t c a n s c a l e w e l l w i t h a m a s s i v e n u m b e r o f, i n w h i c h i t e m s m a y a l s o b e h i g h d i m e n s i o n a l. T h a t i s, c l u s t e r i n g a d a t a s e t c o n t a i n i n g a l a r g e c o l l e c t i o n o f h i g h d i m e n s i o n a l d a t a i n t o a l a r g e n u m b e r o f r e p r e s e n t e d b y c e n t r o i d s. I n s u c h c a s e s e ffi c i e n t l y m e a s u r i n g t h e s i m i l a r i t y o f e a c h i t e m t o e a c h c l u s t e r c e n t r o i d i s c r i t i c a l i n a c c e l e r a t i n g t h e c l u s t e r i n g t a s k. R e c e n t l y, i n b o t h t h e r e s e a r c h a n d i n d u s t r y c o m m u n i t i e s, i n c r e a s e d e m p h a s i s h a s b e e n p l a c e d o n a l g o r i t h m s t o m i n e t h e a b u n d a n c e o f d a t a b e i n g g e n e r a t e d, s o c a l l e d B i g D a t a a n a l y s i s. O n e l i n e o f r e s e a r c h t o a c h i e v e t h i s i s t o a d a p t e x i s t i n g, w e l l - u n d e r s t o o d a l g o r i t h m s t o h a n d l e l a r g e r s c a l e d a t a / 1 6 / $ I E E E ( e. g., [ 4 ] ). W e f o l l o w t h e s a m e l i n e o f r e s e a r c h i n t h i s p a p e r. O u r a p p r o a c h t o s o l v e t h i s p r o b l e m a n d i m p r o v e e f fi c i e n c y i s t o m a k e u s e o f l o c a l i t y s e n s i t i v e h a s h i n g ( L S H ) [ 5 ]. B y u t i l i s i n g t h e L S H t e c h n i q u e, w e a r e a b l e t o fi n d, f o r a g i v e n i t e m t o b e c l u s t e r e d b y a c e n t r o i d - b a s e d c l u s t e r i n g a l g o r i t h m, a l l o f t h e o t h e r i t e m s t h a t h a v e a c e r t a i n s i m i l a r i t y a b o v e a p r e d e fi n e d t h r e s h o l d. T h e o b j e c t i v e i s t o b u i l d a h a s h b a s e d i n d e x o f a l l s i m i l a r i t e m s i n t h e d a t a s e t t o b e c l u s t e r e d, a n d t o u t i l i s e t h i s i n d e x t o o b t a i n a s h o r t l i s t o f c a n d i d a t e f o r t h e c e n t r o i d - b a s e d c l u s t e r i n g a l g o r i t h m t o o p e r a t e o n f o r t h i s i t e m. T h i s m e t h o d c a n e l i m i n a t e d i s s i m i l a r b e f o r e a p p l y i n g e x i s t i n g c l u s t e r i n g a l g o r i t h m s, a n d i t s i g n i fi c a n t l y a c c e l e r a t e s t h e c l u s t e r i n g p r o c e s s w h i l e m a i n t a i n i n g c l u s t e r i n g q u a l i t y, w h i c h i s t h e k e y n o v e l t y o f o u r w o r k. I n o r d e r t o p r e s e n t h o w o u r fr a m e w o r k c a n b e a p p l i e d t o e x i s t i n g c l u s t e r i n g a p p r o a c h e s, w e f o c u s o n t h e K - M o d e s a l g o r i t h m i n t h i s p a p e r. K - M o d e s [ 3 ] i s a c l u s t e r i n g a l g o r i t h m f o r c a t e g o r i c a l d a t a. W e u s e t h e J a c c a r d s i m i l a r i t y [ 6 ] t o c o m p u t e t h e s i m i l a r i t y b e t w e e n t w o c a t e g o r i c a l i t e m s, a n d t h u s w e a d o p t t h e m i n - w i s e i n d e p e n d e n t p e r m u t a t i o n s l o c a l i t y s e n s i t i v e h a s h i n g s c h e m e ( M i n H a s h ) [ 7 ], w h i c h i s a n L S H s c h e m e w h i c h a p p r o x i m a t e s t h e J a c c a r d S i m i l a r i t y m e a s u r e. W e d e n o t e t h e a l g o r i t h m a c c e l e r a t e d w i t h M i n H a s h a s M H K - M o d e s. K - M o d e s i s s i m i l a r t o t h e K - M e a n s a l g o r i t h m [ 2 ] b u t r e p l a c e s t h e n u m e r i c d i s t a n c e c a l c u l a t i o n s w i t h a f a s t a n d s i m p l e d i s s i m i l a r i t y m e a s u r e f o r c a t e g o r i c a l d a t a. C a t e g o r i c a l d a t a, s o m e t i m e s a l s o c a l l e d n o m i n a l d a t a, a r e v a r i a b l e s t h a t t y p i c a l l y h a v e t w o o r m o r e c a t e g o r i e s. I m p o r t a n t l y, t h e r e i s n o i n t r i n s i c o r d e r i n g t o t h e s e c a t e g o r y v a l u e s. A s i m p l e e x a m p l e o f t h i s w o u l d b e t h e c o l o u r s o f i t e m s, i n w h i c h a s e t c a n h a v e a f e w o r m a n y d i ff e r e n t c o l o u r s, a n d t h e r e i s n o s t a n d a r d o r d e r i n g o v e r a s e t o f c o l o u r s. T h e K - M o d e s s i m i l a r i t y m e a s u r e i s f a s t d u e i n p a r t t o i t s s i m p l i c i t y, h o w e v e r w e w i l l l a t e r s h o w t h a t w h e n e v e r t h e n u m b e r o f i n t h e d a t a i n c r e a s e, a n d p a r t i c u l a r l y w h e n t h e n u m b e r o f a t t r i b u t e s i n t h e d a t a a l s o i n c r e a s e s ( i. e. i t b e c o m e s h i g h e r d i m e n s i o n a l ), K - M o d e s c a n b e c o m e e x t r e m e l y s l o w. T o e v a l u a t e o u r a p p r o a c h, w e c o n d u c t e x p e r i m e n t s o n fi v e s y n t h e t i c d a t a s e t s, a s w e l l a s a r e a l w o r l d Y a h o o! A n s w e r s d a t a s e t [ 8 ]. W e i n v e s t i g a t e, c o m p a r e, a n d a n a l y s e o u r M H K - M o d e s a l g o r i t h m a n d t h e o r i g i n a l K - M o d e s a l g o r i t h m i n r e s p e c t t o a n u m b e r o f p r o p e r t i e s. W e w i l l a n a l y s e t h e t i m e t a k e n p e r i t e r a t i o n, a s w e l l a s t h e n u m b e r o f i t e r a t i o n s r e q u i r e d f o r t h e a l g o r i t h m s t o c o n v e r g e. W e w i l l a l s o a n a l y s e t h e a v e r a g e s i z e o f t h e s h o r t l i s t o f c a n d i d a t e f o r o u r a l g o r i t h m, a n d h o w t h i s v a r i e s w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e c h o s e n a l g o r i t h m i n p u t p a r a m e t e r s. I C D E C o n f e r e n c e

2 N e x t w e w i l l a n a l y s e t h e n u m b e r o f m o v e s, o r c l u s t e r r e a s s i g n m e n t s, p e r i t e r a t i o n o f b o t h o u r M H - K - M o d e s a l g o r i t h m a n d t h e K - M o d e s a l g o r i t h m. F i n a l l y w e w i l l c o m p a r e t h e t o t a l t i m e t a k e n t o c l u s t e r e a c h d a t a s e t u s i n g v a r i o u s p a r a m e t e r s e t t i n g s f o r o u r M H - K - M o d e s a l g o r i t h m a n d t h e K - M o d e s a l g o r i t h m. O u r a l g o r i t h m i n c l u d e s a n i n i t i a l e x t r a s t e p b e f o r e t h e c l u s t e r a l g o r i t h m b e g i n s, w h i c h w i l l b e c a p t u r e d b y t h i s a n a l y s i s. T h e c o n t r i b u t i o n s o f t h i s p a p e r a r e t h e f o l l o w i n g : W e p r e s e n t a n o v e l f r a m e w o r k f o r i m p r o v i n g t h e e f fi c i e n c y o f e x i s t i n g c e n t r o i d - b a s e d c l u s t e r i n g a l g o r i t h m s u s i n g L S H t o g r e a t l y r e d u c e t h e e a r c h s p a c e. W e a p p l y o u r fr a m e w o r k t o t h e w e l l - k n o w n K - M o d e s a l g o r i t h m a n d u t i l i s e t h e M i n H a s h L S H a l g o r i t h m. W e p r o v e t h a t o u r m e t h o d h a s a g u a r a n t e e d e r r o r b o u n d. T h r o u g h e x p e r i m e n t a t i o n w e e v a l u a t e o u r f r a m e w o r k o n fi v e s y n t h e t i c d a t a s e t s a s w e l l a s a r e a l w o r l d Y a h o o! A n s w e r s d a t a s e t. W e s h o w t h a t o u r fr a m e w o r k a c h i e v e s s i m i l a r p e r f o r m a n c e i n t e r m s o f c l u s t e r p u r i t y b u t m o s t s i g n i fi c a n t l y i s m o r e e ffi c i e n t. W i t h t h e p a r a m e t e r s t e s t e d w e o b s e r v e t h a t o u r f r a m e w o r k i s m o r e e f fi c i e n t b y f a c t o r s b e t w e e n 2 x a n d 6 x. I I. R E L A T E D W O R K T h e d a t a c l u s t e r i n g p r o b l e m c o n t i n u e s t o h a v e b e e n s t u d i e d i n t e n s i v e l y i n r e c e n t y e a r s, a n d i t h a s b e e n u s e d i n m a n y a p p l i c a t i o n s s u c h a s i m a g e s e g m e n t a t i o n [ 9 ] - [ 1 1 ], g e n e t i c m a p p i n g [ 1 2 ], c Olmn u n i t y d e t e c t i o n [ 1 3 ], e t c. T h e c e n t r o i d b a s e d c l u s t e r i n g a l g o r i t h m s s u c h a s K - M e a n s [ 2 ] a n d K - M o d e s [ 3 ] h a v e b e e n w i d e l y a p p l i e d d u e t o t h e i r s i m p l i c i t y a n d e a s y i m p l e m e n t a t i o n. A s h a s b e e n p o i n t e d b y s e v e r a l e x i s t i n g s t u d i e s, c e n t r o i d b a s e d c l u s t e r i n g i s i n e ffi c i e n t. F o r e x a m p l e, [ 1 4 ] o u t l i n e s t h e e ffi c i e n c y p r o b l e m w i t h l a r g e n u m b e r s o f d a t a p o i n t s a n d l a r g e n u m b e r s o f f o r t h e K - M e a n s a l g o r i t h m. I n t h e i r a p p r o a c h t h e a u t h o r s o p t i m i s e d t h e a s s i g n m e n t o f p o i n t s t o c l u s t e r c e n t r e s u s i n g m u l t i p l e r a n d o m s p a t i a l p a r t i t i o n t r e e s s u c h t h a t o n l y a s m a l l n u m b e r o f n e e d t o b e c o n s i d e r e d d u r i n g t h e a s s i g n m e n t s t e p o f K - M e a n s. M o r e s p e c i fi c a l l y, t h i s a p p r o a c h c r e a t e s a n e i g h b o u r h o o d f o r e a c h p o i n t v i a a m u l t i p l e r a n d o m p a r t i t i o n t r e e s m e t h o d a n d u s e s t h i s n e i g h b o u r h o o d t o fi n d t h e s e t o f w i t h i n i t. T h e s e f o r m t h e c a n d i d a t e s e t w h i c h a r e t y p i c a l l y s m a l l e r t h a n t h e f u l l c l u s t e r s e t. T h e i r a p p r o x i m a t e K - M e a n s a l g o r i t h m c o n v e r g e d 2. S t i m e s f a s t e r, a n d a c h i e v e d b e t t e r p e r f o r m a n c e t h a n t h e s t a t e - o f - t h e - a r t a p p r o a c h e s t h e y c o m p a r e d. [ I S ] p r o p o s e s t h e i d e a o f c a n o p i e s w h i c h r e p r e s e n t d i v i s i o n s o f o v e r l a p p i n g s u b s e t s o f t h e d a t a. T h e s e c a n o p i e s c a n b e c o m p u t e d q u i c k l y a n d i s f o l l o w e d b y a s e c o n d s t a g e t h a t p r e f o r m s e x a c t d i s t a n c e m e a s u r e m e n t s a m o n g p o i n t s i n c o m m o n c a n o p i e s. T h e c o n c e p t o f c a n o p i e s i s u s e d t o i m p r o v e t h e e ffi c i e n c y o f c l u s t e r i n g. T h i s w o r k s u p p o r t s h i g h d i m e n s i o n a l d a t a, w i t h l a r g e n u m b e r s o f a n d d a t a p o i n t s. [ 4 ] s h o w s h o w t h e K - M e a n s a l g o r i t h m c a n b e s c a l e d u p t o l a r g e v o c a b u l a r y s i z e s i n t h e c o m p u t e r v i s i o n d o m a i n. T h i s i s a c h i e v e d t h r o u g h t h e u s e o f a r a n d o m f o r e s t a p p r o x i m a t e 6 S 0 n e a r e s t n e i g h b o u r a l g o r i t h m. S i m i l a r i n s p i r i t t o u s, t h e c o s t l y e x a c t d i s t a n c e c o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n p o i n t s a n d i s r e p l a c e d b y a n a p p r o x i m a t e m e a s u r e u s i n g r a n d o m i z e d k - d t r e e s. [ 1 6 ] p r e s e n t s a n u p d a t e d K - M e a n s t h a t a d d r e s s e s t h r e e c o r e i s s u e s t h a t h a v e b e e n i d e n t i fi e d f o r w e b s c a l e c l u s t e r i n g ; l a t e n c y, s c a l a b i l i t y a n d s p a r s i t y. T h e y m a n a g e t o a c h i e v e a d e c r e a s e i n c o m p u t a t i o n a l c o s t b y o r d e r s o f m a g n i t u d e w i t h t h e u s e o f m i n i - b a t c h c l u s t e r i n g f o r K - M e a n s. N o n e o f t h e a b o v e s t u d i e s c o n s i d e r u t i l i s i n g L S H t o a c c e l e r a t e t h e c l u s t e r i n g. T h e m i n - w i s e i n d e p e n d e n t p e r m u t a t i o n s l o c a l i t y s e n s i t i v e h a s h i n g s c h e m e ( M i n H a s h ) i s a t e c h n i q u e f o r q u i c k l y a p p r o x i m a t i n g t h e J a c c a r d S i m i l a r i t y [ 6 ] b e t w e e n s e t s. I t h a s b e e n a p p l i e d i n n u m e r o u s d o m a i n s s u c h a s d u p l i c a t e w e b p a g e d e t e c t i o n f o r a s e a r c h e n g i n e [ S ], o n l i n e n e w s p e r s o n a l i s a t i o n [ 1 7 ] a n d c o m p u t e r v i s i o n t a s k s [ 4 ]. T h e r e h a v e b e e n s e v e r a l d a t a c l u s t e r i n g a l g o r i t h m s p r o p o s e d t h a t u s e L S H i n s o m e m a n n e r. F o r e x a m p l e, t h e w o r k [ 1 8 ] p r o p o s e s t o u t i l i s e L S H i n c l u s t e r i n g w e b p a g e s. I n t h i s s t u d y, w e b p a g e s a r e h a s h e d i n s u c h a w a y t h a t s i m i l a r p a g e s h a v e a m u c h h i g h e r p r o b a b i l i t y o f c o l l i s i o n t h a n d i s s i m i l a r p a g e s b a s e d o n L S H. A g r a p h i s c r e a t e d f o r t h e w e b p a g e s i n w h i c h e a c h n o d e r e p r e s e n t s a w e b p a g e a n d e a c h e d g e i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e t w o p a g e s a r e s i m i l a r a c c o r d i n g t o L S H. N e x t, a g r a p h p a r t i t i o n i n g a l g o r i t h m i s a p p l i e d t o d i v i d e t h e w e b p a g e s i n t o d i ff e r e n t. T h i s a p p r o a c h i s d i ff e r e n t fr o m o u r w o r k i n t h a t w e a r e i n t e r e s t e d i n c e n t r o i d b a s e d c l u s t e r i n g a l g o r i t h m s, r a t h e r t h a n g r a p h p a r t i t i o n i n g a l g o r i t h m s. A l s o, b u i l d i n g t h e g r a p h i s i n f e a s i b l e f o r v e r y l a r g e d a t a s e t s. O n e a p p r o a c h [ 1 9 ] u s e s a c e n t r o i d - b a s e d c l u s t e r i n g a l g o r i t h m K - M e d o i d s w i t h L S H b u t w i t h t h e i d e a o f d e v e l o p i n g a l o c a l i t y s e n s i t i v e h a s h i n g m e t h o d f o r g e n e r i c m e t r i c s p a c e s. T h e i n t e n t i o n i n t h i s w o r k i s t o i m p r o v e t h e L S H a l g o r i t h m, r a t h e r t h a n t h e c l u s t e r i n g a l g o r i t h m. A n o t h e r e x a m p l e [ 2 0 ] e v a l u a t e s t h e u s e o f v a r i o u s L S H f u n c t i o n s, s p e c i fi c a l l y s e a r c h i n g f o r h i g h d i m e n s i o n S I F T d e s c r i p t o r s. T h e i r a p p r o a c h w a s i n s p i r e d b y t h e c h a l l e n g e o f h i g h d i m e n s i o n a l n e a r e s t n e i g h b o u r r e t r i e v a l, w h i c h i s a v e r y e x p e n s i v e p r o c e s s. T h e a u t h o r s p r o p o s e d a t e c h n i q u e c a l l e d K L S H t h a t m a k e s u s e o f t h e K - M e a n s c l u s t e r i n g a l g o r i t h m. A l t h o u g h t h e i d e a h e r e i s s i m i l a r t o o u r s, t h e r e a r e a n u m b e r o f d i ff e r e n c e s. F i r s t, o u r i d e a i s t o c o n s i d e r l a r g e n u m b e r s o f r a t h e r t h a n j u s t a l a r g e n u m b e r o f d i m e n s i o n s. S e c o n d, [ 2 0 ] u s e s K - M e a n s c l u s t e r i n g a s a m e a n s o f s p e e d i n g u p n e a r e s t n e i g h b o u r s e a r c h o f l a r g e v e c t o r s v i a L S H, w h i l s t o u r fr a m e w o r k u s e s L S H a s a m e a n s o f s p e e d i n g u p t h e c l u s t e r i n g a l g o r i t h m. I n s u m m a r y, t o t h e b e s t o f o u r k n o w l e d g e, t h i s i s t h e fi r s t w o r k o n i n c r e a s i n g t h e e ffi c i e n c y o f c e n t r o i d - b a s e d c l u s t e r i n g b y u s i n g M i n H a s h t o r e d u c e t h e e a r c h s p a c e. I I I. L A R G E S C A L E C L U S T E R I N G A. P r e l i m i n a r i e s o f K - M o d e s a n d M i n H a s h 1 ) K - M o d e s : I n o r d e r t o d e s c r i b e o u r f r a m e w o r k, w e fi r s t i n t r o d u c e t h e K - M o d e s a l g o r i t h m [ 2 1 ]. K - M o d e s d i ff e r s f r o m K - M e a n s i n t h r e e m a j o r w a y s ; K M o d e s u s e s a s i m p l e d i s s i m i l a r i t y m e a s u r e b e t w e e n i t e m s

3 r a t h e r t h a n t h e l e a s t s q u a r e s m e t h o d ; c l u s t e r c e n t r o i d s a r e r e p r e s e n t e d b y m o d e s r a t h e r t h a n m e a n s ; a n d i t u s e s fr e q u e n c y b a s e d u p d a t i n g o f m o d e s t o m i n i m i s e t h e c o s t f u n c t i o n. T h e K - M o d e s a l g o r i t h m c a n b e s u m m a r i s e d a s : S e l e c t k i n i t i a l m o d e s fr o m t h e d a t a s e t. N u m e r o u s m e t h o d s e x i s t f o r m a k i n g t h i s s e l e c t i o n. A s i m p l e s e l e c t i o n m e t h o d w o u l d b e t o c h o o s e k r a n d o m i t e m s. F o r e a c h i t e m a s s i g n i t t o t h e c l o s e s t c l u s t e r b a s e d o n t h e d i s s i m i l a r i t y m e a s u r e. R e c a l c u l a t e t h e m o d e s o f a l l. R e p e a t t h e p r e v i o u s t w o s t e p s u n t i l e i t h e r n o i t e m h a s c h a n g e d c l u s t e r, o r t h e c o s t h a s m i n i m i s e d ( E q u a t i o n 4 ). F r o m t h e s e s t e p s w e c a n e x p e c t t h a t w h e n t h e r e a r e m a n y i t e m s t o c l u s t e r i n t o ( v e r y l a r g e ) k, w i t h e a c h o f t h e i t e m s h a v i n g m a n y a t t r i b u t e s, s t e p 2 c o u l d b e c o m e a n e x p e n s i v e a n d t i m e c o n s u m i n g o p e r a t i o n. T h i s i s d u e t o e a c h o f t h e m a n y l a r g e i t e m s r e q u i r i n g c o m p a r i s o n t o e a c h o f t h e m a n y c l u s t e r c e n t r o i d s o v e r m a n y i t e r a t i o n s. L e t X a n d Y b e t w o c a t e g o r i c a l i t e m s d e s c r i b e d b y m c a t e g o r i c a l a t t r i b u t e s. T h e d i s s i m i l a r i t y m e a s u r e d( X, Y ) [ 3 ] c o m p u t e s t h e t o t a l m i s m a t c h e s o f t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g a t t r i b u t e c a t e g o r i e s b e t w e e n X a n d Y. T h e f e w e r t h e m i s m a t c h e s, t h e m o r e s i m i l a r t h e t w o i t e m s a r e. w h e r e m d ( X, Y ) = L O ( X j, Y j ) j = l i f ( X j = Y j ), o t h e r w i s e. F o r m a l l y w e c a n d e fi n e t h e K - M o d e s a l g o r i t h m a s : L e t X b e a s e t o f c a t e g o r i c a l i t e m s e a c h w i t h m c a t e g o r i c a l a t t r i b u t e s A I, ' ", A m, w h e r e e a c h A j i s a s i n g l e a t t r i b u t e, e. g., ' C o l o u r '. T h e d o m a i n o f A j, d e n o t e d b y D O M ( A j ), c o n t a i n s a s e t o f c a t e g o r y v a l u e s, i. e., D O M ( A j ) = { a I, a 2,..,. al}. F o r e x a m p l e, g i v e n a n i t e m X i = { X l, X j,, x m } E X, X j m a y h a v e t h e c a t e g o r y v a l u e ' b l u e ' f o r a t t r i b u t e c o l o u r A j. A m o d e o f X = { X l, ' ", X n } i s a v e c t o r Q = [ ql, '.., q m ] t h a t m i n i m i s e s : ( 1 ) ( 2 ) n D ( X, Q ) = L d ( X i, Q ) ( 3 ) i= l L e t n C b e t h e n u m b e r o f i t e m s h a v i n g t h e k k t h c a t e g o r y j n v a l u e C k, j f o r a t t r i b u t e A j a n d i r ( A j = c k, jix ) = C/ j, t h e r e l a t i v e f r e q u e n c y o f c a t e g o r y C k, j i n X. T h e f u n c t i o n D ( X, Q ) i s m i n i m i s e d i f f i r ( A j = q j I X ) 2: i r ( A j = C k, j ) f o r q j i- C k, j a n d a l l j = 1,..., m. T h e r e f o r e, t h e o p t i m i s a t i o n p r o b l e m f o r p a r t i t i o n i n g a s e t o f n i t e m s e a c h w i t h m c a t e g o r i c a l a t t r i b u t e s i n t o k i s t o m i n i m i s e t h e f o l l o w i n g c o s t f u n c t i o n : k n P ( W, Q ) = L L w i, ld ( X i, Q l) l= l i =l w h e r e W i s t h e n x k m e m b e r s h i p m a t r i x, W i, l Q = { Q l,..,q. l,..,q. k } i s a s e t o f c l u s t e r c e n t e r s. E W, 2 ) M i n H a s h / L o c a l i ty S e n s i t i v e H a s h i n g : W e w i l l u s e d u p l i c a t e d o c u m e n t d e t e c t i o n, w h i c h i s a c o m m o n u s e c a s e f o r M i n H a s h, a s a n e x a m p l e t o d e s c r i b e h o w i t m a y b e a p p l i e d t o o u r p r o b l e m. G i v e n a s e t o f d o c u m e n t s, w e w o u l d fi r s t w a n t t o c o n v e r t e a c h s e t o f w o r d s i n t h e d o c u m e n t i n t o ' s i g n a t u r e s ' w h i c h w i l l b e a m o r e c o m p a c t r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f e a c h d o c u m e n t. T h e s e s i g n a t u r e s a r e c o m p u t e d f o r e a c h d o c u m e n t b y ' m i n h a s h i n g ' t h e d o c u m e n t a n u m b e r o f t i m e s. G i v e n a w o r d d o c u m e n t m a t r i x i n w h i c h e a c h c o l u m n r e p r e s e n t s a d o c u m e n t a n d e a c h r o w i n d i c a t e s t h e p r e s e n c e / a b s e n c e ( 1 / 0 ) o f a w o r d i n a d o c u m e n t ; ' M i n h a s h i n g ' w o u l d b e c h o o s i n g f o r e a c h c o l u m n, fr o m a p e r m u t a t i o n o f t h e r o w s, t h e r o w n u m b e r o f t h e fi r s t r o w w h i c h h a s a v a l u e 1 i n t h a t c o l u m n, a p r o c e s s t h a t i s t y p i c a l l y r e p e a t e d a n u m b e r o f t i m e s. I f w e d o t h i s n t i m e s, e a c h w i t h a d i ff e r e n t p e r m u t a t i o n, t h e s i z e o f t h e s i g n a t u r e w o u l d b e n. T o m a k e t h i s p r a c t i c a l, t h e r a n d o m p e r m u t a t i o n s o f t h e m a t r i x c a n b e s i m u l a t e d b y t h e u s e o f n r a n d o m l y c h o s e n h a s h f u n c t i o n s. G i v e n a r o w r i n t h e w o r d - d o c u m e n t m a t r i x, w e u s e h a s h f u n c t i o n h O t o s i m u l a t e t h e p e r m u t a t i o n o f r t o t h e p o s i t i o n h (r ). F o r e x a m p l e, l e t r b e t h e t h i r d r o w, a n d l e t a h a s h f u n c t i o n b e h ( x ) = 2 x + 1 m o d 5, t h e n h ( r ) = 2 * m o d 5 = 2. r i s p e r m u t e d t o t h e s e c o n d r o w a c c o r d i n g t o t h i s h a s h f u n c t i o n. S i m i l a r l y, t h i s h a s h f u n c t i o n i s a p p l i e d t o a l l r o w s w i t h v a l u e 1, a n d t h e s m a l l e s t h a s h v a l u e ( a l s o t h e h i g h e s t r a n k e d r o w n u m b e r ) i s c h o s e n a s t h e o u t c o m e o f t h i s p a r t i c u l a r h a s h f u n c t i o n. T h i s v a l u e i s d e n o t e d a s S i ( w h e r e i r e p r e s e n t s i t i s t h e i t h h a s h f u n c t i o n u s e d ). F o r m a l l y, t h e s i g n a t u r e e q u a t i o n c a n b e r e p r e s e n t e d a s w h e r e S i = m in ( h i(r j ) lj = 1, t ), a n d f o r i = 1,..., n, s u c h t h a t t i s t h e n u m b e r o f t o t a l r o w s w i t h v a l u e 1, a n d n i s t h e n u m b e r o f h a s h f u n c t i o n s. T h e d e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e i d e a c a n b e s e e n i n A l g o r i t h m 1. T h e s e s i g n a t u r e s, a l t h o u g h l i k e l y s m a l l et r h a n t h e o r i g i n a l d o c u m e n t, a r e o n l y p a r t o f t h e s o l u t i o n f o r q u i c k l y e s t i m a t i n g t h e s i m i l a r i t y b e t w e e n d o c u m e n t s. T h e n e x t s t e p i s t o f u r t h e r s u b d i v i d e t h e s i g n a t u r e p r o d u c e d a b o v e i n t o r o w s ( r ) a n d b a n d s ( b ). E a c h b a n d w i l l c o n s i s t o f r h a s h - v a l u e s, w h i c h a r e i n p u t t o a n o t h e r h a s h f u n c t i o n t h a t m a p s t h e b a n d t o a n e w b u c k e t. I m p o r t a n t l y t h e r e w i l l b e b s e t s o f b u c k e t s t o m a p t o, o n e s e t f o r e a c h b a n d s o n o o v e r l a p p i n g b e t w e e n b a n d s c a n o c c u r. T h u s w e c a n n o w s a y t h a t i f a b a n d f r o m e a c h o f t h e t w o d o c u m e n t s m a p t o t h e s a m e b u c k e t, t h e y a r e c a n d i d a t e p a i r s. M i n H a s h i s k n o w n t o a p p r o x i m a t e t h e J a c c a r d S i m i l a r i t y b e t w e e n s e t s, a n d t h e c h o i c e o f r a n d b h a v e s i g n i fi c a n c e i n t h a t t h e y d e t e r m i n e t h e p r o b a b i l i t y t h a t t w o d o c u m e n t s w i t h a J a c c a r d S i m i l a r i t y ( E q u a t i o n 6 ) o f S b e c o m e c a n d i d a t e p a i r s. ( 4 ) a n d ( 5 ). IX n Y I J a c c a r d - S l m X (, Y ) = ( 6 ) I X u Y I 6 5 1

4 S p e c i fi c a l l y, t h e p r o b a b i l i t y t h a t t h e s i g n a t u r e s a r e i d e n t i c a l i n a t l e a s t o n e b a n d, t h e r e f o r e m a k i n g t h e m a c a n d i d a t e p a i r, i s l - ( l- s T ) b. W e c a n e x p l o i t t h i s i n o r d e r t o c h o o s e a p p r o p r i a t e v a l u e s f o r r a n d b p r i o r t o t h e c l u s t e r i n g. T h e s i m i l a r i t y s a t w h i c h t h e r e i s a 5 0 % c h a n c e o f t w o i t e m s b e c o m i n g c a n d i d a t e p a i r s, a t w h i c h t h e r i s e o f t h e s c u r v e i s t h e s t e e p e s t, i s a f u n c t i o n o f b a n d r : ( l/ b )I / T. A l g o r i t h m 1 : S I G G E N :M I N H A S H S IG N A T U R E G E N E R - A T I O N [ 7 ] I n p u t : i t e m : a v e c t o r o f c a t e g o r i c a l v a l u e s f r o m a s i n g l e i t e m I n p u t : H : h a s h f u n c t i o n s h I,.., h. m E H O u t p u t : s i g n a t u r e : a v e c t o r o f l e n g t h m 1 f o r a l l i i n i t e m d o 2 L l h m i n (i) = 00 3 f o r a i i n i t e m d o 4 f o r a l l j i n H d o 5 l i f h j( i) < h m ] n ( j ). 6 L h m i n ( J ) -h j ( B. O u r A l g o r i t h m M H - K - M o d e s t h e n t ) T h e i n t e g r a t i o n o f M i n H a s h a n d L S H w i t h K - M o d e s i s d e t a i l e d i n A l g o r i t h m 2. S p e c i fi c a l l y, a f t e r t h e c e n t r o i d i n i t i a l i s a t i o n s t e p o f K - M o d e s, w e c a n m a k e a s i n g l e p a s s o v e r t h e e n t i r e d a t a s e t, a p p l y i n g M i n H a s h t o e a c h i t e m. W h e n w e i n s e r t e a c h i t e m i n t o a b u c k e t a s p e r M i n H a s h p r o c e d u r e, w e w i l l a l s o s t o r e a r e f e r e n c e t o t h e c l u s t e r t h a t t h e i t e m h a s b e e n a s s i g n e d t o b y K - M o d e s. O n c e t h i s s i n g l e p a s s o v e r t h e d a t a s e t h a s b e e n c o m p l e t e d, w e w i l l h a v e e f f e c t i v e l y p r o d u c e d a n i n d e x d a t a - s t r u c t u r e o f i t e m s t o o t h e r s i m i l a r i t e m s t h a t w e c a n q u e r y f r o m t h e K - M o d e s a l g o r i t h m. T h e r e f o r e d u r i n g e a c h i t e r a t i o n o f K - M o d e s, e a c h t i m e w e e n c o u n t e r a n i t e m t o a s s i g n t o a c l u s t e r, w e w i l l q u e r y o u r M i n H a s h i n d e x w i t h t h e i t e m t o fi n d t h e s e t o f o t h e r s i m i l a r i t e m s. S i n c e e a c h i t e m c o n t a i n s a r e f e r e n c e t o t h e c l u s t e r i t i s c u r r e n t l y a s s i g n e d t o, w e c a n c r e a t e a s h o r t l i s t o f c a n d i d a t e f o r K - M o d e s. T h i s i s p o s s i b l e a s w h e n w e M i n H a s h t h e q u e r y i t e m w e w i l l d i s c o v e r a l l t h e p r e v i o u s l y M i n H a s h e d i t e m s t h a t t h e L S H f u n c t i o n r e g a r d e d a s s i m i l a r. F r o m t h e s e i t e m s w e r e t r i e v e t h e i r r e f e r e n c e d t o b u i l d t h e s h o r t l i s t O. u r fr a m e w o r k r e l i e s o n t h e a s s u m p t i o n ( f o r w h i c h w e w i l l h a v e a t h e o r e t i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n i n S e c t i o n I I I - C ) t h a t w e c a n a c h i e v e s i m i l a r p e r f o r m a n c e i n t e r m s o f a c c u r a c y w h e n e v e r t h e t r u e p o s i t i v e ( T P ) c l u s t e r i s i n t h e s h o r t l i s t a, l o n g w i t h a s m a l l n u m b e r o f o t h e r f a l s e p o s i t i v e ( F P ). O n c e w e h a v e u p d a t e d t h e c l u s t e r i n g b y a s s i g n i n g a n i t e m t o a c l u s t e r w e m u s t u p d a t e t h e M i n H a s h i n d e x t o r e fl e c t t h i s. T h i s i s a f a s t o p e r a t i o n a s w e m e r e l y u p d a t e t h e i t e m s c l u s t e r t h a t i s s t o r e d v i a a r e f e r e n c e o r p o i n t e r. W o r t h n o t i n g, a s s e e n i n L i n e s 2-4 o f A l g o r i t h m 2, w e fi l t e r o u t a n y f e a t u r e v a l u e s t h a t i n d i c a t e t h e f e a t u r e i s n o t p r e s e n t b e f o r e t h e s i g n a t u r e g e n e r a t i o n i n A l g o r i t h m 1. T h i s i s u s e f u l i n s c e n a r i o s i n w h i c h e a c h f e a t u r e v e c t o r i t e m m a y b e l a r g e a n d m a y c o n t a i n m a n y v a l u e s t h a t a r e n o t p r e s e n t. S u c h c a s e s m a y i n c l u d e w h e n y o u w o u l d l i k e t o r e p r e s e n t a v o c a b u l a r y w i t h w o r d p r e s e n c e i n d i c a t e d b y Y e s o r N o v a l u e s. B y e x c l u d i n g t h e ' N o ' v a l u e s, M i n H a s h i s a b l e t o p r o d u c e m o r e u s e f u l s i m i l a r i t y s c o r e s b e t w e e n t w o f e a t u r e v e c t o r s, a s m a n y s h a r e d n e g a t i v e C1 LSH Range C3 LSH(X) F i g. 1 : I IIu s t r a t i n g t h e i d e a o f h o w L S H c a n b e u s e d t o fi n d t h e r e l e v a n t c l u s t e rf s o r t h e r e d c o l o u r e d p o i n t X. f e a t u r e s i n t w o v e c t o r s d o e s n o t p r o v i d e p a r t i c u l a r l y u s e f u l i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e s i m i l a r i t y o f t w o s e t s. U s u a l l y w e a r e o n l y i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e s i m i l a r i t y o f v a l u e s p r e s e n t i n t h e f e a t u r e v e c t o r s. W e n o w p r e s e n t t h e s t e p s o f o u r m o d i fi e d M H - K - M o d e s a l g o r i t h m. S e l e c t k i n i t i a l m o d e s fr o m t h e d a t a s e t. N u m e r o u s m e t h o d s e x i s t f o r m a k i n g t h i s s e l e c t i o n. A s i m p l e s e l e c t i o n m e t h o d w o u l d b e t o c h o o s e k r a n d o m i t e m s f r o m t h e d a t a s e t. F o r e a c h i t e m a s s i g n i t t o t h e c l o s e s t c l u s t e r b a s e d o n t h e d i s s i m i l a r i t y m e a s u r e. M i n H a s h e a c h i t e m, e f f e c t i v e l y c r e a t i n g a n i n d e x o f s i m i l a r i t e m s. I n t h e i n d e x s t o r e a c l u s t e r r e f e r e n c e f o r e a c h i t e m. F o r e a c h i t e m q u e r y t h e p r e v i o u s l y g e n e r a t e d M i n H a s h i n d e x f o r s i m i l a r i t e m s a n d t h e i r. U s e t h e s e r a t h e r t h a n t h e f u l l s e t t o a s s i g n i t t o t h e c l o s e s t c l u s t e r b a s e d o n t h e d i s s i m i l a r i t y m e a s u r e. A f t e r e a c h c h a n g e, u p d a t e t h e c l u s t e r r e f e r e n c e i n t h e M i n H a s h i n d e x t o t h e n e w c l u s t e r. R e c a l c u l a t e t h e m o d e s o f a l l. R e p e a t t h e p r e v i o u s t w o s t e p s u n t i l e i t h e r n o i t e m h a s c h a n g e d c l u s t e r, o r t h e c o s t h a s m i n i m i s e d. C o m p a r e d t o t h e o r i g i n a l K - M o d e s a l g o r i t h m d e s c r i b e d i n S e c t i o n I I I - A I, w e n o w h a v e a n u m b e r o f e x t r a o p e r a t i o n s. O n e c o m p l e t e l y n e w s t e p i s t h e i n i t i a l M i n H a s h o p e r a t i o n t h a t i s r u n o n l y o n c e a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e c l u s t e r i n g p r o c e s s. W e h a v e a l s o s i g n i fi c a n t l y m o d i fi e d t h e s t e p i n w h i c h t h e s i m i l a r i t y o f e a c h i t e m t o e x i s t i n g i s c a l c u l a t e d. I t m a k e s u s e o f t h e M i n H a s h i n d e x t o p r e - fi l t e r t h e p o t e n t i a l c l u s t e r c a n d i d a t e s d u r i n g e a c h i t e r a t i o n o f t h e K - M o d e s a l g o r i t h m. C. E r ro r B o u n d X C2 C4 C5 C6 C7 O u r p r o p o s e d fr a m e w o r k C8 C9 Cluster Shortlist C1 C2 K-Modes-Distance(X, [C1,C2]) r e l i e s o n t h e a c c u r a t e i n d e x i n g o f a n d m a t c h i n g o f t o d a t a i t e m s b e i n g c l u s t e r e d. R e c a l l t h a t i n o u r m e t h o d, w h e n X i s t o b e c l u s t e r e d, w e fi r s t r e t r i e v e i t e m s s i m i l a r t o X f r o m t h e i n d e x, a n d t h e n c r e a t e a s h o r t l i s t o f fr o m t h e s e i t e m s. W e t h e n c o m p u t e 6 5 2

5 A l g o r i t h m 2 : M I N H A S H P R E - F I L T E R I N G S T E P I n p u t : i t e m : i t e m t o b e c l u s t e r e d I n p u t : H : s e t o f h a s h f u n c t i o n s O u t p u t : s h o r t l i s t S h o r t l i s t o f t o f u l l y s e a r c h 1 f i t e r e d _ p r e s e n c e _ i t e m = [ ] 2 f o r e a c h f e a t u r e i n i t e m a s f e a t u r e d o 3 l i f f e a t u r e i s p r e s e n t t h e n 4 L a d d f e a t u r e t o f i l t e r e d _ p r e s e n c e _ i t e m 5 s i g n a t u r e = S I G G E N ( j i l t e r e d -p r e s e n c e _ i t e m, H ) 6 d i v i d e s i g n a t u r e i n t o b b a n d s e a c h c o n s i s t i n g o f r h a s h v a l u e s. 7 b u c k e t s = s e t O 8 f o r e a c h b i n b a n d d o 9 L a d d i d x _ h a s h ( b ) t o b u c k e t s 1 0 s h o r t l i s = t s e t O 1 1 f o r e a c h b u c k e t i n b u c k e t s d o 1 2 L a d d t h e i n b u c k e t t o s h o r t l i s t t h e s i m i l a r i t y b e t w e e n X a n d e a c h c l u s t e r i n t h e s h o r t l i s t. T h e r e f o r e, i f t h e a c t u a l c l u s t e r t h a t X s h a l l b e c l u s t e r e d t o c o n t a i n s o n e i t e m w h i c h i s s i m i l a r t o X i n t h e i n d e x, X w i l l b e c o r r e c t l y c l u s t e r e d ( t h e c o r r e c t n e s s h e r e m e a n s t h a t t h e c l u s t e r i n g r e s u l t i s t h e s a m e a s t h e o r i g i n a l a l g o r i t h m w i t h o u t u s i n g t h e i n d e x ). T h e r e f o r e, t h e e r ro r o f o u r m e t h o d c a n o n l y o c c u r w h e n t h e c a n d i d a t e s e l e c t e d f o r a n i t e m d o n o t i n f a c t i n c l u d e t h e a c t u a l c l u s t e r t h a t t h i s i t e m s h a l l b e c l u s t e r e d t o. I n t h i s s e c t i o n, w e i n v e s t i g a t e t h e o r e t i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f t h i s e r r o r i n t h e c l u s t e r i n g f r a m e w o r k, a n d w e s h o w t h a t o u r m e t h o d u t i l i s i n g M i n H a s h h a s a g u a r a n t e e d e r r o r b o u n d. I n o r d e r t o a n a l y s e t h e e r r o r c a u s e d b y t h e M i n H a s h i n d e x, w e t a k e c l u s t e r i n g a c a t e g o r i c a l i t e m X w i t h m a t t r i b u t e s a s a n e x a m p l e. W e d e n o t e e n a s t h e a c t u a l c l u s t e r X s h o u l d b e c l u s t e r e d t o ( w h o s e m o d e h a s t h e l e a s t d i s s i m i l a r i t y w i t h X ) a c c o r d i n g t o t h e o r i g i n a l K - M o d e s. W e c a n c o m p u t e t h e p r o b a b i l i t y t h a t e n i s n o t i n t h e c a n d i d a t e l i s t a s f o l l o w s. I f e n i s t h e b e s t c l u s t e r, t h e n i n e n t h e r e m u s t e x i s t a n i t e m s u c h t h a t i t h a s t h e s a m e v a l u e s o n a t l e a s t o n e a t t r i b u t e a s t h a t o f X ( o t h e r w i s e, t h e d i s s i m i l a r i t y o f t h e m o d e o f e n a n d X w i l l b e m a n d e n i s n o t t h e b e s t c l u s t e r ). N o w l e t u s d e n o t e t h i s i t e m i n e n a s Y, t h e J a c c a r d S i m i l a r i t y o f X a n d Y i s a t l e a s t s = ' 8 ' 2: 2% - 1 ' H e n c e, t h e p r o b a b i l i t y t h a t t h e s i g n a t u r e s o f X a n d V a g r e e i n a l l r o w s o f o n e p a r t i c u l a r b a n d T i s a t l e a s t S, a n d t h e p r o b a b i l i t y t h a t t h e s i g n a t u r e s d i s a $r e e i n T a t l e a s t o n e r o w o f e a c h o f t h e b a n d s i s a t m o s t ( 1 - S ) T h i s m e a n s t h a t t h e p r o b a b i l i t y o f X a n d Y n o t b e i n g a c a n d i d a t e p a i r i s a t m o s t P r = ( 1 - s ) b T = ( 1 - ( 2% - 1 n b. W h e n c l u s t e r i n g i t e m X, i f e n i s t h e c l u s t e r w h o s e m o d e w i t h X b u t e n i s n o t o b t a i n e d f r o m t h a t n o i t e m Y ' e x i s t s i n e n t h a t c a n h a s t h e l e a s t d i s s i m i l a r i t y t h e i n d e x, i t m e a n s f o r m a c a n d i d a t e p a i r w i t h X a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i n d e x. G i v e n w e t h e s i m i l a r i t y b e t w e e n X a n d Y i s a t l e a s t s = 2% - 1 ' k n o w t h a t t h e p r o b a b i l i t y o f t h i s e r r o r i s a t m o s t P r l C n= l ( 1 - ( 2% _ l y ) b I C wnh el r, e b i s t h e n u m b e r o f b a n d s a n d r i s t h e n u m b e r o f r o w s i n M i n H a s h. T h e r e f o r e t h e e r r o r b o u n d c a n b e v e r y s m a l l e v e n w h e n t h e n u m b e r o f a t t r i b u t e s i s v e r y l a r g e i n t h e d a t a s e t. F o r e x a m p l e, i n o u r e x p e r i m e n t s, a c o m m o n n u m b e r o f a t t r i b u t e s o f a n i t e m i n t h e d a t a s e t s w e u s e d i s I f w e s e t r = 1 a n d b = 2 5 i n M i n H a s h, a n d w e a s s u m e t h a t a c l u s t e r h a s a t l e a s t 2 0 i t e m s, t h e p r o b a b i l i t y o f t h e e r o r w h e n c l u s t e r i n g a n i t e m i n o u r f r a m e w o r k i s a t m o s t P r l C n= l ( 1-1 & 92) 5 X 2 0 = T h i s e x p l a i n s w h y o u r f r a m e w o r k i m p r o v e s c l u s t e r i n g e ffi c i e n c y s i g n i fi c a n t l y w h i l e m a i n t a i n i n g e x c e l l e n t c l u s t e r i n g q u a l i t y. D. C h o i c e o f L S H P a ra m e t e r s I n Ta b l e I w e c a n s e e t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e b a n d p a r a m e t e r, t h e J a c c a r d S i m i l a r i t y o f t w o i t e m s, t h e p r o b a b i l i t y o f c a n d i d a t e p a i r s u s i n g M i n H a s h, a n d t h e p r o b a b i l i t y o f M H K - M o d e s fi n d i n g t h e c a n d i d a t e c l u s t e r. W i t h t h e n u m b e r o f r o w s s e t t o 1, t h e g r e a t e r t h e n u m b e r o f b a n d s, t h e l o w e r t h e J a c c a r d S i m i l a r i t y n e e d s t o b e f o r t h e a l g o r i t h m t o fi n d t w o i t e m s s i m i l a r. I n Ta b l e I I w i t h t h e n u m b e r o f r o w s s e t t o 5, t h e s a m e t r e n d o f m o r e b a n d s i n c r e a s i n g t h e p r o b a b i l i t y o f c a n d i d a t e p a i r s b e i n g f o u n d e x i s t s. H o w e v e r, i t i s c l e a r t h a t w i t h t h e i n c r e a s e d n u m b e r o f r o w s t h e p r o b a b i l i t y o f fi n d i n g t w o i t e m s w i t h a J a c c a r d S i m i l a r i t y r e g a r d e d a s s i m i l a r h a s d e c r e a s e d c o m p a r e d t o Ta b l e I w h i c h h a d o n l y 1 r o w. O n e p o s s i b l e c h o i c e i s t o u s e M i n H a s h w i t h j u s t o n e r o w a n d o n e b a n d, w h i c h w o u l d h a v e t h e e ff e c t o f e l i m i n a t i n g t h a t a r e e x t r e m e l y u n l i k e l y t o h a v e a n y s i m i l a r i t y. W h i l s t w i t h b a n d s i t i s p o s s i b l e, w i t h 9 9 % p r o b a b i l i t y, t o fi n d s e t s w i t h a J a c c a r d S i m i l a r i t y o f j u s t 0. 1 t o b e c o m e c a n d i d a t e p a i r s. W i t h b a n d s, s e t s w i t h a J a c c a r d S i m i l a r i t y a n o r d e r o f m a g n i t u d e s m a l l e r h a v e t h e s a m e p r o b a b i l i t y. T h e d o w n s i d e o f t h i s p a r a m e t e r s e t t i n g i s t h a t i t i s l i k e l y t o i n c l u d e m a n y f a l s e p o s i t i v e i n t h e s h o r t l i s t T. h i s i s o v e r c o m e b y i n c r e a s i n g t h e n u m b e r o f r o w s, a t t h e c o s t o f i n t r o d u c i n g m o r e f a l s e n e g a t i v e s i n s h o r t l i s t. I n S e c t i o n I I I - A 2 w e d i s c u s s e d t h e p r o b a b i l i t y o f c o l l i s i o n s o c c u r r i n g f o r g i v e n J a c c a r d s i m i l a r i t i e s, b a n d s a n d r o w s. To r e i t e r a t e, we c a n c a l c u l a t e t h e p r o b a b i l i t y t h a t t w o i t e m s b e c o m e c a n d i d a t e p a i r s f o r a n y g i v e n c o m b i n a t i o n o f t h e J a c c a r d s i m i l a r i t y, b a n d a n d r o w p a r a m e t e r s. H o w e v e r, s i n c e w e o n l y c o n s i d e r t h e c l u s t e r o f e a c h c a n d i d a t e p a i r w h e n f o r m i n g t h e s h o r t l i s t ( s e e L i n e s o f A l g o r i t h m 2 ) w e d o n o t n e e d t o fi n d a l l i t e m c a n d i d a t e p a i r s i n o r d e r t o a c h i e v e o u r g o a l o f fi n d i n g c l u s t e r c a n d i d a t e p a i r s. I n s t e a d, w e o n l y n e e d t o fi n d j u s t o n e i t e m c a n d i d a t e p a i r fr o m e a c h c a n d i d a t e c l u s t e r. I f t h e r e i s a 1 0 % p r o b a b i l i t y o f t w o i t e m s w i t h a J a c c a r d S i m i l a r i t y o f 0. 1 b e c o m i n g c a n d i d a t e p a i r s, a n d i f t h e r e a r e 5 0 s u c h c a n d i d a t e p a i r i t e m s i n t h e c l u s t e r, t h e n w e h a v e a h i g h p r o b a b i l i t y ( 9 9 % ) 1 t h a t a t l e a s t o n e o f t h e m w i l l c o l l i d e a n d t h u s p r o v i d e u s w i t h t h e c a n d i d a t e c l u s t e r. I m p o r t a n t l y, o u r a p p l i c a t i o n o f M i n H a s h m e a n s w e c a n a c h i e v e m u c h b e t t e r p e r f o r m a n c e w i t h o u t i n c r e a s i n g t h e n u m b e r o f h a s h f u n c t i o n s a n d t h e r e b y i n c r e a s i n g c o m p u t a t i o n a l o v e r h e a d. T h i s s h o u l d p r o v i d e a n i n t u i t i o n a s t o h o w t h e c h o i c e o f r a n d b w i l l a f f e c t o u r e ffi c i e n c y a n d p e r f o r m a n c e, a n d h o w t h e s t a n d a r d M i n H a s h s e l e c t i o n c r i t e r i a i n t e r m s o f r a n d b n e e d n o t b e s o s t r i c t w i t h o u r fr a m e w o r k. 1 1 _ ( 1 - ( 0. 1 ) )

6 TA B L E I : P r o b a b i l i t y o f fi n d i n g a c a n d i d a t e p a i r w i t h a g i v e n J a c c a r d S i m i l a r i t y a n d g i v e n n u m b e r o f b a n d s w i t h a r o w v a l u e o f 1. M H - K - M o d e s p r o b a b i l i t y c a l c u l a t e d a s s u m i n g a m i n i m u m o f 1 0 o t h e r i t e m s i n t h e c l u s t e r w i t h a t l e a s t t h e g i v e n J a c c a r d S i m i l a r i t y. B a n d s J a c c a r d S i m i l a r i t y P r o b a b i l i t y M H - K - M o d e s P r o b a b i l i t y I I I I I I I TA B L E I I : P r o b a b i l i t y o f fi n d i n g a c a n d i d a t e p a i r w i t h a g i v e n J a c c a r d S i m i l a r i t y a n d g i v e n n u m b e r o f b a n d s w i t h a r o w v a l u e o f 5. M H - K - M o d e s p r o b a b i l i t y c a l c u l a t e d a s s u m i n g a m i n i m u m o f 1 0 o t h e r i t e m s i n t h e c l u s t e r w i t h a t l e a s t t h e g i v e n J a c c a r d S i m i l a r i t y. B a n d s J a c c a r d S i m i l a r i t y P r o b a b i l i t y M H - K - M o d e s P r o b a b i l i t y I I I V. E X P E R I M E N T A T I O N W e w i l l n o w p r o v i d e e x p e r i m e n t a l e v i d e n c e o f t h e e ff e c t i v e n e s s o f o u r f r a m e w o r k M H - K - M o d e s, i n c o m p a r i s o n t o r e g u l a r K - M o d e s, o n a n u m b e r o f d a t a s e t s. T o m a k e i t e a s i e r t o c l e a r l y a n a l y s e t h e p r o p e r t i e s o f o u r f r a m e w o r k, w e w i l l fi r s t p r o v i d e o u r a n a l y s i s o n a n u m b e r o f s y n t h e t i c d a t a s e t s. F o l l o w i n g t h i s w e w i l l p r o v i d e r e s u l t s o n a d a t a s e t c o n s i s t i n g o f q u e s t i o n s a n d t o p i c s f r o m Y a h o o! A n s w e r s [ 8 ] i n o r d e r t o d e m o n s t r a t e r e a l - w o r l d e f f e c t i v e n e s s. F o r e a c h d a t a s e t w e h o p e t o s h o w t h a t o u r a l g o r i t h m w i l l i m p r o v e t h e e ffi c i e n c y o f K M o d e s a l g o r i t h m, w h i l e m a i n t a i n i n g c o m p a r a b l e p e r f o r m a n c e. O u r e x p e r i m e n t a t i o n w a s c a r r i e d o u t o n m a c h i n e s w i t h a n I n t e l X C P U a n d 9 6 G B o f R A M. O u r i m p l e m e n t a t i o n w a s s i n g l e t h r e a d e d a n d t h u s o n l y u s e d o n e o f t h e a v a i l a b l e t w e l v e c o r e s o n t h e m a c h i n e. T h e p r o g r a m m i n g l a n g u a g e u s e d f o r b o t h t h e K - M o d e s a n d M H - K - M o d e s a l g o r i t h m i s P y t h o n a n d m a d e h e a v y u s e o f t h e n u m p y p a c k a g e 2 f o r n u m e r i c a l c o m p u t a t i o n s. A. R e s u l t s o n S y n t h e t i c D a t a O u r s y n t h e t i c d a t a s e t s w e r e g e n e r a t e d w i t h t h e d a t g e n t o o l 3. F o r a l l e x p e r i m e n t s w e u s e d a d o m a i n s i z e o f c a t e g o r i c a l v a l u e s w h i c h c a n b e u s e d b y e a c h a t t r i b u t e w h e n g e n e r a t i n g t h e d a t a s e t. E a c h i t e m w i l l b e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h o n e o f t h e k. T h i s a s s o c i a t i o n i s d e c i d e d i n t h e f o r m o f c o n j u n c t i v e r u l e s f o r m e d f r o m t h e a t t r i b u t e s. F o r e x a m p l e, c l u s t e r 1 c o u l d r e q u i r e a t t r i b u t e A l h a v i n g t h e c a t e g o r i c a l v a l u e A a n d a t t r i b u t e A 4 h a v i n g t h e c a t e g o r i c a l v a l u e B, e t c. T h e r e f o r e w h e n c r e a t i n g a n i t e m t h a t b e l o n g s t o c l u s t e r 1, a t t r i b u t e s A l a n d A 4 w o u l d h a v e t h e a b o v e v a l u e s. T h e r e m a i n i n g a t t r i b u t e s m a y b e a n y o t h e r v a l u e s. F o r o u r b a s e e x p e r i m e n t s c o n s i s t i n g o f a t t r i b u t e s e a c h i t e m u s e d a c o n j u n c t i v e r u l e i n v o l v i n g b e t w e e n 4 0 a n d 8 0 a t t r i b u t e s w h e n c r e a t i n g d a t a i t e m s f o r. T h e r e m a i n i n g 2 0 t o 6 0 a t t r i b u t e s w e r e n o t r e l e v a n t t o t h e c l u s t e r a s s i g n m e n t. F o r e x p e r i m e n t s i n w h i c h t h e n u m b e r o f a t t r i b u t e s w e r e i n c r e a s e d, t h e s e v a l u e s w e r e s c a l e d i n p r o p o r t i o n t o t h e n u m b e r o f a t t r i b u t e s i n t h e l a r g e r i t e m s. K - M o d e s h a s a n u m b e r o f p o t e n t i a l i n i t i a l i s a t i o mn e t h o d s f o r c h o o s i n g t h e i n i t i a l c l u s t e r c e n t r o i d s [ 3 ] [ 2 2 ]. A s t h e o b j e c t i v e o f o u r w o r k i s t o i m p r o v e t h e c l u s t e r i n g e ffi c i e n c y b y o p t i m i s i n g t h e i t e m a s s i g n m e n t p r o c e s s d u r i n g e a c h i t e r a t i o n, w e w i l l r a n d o m l y s e l e c t t h e k i n i t i a l c e n t r o i d s. W e n o t e t h a t f o r e a c h e x p e r i m e n t i n w h i c h w e a r e e v a l u a t i n g v a r i o u s p a r a m e t e r s o f o u r M H - K - M o d e s a l g o r i t h m a n d t h e K - M o d e s a l g o r i t h m, t h e s a m e i n i t i a l c e n t r o i d p o i n t s w e r e s e l e c t e d. T h i s p r e v e n t s t h e i n i t i a l c e n t r o i d s e l e c t i o n fr o m i n fl u e n c i n g t h e p e r f o r m a n c e a n d e ffi c i e n c y r e s u l t s. 1 ) V a ry i n g N u m b e r o f C l u s t e r s : O n e o f t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t p a r a m e t e r s i n v a l i d a t i n g h o w o u r a l g o r i t h m s c a l e s i s b y e x p l o r i n g h o w i t p e r f o r m s w i t h d a t a s e t s c o n s i s t i n g o f l a r g e n u m b e r s o f. A s o u r a l g o r i t h m i s d e s i g n e d s u c h t h a t i t r e d u c e s t h e e a r c h s p a c e u s i n g L S H, w e e x p e c t t o fi n d a s i g n i fi c a n t l y s m a l l e r n u m b e r o f o n t h e s h o r t l i s t f o r K M o d e s t o u s e. I n d e e d t h i s i s c l e a r l y s e e n i n F i g u r e 2 b i n w h i c h c o n s i s t e n t l y l e s s a r e i n c l u d e d i n t h e s h o r t l i s t w i t h a l l p a r a m e t e r s t e s t e d o n t h e M H - K - M o d e s a l g o r i t h m. W e e x p e c t a c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e n u m b e r o f o n t h e s h o r t l i s t a, n d t h e t i m e t a k e n f o r e a c h i t e r a t i o n o f K - M o d e s. T h i s e x p e c t a t i o n i s c o n fi r m e d i n F i g u r e 2 a ; a l l o f o u r t e s t e d p a r a m e t e r s r e s u l t e d i n l e s s t i m e s p e n t p e r i t e r a t i o n. T h e p a r a m e t e r s 2 0 b a n d s a n d 5 r o w s a p p e a r s t o b e t h e o p t i m a l t e s t e d w h i l s t 5 0 b a n d s a n d 5 r o w s o ff e r s a l m o s t n o i m p r o v e m e n t i n t h e a v e r a g e h o r t l i s t s i z e, d e s p i t e t h e i n c r e a s e d n u m b e r o f h a s h f u n c t i o n s a n d t h e r e f o r e t o t a l t i m e r e q u i r e d t o c l u s t e r ( F i g u r e 7 a ). T h i s c a n b e s e e n i n F i g u r e 2 e. I n F i g u r e 2 c w e c a n s e e t h e n u m b e r o f t i m e s t h a t a n i t e m w a s m o v e d f r o m o n e c l u s t e r t o a n o t h e r d u r i n g t h e K - M o d e s a s s i g n m e n t s t e p s. T h e t r e n d h e r e c o n t i n u e s, t h e o p t i m a l v a l u e o f 2 0 b a n d s a n d 5 r o w s r e s u l t s i n t h e l e a s t n u m b e r o f m o v e s. F i n a l l y, t h e e x p e r i m e n t s a l s o r e v e a l i n F i g u r e 7 a t h a t n o t o n l y d o e s o u r M H - K - M o d e s a l g o r i t h m a l w a y s r e s u l t i n l e s s t i m e p e r i t e r a t i o n, i n a l l t e s t e d c a s e s i t c o n v e r g e d f a s t e r, r e s u l t i n g i n l e s s o v e r a l l i t e r a t i o n s. T h e b e s t r e s u l t w a s M H - K - M o d e s w i t h 2 0 b a n d s a n d 5 r o w s t a k i n g u n d e r m i n u t e s p e r i t e r a t i o n, a n d c o n v e r g i n g a f t e r 5 i t e r a t i o n s. T h i s i s i n c o m p a r i s o n t o t h e o r i g i n a l K - M o d e s w h i c h t o o k a r o u n d m i n u t e s p e r i t e r a t i o n, a n d c o n v e r g e d a ft e r 1 2 i t e r a t i o n s. 2 h t t p : // w w w. n u m p y. o r g / 3 h t t p : / / w w w. d a t a se t g e n e r a t o r. c o m / s o u r c e / 6 5 4

7 n u m b e r o f i t e m s i n t h e d a t a s e t. A s o u r a l g o r i t h m i s d e s i g n e d t o r e d u c e t h e e a r c h s p a c e, i t i s r e a s o n a b l e t o a s s u m e t h a t t h e m o r e i t e m s t h e r e a r e t o b e c l u s t e r e d, t h e m o r e t i m e t h a t w i l l b e s a v e d o v e r a l l a s e a c h i t e m w i l l m a k e a t i m e s a v i n g. F i g. 2 : i t e m s w i t h 1 00 a t t r i b u t e s a n d W e h a v e a c h i e v e d p r o m i s i n g r e s u l t s s o f a r s i n c e t h e e f fi c i e n c y o f o u r M H - K - M o d e s a l g o r i t h m i s s i g n i fi c a n t l y b e t t e r t h a n t h a t o f t h e K - M o d e s a l g o r i t h m w i t h 2 0 t h o u s a n d. O u r n e x t e x p e r i m e n t w i l l r u n w i t h t h e s a m e p a r a m e t e r s e t t i n g s, b u t w i t h t w i c e a s m a n y. I n F i g u r e 3 a w e c a n s e e a s i m i l a r t r e n d t o t h e p r e v i o u s e x p e r i m e n t. A l l o u r t e s t e d p a r a m e t e r s r e s u l t e d i n a l e s s t i m e p e r i t e r a t i o n. I n t h i s c a s e, t h e t i m e p e r i t e r a t i o n d i ff e r e n c e b e t w e e n o u r M H - K - M o d e s a l g o r i t h m a n d t h e o r i g i n a l K - M o d e s a l g o r i t h m i s m o r e s i g n i fi c a n t. W e c a n s e e t h a t p r e v i o u s l y w e r e d u c e d t h e t i m e t a k e n p e r i t e r a t i o n f r o m a r o u n d m i n u t e s t o a r o u n d m i n u t e s. I n F i g u r e 3 a t h e t i m e i s r e d u c e d f r o m a r o u n d m i n u t e s ( a ft e r 4 i t e r a t i o n s ) t o j u s t o v e r m i n u t e s. T h i s i s a n i m p r o v e m e n t o f a r o u n d m i n u t e s p e r i t e r a t i o n w i t h 4 0 t h o u s a n d, c o m p a r e d t o m i n u t e s p e r i t e r a t i o n w i t h 2 0 t h o u s a n d. F i g u r e 3 b p r o v i d e s a c l e a r e r p i c t u r e o f t h e t i m e t a k e n p e r i t e r a t i o n, b y e x c l u d i n g t h e o r i g i n a l K - M o d e s a l g o r i t h m. O n e i n t e r e s t i n g o b s e r v a t i o n i s t h a t t h e p a r a m e t e r c o m b i n a t i o n o f 2 0 b a n d s a n d 5 r o w s a p p e a r s t o b e a n o u t l i e r w h e n c o m p a r e d t o t h e o t h e r s a s i t t a k e s a r o u n d m i n u t e s p e r i t e r a t i o n, a s o p p o s e d t o m i n u t e s. N o n e t h e l e s s, i t m a n a g e s t o c o n v e r g e i n t h e s m a l l e s t n u m b e r o f i t e r a t i o n s, j u s t 4. T h i s s h o w s t h a t w h i l e t i m e p e r i t e r a t i o n i s i m p o r t a n t, s o i s t h e n u m b e r o f i t e r a t i o n s b e f o r e c o n v e r g i n g. B o t h F i g u r e 2 a n d F i g u r e 3 i l l u s t r a t e ts h a t o u r a l g o r i t h m w i t h l a r g e n u m b e r s o f i s m o r e e f fi c i e n t i n b o t h t i m e p e r i t e r a t i o n a n d n u m b e r o f i t e r a t i o n s b e f o r e c o n v e r g i n g t h a n t h e o r i g i n a l K - M o d e s a l g o r i t h m. 2 ) V a ry i n g N u m b e r o f I t e m s : T h e n e x t a s p e c t o f o u r M H K - M o d e s a l g o r i t h m w e w o u l d l i k e t o e v a l u a t e i s h o w m u c h m o r e e ffi c i e n t o u r a l g o r i t h m i s w h e n i t c o m e s t o i n c r e a s i n g t h e I n o r d e r t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e e ff e c t o f i n c r e a s i n g t h e n u m b e r o f i t e m s o n t h e e ffi c i e n c y o f o u r a l g o r i t h m, w e g e n e r a t e d a s y n t h e t i c d a t a s e t c o n s i s t i n g o f t h o u s a n d i t e m s. W e m a i n t a i n e d 2 0 t h o u s a n d a n d a t t r i b u t e s a s b e f o r e. F i g u r e 4 s h o w s t h e r e s u l t s o f t h i s e x p e r i m e n t. I n F i g u r e 4 c i t i s c l e a r t h a t a s w e i n c r e a s e d t h e n u m b e r o f i t e m s t o b e c l u s t e r e d, t h e t o t a l t i m e t a k e n p e r i t e r a t i o n i n c r e a s e d. H o w e v e r, w e c a n s t i l l s e e t h a t o u r M H - K - M o d e s a l g o r i t h m r e s u l t e d i n l e s s i t e r a t i o n s a n d l e s s t i m e p e r i t e r a t i o n. W i t h 2 0 b a n d s a n d 5 r o w s, o u r a l g o r i t h m c o n v e r g e d a f t e r 8 i t e r a t i o n s, c o m p a r e d t o t h e o r i g i n a l K - M o d e s w i t h 1 0 i t e r a t i o n s. O u r a l g o r i t h m a l s o t o o k m u c h l e s s t i m e p e r i t e r a t i o n, a r o u n d m i n u t e s u n t i l t h e s i x t h i t e r a t i o n, f o l l o w e d b y a r o u n d m i n u t e s p e r i t e r a t i o n f o r t h e fi n a l t w o i t e r a t i o n s. O n t h e o t h e r h a n d t h e o r i g i n a l K - M o d e s a l g o r i t h m t o o k a l m o s t m i n u t e s p e r i t e r a t i o n s c o n s i s t e n t l y f o r 1 0 i t e r a t i o n s. A c c o u n t i n g f o r t h e j u m p i n t i m e p e r i t e r a t i o n f o r o u r a l g o r i t h m a f t e r 6 i t e r a t i o n s, w e s t i l l s e e a n i m p r o v e m e n t o f b e t w e e n m i n u t e s ( o r 5 0 % ) a n d m i n u t e s f o r e a c h i t e r a t i o n. F i g u r e 4 a a n d F i g u r e 4 b e x h i b i t t h e s a m e t r e n d a s w i t n e s s e d w i t h 9 0 t h o u s a n d i t e m s. I n F i g u r e 6 a w e p l o t t h e r a t e o f g r o w t h i n t i m e t a k e n f o r t h e K - M o d e s a n d M H - K - M o d e s a l g o r i t h m s t o c l u s t e r b o t h a n d i t e m s. I t i s c l e a r fr o m t h i s t h a t o u r a l g o r i t h m s c a l e s m o r e e ffi c i e n t l y w i t h r e g a r d t o d a t a s e t s i z e t h a n t h e o r i g i n a l K M o d e s a l g o r i t h m. 3 ) V a ry i n g N u m b e r o f A t t r i b u t e s : W e w i l l n o w i n v e s t i g a t e t h e p e r f o r m a n c e a n d e ffi c i e n c y o f o u r a l g o r i t h m w h e n t h e n u m b e r o f a t t r i b u t e s i n t h e d a t a s e t i s i n c r e a s e d. H i g h e r d i m e n s i o n a l d a t a i s t y p i c a l l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h i n c r e a s e d c o m p l e x i t y a n d r u n n i n g t i m e a s e a c h i t e m a n d c e n t r o i d i s m u c h l a r g e r. S p e c i f i c a l l y w e w i l l r e p o r t a n d a n a l y s e t h e r e s u l t s w i t h i t e m s, a n d 1 0 0, a n d a t t r i b u t e s r e s p e c t i v e l y. W e e x p e c t t h a t o u r fr a m e w o r k w i l l s e e i m p r o v e m e n t s i n e ffi c i e n c y a s t h e n u m b e r o f a t t r i b u t e s i n c r e a s e b e c a u s e e a c h c o m p a r i s o n w i l l r e q u i r e m o r e c o m p u t a t i o n w i t h i n t h e d i s s i m i l a r i t y f u n c t i o n ( E q u a t i o n 1 a n d E q u a t i o n 2 ). I n F i g u r e 5 a o u r r e s u l t s r e v e a l t h a t w i t h t h e i n c r e a s e d n u m b e r o f a t t r i b u t e s, d o u b l e d f r o m t o 2 0 0, w e m a i n t a i n s i g n i fi c a n t e ffi c i e n c y g a i n s. O u r b e s t p a r a m e t e r s e l e c t i o n f o r M H - K - M o d e s c o n v e r g e d h o u r s f a s t e r t h a n K - M o d e s w i t h a t t r i b u t e s, a n d h o u r s f a s t e r w i t h a t t r i b u t e s. W i t h a t t r i b u t e s, F i g u r e 6 c d i s p l a y s a n e v e n g r e a t e r i n c r e a s e i n e ffi c i e n c y w h e n c o m p a r i n g o u r a l g o r i t h m w i t h t h e o r i g i n a l K M o d e s a l g o r i t h m. W e w i l l d i s c u s s t h e s c a l i n g a s p e c t i n m o r e d e t a i l i n S e c t i o n I V - A 4. F i g u r e 5 b a l s o r e i n f o r c e s t h a t o u r a l g o r i t h m c a n s i g n i fi c a n t l y r e d u c e t h e e a r c h s p a c e, a s t h e c a n d i d a t e h o r t l i si t s c o n s i s t e n t l y m u c h s m a l l e r t h a n t h e f u l l s e a r c h s p a c e b y m a n y o r d e r s o f m a g n i t u d e. 4 ) S y n t h e t i c D a t a S c a l i n g C o m p a r i s o n : I n p r e v i o u s s e c t i o n s w e h a v e a n a l y s e d a n u m b e r o f p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e t w o a l g o r i t h m s w h e n v a r y i n g v a r i o u s p a r a m e t e r s o f t h e d a t a s e t s a n d a l g o r i t h m s. F o r t h e s a k e o f c l a r i t y, w e w i l l a l s o s h o w a n d d i s c u s s h o w e a c h o f t h e a l g o r i t h m s s c a l e i n t e r m s o f e ffi c i e n c y w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e n u m b e r o f, a t t r i b u t e s a n d i t e m s. I n F i g u r e 6 a w e s h o w h o w, w h i l e b o t h o u r M H - K - M o d e s 6 5 5

8 a l g o r i t h m r e q u i r e d a n e x t r a 7 2 h o u r s ( t o h o u r s ). A g a i n, t h e s e r e s u l t s c o n fi r m h o w e f fi c i e n t o u r a l g o r i t h m i s. B y i n c r e a s i n g t h e n u m b e r o f a t t r i b u t e s, M H - K - M o d e s a c h i e v e s a g r e a t e r t i m e s a v i n g p e r i t e m c o m p a r i s o n w h e n c o m p a r e d t o l o w e r d i m e n s i o n a l d a t a. T h e r e f o r e a s t h e d a t a b e c o m e s h i g h e r d i m e n s i o n a l, e v e n w h e n t h e c a n d i d a t e h o r t l i s t s i z e r e m a i n s t h e s a m e, w e c a n e x p e c t g r e a t e r e f fi c i e n c y s a v i n g s. a l g o r i t h m a n d t h e o r i g i n a l K - M o d e s a l g o r i t h m g r o w a l m o s t l i n e a r l y w i t h t h e n u m b e r o f i t e m s, o u r a l g o r i t h m h a s a s l o w e r r a t e o f g r o w t h t h a n t h a t o f K - M o d e s. T h i s a l i g n s w i t h o u r e x p e c t a t i o n s a s e a c h i t e m w i l l h a v e a t i m e s a v i n g fr o m u s i n g t h e h o r t l i s t a, n d t h i s t i m e s a v i n g a c c u m u l a t e w i t h t h e n u m b e r o f i t e m s, c o n t r i b u t i n g t o t h e t o t a l t i m e s a v i n g. I n F i g u r e 6 b i t i s c l e a r t h a t w h e n w e i n c r e a s e t h e n u m b e r o f fr o m t o w i t h i t e m s o f d a t a w e s e e a m u c h s m a l l e r r a t e o f g r o w t h t h a n t h e o r i g i n a l K M o d e s a l g o r i t h m. I n f a c t, o u r a l g o r i t h m i s a b l e t o c l u s t e r t h e d a t a s e t w i t h o v e r 1. 5 t i m e s f a s t e r t h a n K - M o d e s c l u s t e r i n g t h e d a t a s e t c o n s i s t i n g o f , a n d o v e r 2. 5 t i m e s f a s t e r t h a n K - M o d e s c l u s t e r i n g t h e c l u s t e r d a t a s e t. W i t h h i g h e r d i m e n s i o n a l d a t a F i g u r e 6 c r e v e a l s t h a t M H K - M o d e s s c a l e s a t a m u c h b e t t e r r a t e t h a n t h e o r i g i n a l K M o d e s a l g o r i t h m. S p e c i fi c a l l y, t h e i n c r e a s e fr o m a t t r i b u t e s t o a t t r i b u t e s r e s u l t e d i n o u r a l g o r i t h m o n l y t a k i n g a n e x t r a 8 h o u r s ( 3 6 t o 4 4 h o u r s ), w h i l e t h e o r i g i n a l K - M o d e s 5 ) C l u s t e r P u r i ty : F o r e a c h e x p e r i m e n t o n t h e s y n t h e t i c d a t a s e t s w e a l s o c a l c u l a t e d t h e t o t a l c l u s t e r p u r i t y, a s s h o w n i n F i g u r e 8. I t i s c l e a r t h a t i n n e a r l y a l l c a s e s, o u r a l g o r i t h m m a n a g e s t o a c h i e v e v e r y s i m i l a r c l u s t e r p u r i t y t o t h e o r i g i n a l K - M o d e s. T h i s i s a t r a d e - o ff t h a t i s m a d e f o r t h e i n c r e a s e d e ffi c i e n c y i n c l u s t e r i n g. B. R e s u l t s o n R e a l D a t a s e t : Y a h o o! A n s w e r s W e w i l l n o w v a l i d a t e o u r fr a m e w o r k a n d a l g o r i t h m o n a r e a l w o r l d d a t a s e t. Y a h o o! A n s w e r s i s a p o p u l a r w e b s e r v i c e i n w h i c h u s e r s a r e a b l e t o a s k q u e s t i o n s a n d r e c e i v e a n s w e r s f r o m o t h e r m e m b e r s o f t h e c o m m u n i t y. W h e n a s k i n g q u e s t i o n s u s e r s a r e a b l e t o s e l e c t t h e t o p i c t h e y b e l i e v e b e s t d e s c r i b e s t h e i r q u e s t i o n. T h e s e t o p i c s c a n b e fi n e - g r a i n e d a n d v e r y s p e c i fi c t o t h e q u e s t i o n a s k e d. I t i s t h e s e t o f t h e s e t o p i c s t h a t w e w i l l u s e a s t h e g r o u n d t r u t h f o r e v a l u a t i o n o f o u r c l u s t e r i n g. T h e o b j e c t i v e o f t h e c l u s t e r i n g i s : u s i n g t h e w o r d s o f e a c h q u e s t i o n, g r o u p q u e s t i o n s o f t h e s a m e t o p i c t o g e t h e r. I n o r d e r t o m o d e l t h i s i n a s u i t a b l e f o r m a t f o r c a t e g o r i c a l c l u s t e r i n g, w e w i l l c r e a t e a v o c a b u l a r y o f p o t e n t i a l w o r d s, w i t h e a c h a t t r i b u t e v a l u e c h o s e n fr o m t h e s e t { Y e s, N o }. T h i s w i l l i n d i c a t e w h e t h e r o r n o t t h i s w o r d w a s p r e s e n t i n t h e q u e s t i o n. 1 ) T F - I D F : T o a c h i e v e r e a s o n a b l e r e s u l t s, w e m u s t fi r s t t r y a n d l e a r n t h e i m p o r t a n t w o r d s fr o m e a c h t o p i c. T F - I D F 6 5 6

9 3 0 0 r;= _ = M = H =. K = Ṁ = 0 d = e = L- _ -' S = 2 Ob = = s =; -r , r;= _ = _ M = H =. K =. = 0 = M d e = s = 2= Ob =s =; r ' , K - M o d e s M H - K - M o d e s 2 0 b S r 5 0 N u m. i t e m s N u m. ( k i t e m s ) a N u m. i t e m s ( a ) S c a l i n g i t e m s ( b ) S c a l i n g ( C ) S c a l i n g a t t r i b u t e s F i g. 6 : C o m p a r i s o n o f h o w o u r M H - K - M o d e s a l g o r i t h m a n d K - M o d e s s c a l e ,,, ( a ) i t e m s, a t t r i b u t e s a n d ( b ) i t e m s, a t t r i b u t e s a n d ( c ) i t e m s, a t t r i b u t e s a n d !,..!, ( d ) i t e m s, a t t r i b u t e s a n d ( e ) i t e m s, a t t r i b u t e s a n d F i g. 7 : T o t a l t i m e t a k e n t o c l u s t e r e a c h s y n t h e t i c d a t a s e t [ 2 3 ] ( T e r m F r e q u e n c y - I n v e r s e D o c u m e n t F r e q u e n c y ) i s a c o m m o n w e i g h t i n g a l g o r i t h m i n t e x t m i n i n g f o r s t a t i s t i c a l l y e s t i m a t i n g t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f w o r d s t o a d o c u m e n t fr o m a c o l l e c t i o n o f d o c u m e n t s. T h e a l g o r i t h m fi r s t c a l c u l a t e s t h e f r e q u e n c y o f e a c h w o r d i n a s i n g l e d o c u m e n t a s t h e i n i t i a l s t e p i n c a l c u l a t i n g t h e s i g n i fi c a n c e o f i t T h e s e c o n d s t e p o f t h e a l g o r i t h m i s t o c a l c u l a t e t h e ' i n v e r s e d o c u m e n t fr e q u e n c y ' w h i c h p e n a l i s e s w o r d s t h a t o c c u r i n m a n y d o c u m e n t s a n d g i v e s m o r e s i g n i fi c a n c e t o w o r d s t h a t a r e r a r e a c r o s s d o c u m e n t s. T h e u s e f u l n e s s o f t h i s a p p r o a c h i s c l e a r w h e n y o u c o n s i d e r a t y p i c a l q u e s t i o n a s k e d o n Y a h o o! A n s w e r s. T h e f o l l o w i n g i s a r e a l e x a m p l e : " i m i n t e r e s t e d i n b e i n g a z o o l o g i s t b u t i m n o t s u r e w h a t d o t h e y r e a l l y d o. D o e s z o o l o g i s t w o r k o n l y i n z o o? " I f w e w i s h t o a s s i g n t h i s q u e s t i o n t o a t o p i c ' Z o o l o g y ', i t i s c l e a r t h a t m o s t w o r d s w o u l d n o t b e u s e f u L W e w o u l d e x p e c t w o r d s s u c h a s ' z o o l o g i s t ' a n d ' z o o ' w o u l d b e f r e q u e n t l y o c c u r r i n g i n t h e ' z o o l o g y ' t o p i c, w h i l e t h e r e s t o f t h e q u e s t i o n c o n s i s t s o f w o r d s t h a t w o u l d b e fr e q u e n t a c r o s s m a n y t o p i c s. T h e r e f o r e w e e x p e c t t h a t t h e y w o u l d b e g i v e n a l o w s c o r e b y t h e ' i n v e r s e d o c u m e n t fr e q u e n c y ' s t e p o f T F - I D F, l e a v i n g o n l y t h e i m p o r t a n t w o r d s ' z o o l o g i s t ' a n d ' z o o ' w i t h h i g h s c o r e s. M o r e f o r m a l l y w e c a n s t a t e I D F a s w h e r e t i i s t h e t e r m w e w i s h t o c a l c u l a t e t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f, N i s t h e n u m b e r o f d o c u m e n t s a n d n i i s t h e n u m b e r o f d o c u m e n t s t h a t t i o c c u r s i n. W e w i l l v a l i d a t e o u r fr a m e w o r k o n t h e Y a h o o! A n s w e r s q u e s t i o n d a t a s e t u s i n g t h e v o c a b u l a r y o f m e a n i n g f u l w o r d s e x t r a c t e d u s i n g T F - I D F f o r e a c h t o p i c. E a c h q u e s t i o n i s ( 7 ) 6 5 7

10 M i n H a s h l b l r 1 1 r u n M i n H a s h 2 0 b S r M i n H a s h S O b S r N o r m a l / l r u n ( a ) i t e m s, a t t r i b u t e s a n d ( b ) i t e m s, a t t r i b u t e s a n d ( c ) i t e m s, a t t r i b u t e s a n d ( d ) i t e m s, a t t r i b u t e s a n d ( e ) i t e m s, a t t r i b u t e s a n d F i g. 8 : C o m p a r i s o n o f c l u s t e r p u r i t y s c o r e s o n t h e s y n t h e t i c d a t a s e t s. r e p r e s e n t e d a s a f e a t u r e v e c t o r, i n w h i c h e a c h f e a t u r e i s a b i n a r y i n d i c a t o r o f t h e p r e s e n c e o f t h e w o r d i n t h e q u e s t i o n. T h e l e n g t h o f t h e f e a t u r e v e c t o r s w i l l b e t h e s i z e o f o u r v o c a b u l a r y. I t i s e x p e c t e d t h a t e a c h f e a t u r e v e c t o r w i l l b e s p a r s e, c o n s i s t i n g m o s t l y o f n e g a t i v e b i n a r y i n d i c a t o r s a s e a c h q u e s t i o n w i l l u s u a l l y c o n s i s t o f o n l y a f e w w o r d s o u t o f t h e e n t i r e v o c a b u l a r y. A s o u r M i n H a s h s t e p d o e s n o t t a k e o r d e r i n g o f a t t r i b u t e s i n t o a c c o u n t w e m u s t a u g m e n t e a c h b i n a r y i n d i c a t o r w i t h t h e n a m e o f t h e f e a t u r e. T h a t i s, t h e v a l u e f o r t h e f e a t u r e ' z o o ' w i l l b e c o m e e i t h e r ' z o o - O ' o r ' z o o l ' d e p e n d a n t o n i f i t i s p r e s e n t i n t h e q u e s t i o n. F o r o u r fi r s t e x p e r i m e n t o n t h i s d a t a s e t w e e x t r a c t e d u p t o q u e s t i o n s f r o m e a c h o f t h e t o p i c s. T h i s g a v e u s a t o t a l o f i t e m s f r o m t h e d a t a s e t t o c l u s t e r. T F - I D F w a s u s e d t o e x t r a c t t h e m e a n i n g f u l w o r d s f r o m e a c h t o p i c, u s i n g u p t o w o r d s f r o m e a c h t o p i c, a n d a n y w o r d w i t h a s c o r e o v e r 0. 7 w a s c h o s e n t o b e i n c l u d e d i n t h e v o c a b u l a r y. T h i s r e s u l t e d i n e a c h i t e m c o n s i s t i n g o f a t t r i b u t e s. W e m u s t n o t e t h a t b y u s i n g T F - I D F, a n d w i t h a h i g h t h r e s h o l d o f 0. 7, w e a r e r e d u c i n g t h e p o t e n t i a l e f fi c i e n c y g a i n s o f o u r a p p r o a c h. A s s h o w n i n S e c t i o n I V - A 3, g r e a t e r n u m b e r s o f a t t r i b u t e s r e s u l t s i n g r e a t e r e ffi c i e n c y i m p r o v e m e n t w i t h o u r a l g o r i t h m. H o w e v e r, w e c h o s e t o i n c l u d e t h e T F - I D F p r e - p r o c e s s i n g s t e p a s p e r f o r m a n c e i n t e r m s o f c l u s t e r p u r i t y w a s p o o r w i t h o u t i t, a n d w e w o u l d l i k e t o m a k e t h i s e x p e r i m e n t a s r e a l i s t i c a s p o s s i b l e. R e s u l t s f r o m t h i s e x p e r i m e n t c a n b e s e e n i n F i g u r e 9. T h e t r e n d s d i s p l a y e d a r e s i m i l a r t o t h o s e fr o m t h e e x p e r i m e n t s o n t h e s y n t h e t i c d a t a s e t s. F i g u r e 9 a c l e a r l y s h o w s t h e i m p r o v e m e n t s i n t h e t i m e t a k e n p e r i t e r a t i o n, w i t h o u r M H K - M o d e s a l g o r i t h m a r o u n d 1. 8 h o u r s, c o m p a r e d t o 3 h o u r s f o r t h e o r i g i n a l K - M o d e s a l g o r i t h m. W e a l s o n o t e t h a t o u r a l g o r i t h m c o n v e r g e d a f t e r j u s t 4 i t e r a t i o n s, o n e i t e r a t i o n l e s s t h a n K - M o d e s. F i g u r e 9 b c o n fi r m s o u r o r i g i n a l m o t i v a t i o n t h a t o u r fr a m e w o r k c a n c r e a t e a s h o r t l i s t o f c a n d i d a t e w h i c h i s m u c h s m a l l e r t h a n t h e f u l l s e t o f a l l, w h i l e t h e r e s u l t s o f F i g u r e 9 c f o l l o w s a f a m i l i a r t r e n d i n t h a t o u r fr a m e w o r k t y p i c a l l y r e q u i r e s l e s s m o v e m e n t o f p o i n t s b e t w e e n d u r i n g e a c h i t e r a t i o n. C r u c i a l l y, F i g u r e 9 d c o n fi r m s t h a t o u r fr a m e w o r k i s a b l e t o c l u s t e r t h e d a t a s e t f a s t e r t h a n t h e K - M o d e s a l g o r i t h m. M H - K - M o d e s w a s a b l e t o c l u s t e r o u r Y a h o o! A n s w e r s d a t a s e t i n h a l f a s m u c h t i m e a s t h a t r e q u i r e d b y t h e K - M o d e s a l g o r i t h m. F i g u r e g e r e v e a l s t h a t i t w a s a b l e t o m a i n t a i n a l m o s t e x a c t l y t h e s a m e c l u s t e r p u r i t y, d e s p i t e t h e s i g n i fi c a n t i n c r e a s e i n t i m e s a v i n g s. W e w i l l n o w i n v e s t i g a t e h o w o u r a l g o r i t h m M H - K - M o d e s a n d K - M o d e s w i l l p e r f o r m w h e n w e l o w e r t h e T F - I D F s c o r i n g t h r e s h o l d, i n c r e a s i n g t h e n u m b e r o f a t t r i b u t e s e a c h i t e m h a s. A s a r e s u l t o f l o w e r i n g t h e t h r e s h o l d fr o m 0. 7 t o 0. 3, t h e n u m b e r o f a t t r i b u t e s i n e a c h i t e m i n c r e a s e d f r o m t o T h e r e a r e i t e m s t o c l u s t e r i n t o t a l w i t h I n F i g u r e l O w e c a n s e e a s i m i l a r t r e n d a s b e f o r e, o u r a l g o r i t h m r e q u i r e s s i g n i fi c a n t l y l e s s t i m e p e r i t e r a t i o n. D u e t o t i m e c o n s t r a i n t s w e s e t t h e m a x i m u m i t e r a t i o n s t o 1 0. I n F i g u r e l Oc w e s e e t h e n o w f a m i l i a r t r e n d o f o u r f r a m e w o r k c r e a t i n g a c a n d i d a t e h o r t l i s t s i g n i fi c a n t l y s m a l tl he ar n t h e f u l l s e t o f. T h i s i s a k e y r e a s o n f o r t h e e ffi c i e n c y g a i n s o f o u r a l g o r i t h m. F i g u r e 1 0 d e x h i b i t s a g a i n t h e t r e n d o f o u r a l g o r i t h m t y p i c a l l y r e q u i r i n g l e s s m o v e s d u r i n g e a c h i t e r a t i o n s a s s i g n m e n t s t e p. T h e o v e r a l l t i m e t a k e n f o r e a c h p a r a m e t e r c o m b i n a t i o n o f o u r M H - K - M o d e s a l g o r i t h m, a s w e l l a s t h e o r i g i n a l K - M o d e s a l g o r i t h m i s e v i d e n t i n F i g u r e l Ob

11 ' 2. 4 I M H - K - M o d e s I b K - M o d e s 1. U U W U U U U U I t e r a t i o n ( a ) I t e r a t i o n t i m e 1 r l _ F= == == == == = K - M o d e s I 1. o 1':". 5 2":. :' O 2':". 5 3';. ;' ıo M H - K - M o d e s I b 1 r l I t e ra t i o n ';. ;- -- O --' } 50. ( b ) A v e r a g e s h o r t l i s t s i z e ' I :: :E K - M o d e s :l- -- M H - K - M o d e s I b l r I U U U U U U U U U I t e ra t i o n ( c ) A v e r a g e m o v e s :, O. 5 c: :: :J M H - K - M o d e s I b 1 r l 4 c: :: :J K - M o d e s O 4. I M H - K - M o d e s I b l r c: :J K - M o d e s 8, O 0. O 1. ( d ) T o t a l t i m e t a k e n ( e ) C l u s t e r p u r i t y F i g. 9 : Ya h o o! A n s w e r s q u e s t i o n s w i t h 0. 7 T F - I D F t e r m s. H e r e w e c a n s e e t h a t j u s t 1 b a n d a n d 1 r o w a c h i e v e d t h e m o s t e f fi c i e n t c l u s t e r i n g, a l m o s t t w i c e a s f a s t a s t h e o r i g i n a l K - M o d e s a l g o r i t h m, w i t h a r o u n d h o u r s c o m p a r e d t o a l m o s t h o u r s. W e e x p e c t t h a t w e w o u l d h a v e f o u n d l a r g e r e ffi c i e n c y s a v i n g s i f w e h a d n o t s e t t h e m a x i m u m i t e r a t i o n s t o 1 0, a s b o t h a l g o r i t h m s r e a c h e d t h e t h r e s h o l d, b u t o u r M H - K M o d e s a l g o r i t h m a p p e a r e d t o b e c o n v e r g i n g ( F i g u r e l Od ). A s w e h a v e s h o w n b e f o r e, o u r a l g o r i t h m a l m o s t a l w a y s c o n v e r g e s f a s t e r t h a n t h e o r i g i n a l K - M o d e s a l g o r i t h m. 2 ) C l u s t e r P u r i ty : A s b e f o r e, w e a l s o e v a l u a t e d t h e p u r i t y o f t h e r e s u l t i n g f o u n d b y b o t h a l g o r i t h m s w h e n c l u s t e r i n g t h e Y a h o o! A n s w e r s q u e s t i o n s d a t a s e t c r e a t e d w i t h t h e T F - I D F t h r e s h o l d s e t t o F i g u r e g e s h o w s t h a t w e a r e a b l e t o a c h i e v e e x a c t l y t h e s a m e c l u s t e r p u r i t y a s t h e o r i g i n a l K M o d e s a l g o r i t h m, e v e n w i t h t h e i n c r e a s e d e f fi c i e n c y o f t a k i n g j u s t h a l f t h e r u n n i n g t i m e. W e d o n o t e h o w e v e r t h a t t h e c l u s t e r p u r i t y i s q u i t e l o w a t j u s t 2 5 %. W e b e l i e v e t h i s i s d u e n o t j u s t t o t h e d i f fi c u l t y o f t h e p r o b l e m, b u t a l s o t h e fi n e - g r a i n e d t o p i c a s s i g n m e n t s o f t h e d a t a. W i t h s u c h a l a r g e n u m b e r o f v e r y s p e c i fi c t o p i c s, i t i s t o b e e x p e c t e d t h a t i t w i l l n o t b e a l w a y s s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d f o r t h e a l g o r i t h m s t o fi n d t h e c o r r e c t c l u s t e r o u t o f a n u m b e r o f s i m i l a r. F u r t h e r m o r e, t h e t o p i c a s s i g n m e n t s b e i n g u s e r e d i t a b l e a l s o m a k e s e s t a b l i s h i n g a p r o p e r a n d a c c u r a t e g r o u n d t r u t h c l u s t e r i n g v e r y d i f fi c u l t, a s u s e r s c a n m i s t a k e n l y c h o o s e t h e n o n - o p t i m a l t o p i c f o r t h e i r q u e s t i o n. M a n u a l l y c h e c k i n g t h e q u e s t i o n t o t o p i c a s s i g n m e n t s i n t h e o r i g i n a l d a t a c o n fi r m t h i s. V. C O N C L U S I O N I n t h i s p a p e r w e p r o p o s e d a f r a m e w o r k f o r i m p r o v i n g c l u s t e r i n g e f fi c i e n c y f o r l a r g e r s c a l e d a t a b y i n t e g r a t i o n o f L S H a s a e a r c h s p a c e r e d u c t i o n m e t h o d. T h i s fr a m e w o r k h a d t h e o b j e c t i v e o f d e c r e a s i n g t h e n u m b e r o f d i s t a n c e c o m p a r i s o n s b y r e d u c i n g t h e e a r c h s p a c e f o r e a c h i t e m d u r i n g t h e a s s i g n m e n t s t e p. W e d i s c u s s e d h o w t h i s f r a m e w o r k c o u l d b e u s e d w i t h t h e w e l l - k n o w n K - M o d e s a l g o r i t h m. W e a l s o t h e o r e t i c a l l y s h o w e d t h a t o u r fr a m e w o r k h a s a g u a r a n t e e d e r r o r b o u n d i n t e r m s o f t h e c l u s t e r i n g q u a l i t y r e l a t i v e t o t h e o r i g i n a l c l u s t e r i n g a l g o r i t h m t h a t m u s t u s e t h e f u l l e a r c h s p a c e. F i n a l l y w e v a l i d a t e d o u r f r a m e w o r k b y t e s t i n g t h e e f fi c i e n c y a n d p e r f o r m a n c e o f b o t h o u r M H - K - M o d e s a l g o r i t h m a n d t h e o r i g i n a l K - M o d e s a l g o r i t h m o n fi v e s y n t h e t i c d a t a s e t s, a s w e l l a s a r e a l w o r l d Y a h o o! A n s w e r s d a t a s e t. T h e s e e x p e r i m e n t s e m p i r i c a l l y p r o v e d t h e e ff e c t i v e n e s s o f o u r f r a m e w o r k f o r i m p r o v i n g t h e e f fi c i e n c y o f c l u s t e r i n g l a r g e d a t a s e t s w h i c h c o n t a i n m a n y a n d a t t r i b u t e s. W e d i s c o v e r e d b o t h e m p i r i c a l l y a n d t h e o r e t i c a l l y t h a t w e c o u l d a c h i e v e c o m p a r a b l e c l u s t e r p u r i t y, b u t m o s t i m p o r t a n t l y, i n a l l t e s t e d p a r a m e t e r c o m b i n a t i o n s a n d s e t t i n g s o u r a l g o r i t h m M H - K - M o d e s w a s m o r e e f fi c i e n t, s u c c e s s f u l l y c l u s t e r i n g t h e d a t a s e t a t l e a s t 2 t i m e s f a s t e r a n d u p t o 6 t i m e s f a s t e r. V I. F U R T H E R W O R K W h i l e o u r fr a m e w o r k w a s i m p l e m e n t e d o n t h e K - M o d e s c l u s t e r i n g a l g o r i t h m, e v a l u a t i o n o n t h e p e r f o r m a n c e a n d e f fi c i e n c y w i t h o t h e r c l u s t e r i n g a l g o r i t h m s w o u l d b e w o r t h w h i l e. F u r t h e r, i t w o u l d b e i n t e r e s t i n g t o i n v e s t i g a t e e x t e n d i n g o u r f r a m e w o r k t o w o r k w i t h n o t o n l y c a t e g o r i c a l d a t a, b u t a l s o n u m e r i c d a t a, o r c o m b i n a t i o n s o f b o t h. F i n a l l y, a d a p t i n g o u r a l g o r i t h m t o d e v e l o p a n o n l i n e / s t r e a m c l u s t e r i n g f r a m e w o r k w o u l d b e a n o t h e r e x c i t i n g f u t u r e r e s e a r c h t o p i c

12 F i g. 1 0 : Y a h o o! A n s w e r s q u e s t i o n s w i t h 0. 3 T F - I D F t e r m s ( m a x i m u m o f 1 0 i t e r a t i os n). R E F E R E N C E S [ l ] A. K. J a i n, " D a t a C l u s t e r i n g : 5 0 Y e a r s B e y o n d K - M e a n s, " P a t t e rn r e c o g n i t i o n l e t t e r s, v o l. 3 1, n o. 8, p p , [ 2 ] 1. B. M a c Q u e e n, " S o m e M e t h o d s f o r C l a s s i fi c a t i o n a n d A n a l y s i s o f M u l t i v a r i a t e O b s e r v a t i o n s, " i n P r o c e e d i n g s of t h e 5 t h B e r k e l e y S y m p o s i u m o n M a t h e m a t i c a l S t a t i s t i c s a n d P r o b a b i l i t y, v o l. 1, , p p [ 3 ] Z. H u a n g, " E x t e n s i o n s t o t h e k - M e a n s A l g o r i t h m f o r C l u s t e r i n g L a r g e D a t a S e t s w i t h C a t e g o r i c a l Va l u e s, " D a t a M i n i n g a n d K n o w l e d g e D i s c o v e ry, v o l. 2, n o. 3, p p , [ 4 ] J. P h i l b i n, O. C h u m, M. I s a r d, J. S i v i c, a n d A. Z i s s e r m a n, " O b j e c t r e t r i e v a l w i t h l a r g e v o c a b u l a r i e s a n d f a s t s p a t i a l m a t c h i n g ; ' P ro c e e d i n g s of t h e IEEE C o m p u t e r S o c i e t y C o n f e r e n c e o n C o m p u t e r Vi s i o n a n d Pa t t e rn R e c o g n i t i o n, [ 5 ] A. Z. B r o d e r, S. C G. l a s s m a n, M. S. M a n a s s e, a n d G. Z w e i g, " S y n t a c t i c c l u s t e r i n g o f t h e W e b, " C o m p u t e r N e t w o r k s a n d I S D N S y s t e m s, v o l. 2 9, p p , [ 6 ] P. J a c c a r d, " E t u d e c o m p a r a t i v e d e l a d i s t r i b u t i o n tl o r a l e d a n s u n e p o r t i o n d e s A l p e s e t d e s J u r a, " B u l l e t i n d e l l a S o c i e t e Va u d o i s e d e s S c i e n c e s N a t u r e l l e s, v o l. 3 7, p p , [ 7 ] A. Z. B r o d e r, " O n t h e r e s e m b l a n c e a n d c o n t a i n m e n t o f d o c u m e n t s, " i n P r o c e e d i n g s of t h e C o m p r e s s i o n a n d C o m p l e x i t y of S e q u e n c e s , s e r. S E Q U E N C E S ' 9 7. W a s h i n g t o n, D C, U S A : I E E E C o m p u t e r S o c i e t y, , p p [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 1 ] 0 [ 1 1 ] S. V a r a d a r a j an, P. M i l l e r, a n d H. Z h o u, " R e g i o n - b a s e d M i x t u r e o f G a u s s i a n s m o d e l l i n g f o r f o r e g r o u n d d e t e c t i o n i n d y n a m i c s c e n e s, " Pa t t e rn R e c o g n i t i o n, [ 1 ] 2 [ 1 ] 3 [ 1 4] [ I ] S " Y a h o o! A n s w e r s C o m p r e h e n s i v e Q u e s t i o n s a n d A n s w e r s v e r s i o n 1 0.." [ O n l i ne ]. A v a i l a b l e : h t t p s : llw e b s c o p e. s an d b o x. y a h o o. c o ml c a t a l o g. p h p? d a t a t y p e = 1 J. S h i a n d 1. M a l i k, " N o r m a l i z e d C u t s a n d I m a g e S e g m e n t a t i o n, " IEEE Tra n s a c t i o n s on P a t t e rn A n a l y s i s a n d M a c h i n e I n t e l l i g e n c e, v o l. 2 2, n o. 8, p p , S. V a r a d a r a j a n, H. W a n g, P. M i l l e r, a n d H. Z h o u, " F a s t c o n v e r g e n c e o f r e g u l a r i s e d R e g i o n - b a s e d M i x t u r e o f G a u s s i a n s f od r y n a m i c b a c k g r o u n d m o d e l l i n g, " C o m p u t e r Vi s i o n a n d I m a g e U n d e r s t a n d i n g, J. C h e e m a a n d J. D i c k s, " C o m p u t a t i o n a l a p p r o a c h e s a n d s o f t w a r e t o o l s f o r g e n e t i lc i n k a g e m a p e s t i m a t i o n i n p l a n t s, B" r i e fi n g s i n B i o i n f o r m a t i c s, v o l. 1 0, n o. 6, p p , M. N e w m a n, " M o d u l a r i t y a n d c o m m u n i t y s t r u c t u r e i n n e t w o r k s, " P r o c e e d i n g s of t h e N a t i o n a l A c a d e m y of S c i e n c e s of t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s of A m e r i c a, v o l , n o. 2 3, p p , J. W a n g, J. W a n g, Q. K e, G. Z e n g, a n d S. L i, " F a s t A p p r o x i m a t e K M e a n s v i a C l u s t e r C l o s u r e s, " i n M u l t i m e d i a D a t a M i n i n g a n d A n a l y t i c s. S p r i n g e r, , p p A. M c C a l l u m, K. N i g a m, a n d L. H. U n g a r, " E ffi c i e n t C l u s t e r i n g o f H i g h - D i m e n s i o n a l D a t a S e t s w i t h A p p l i c a t i o n t o R e f e r e n c e M a t c h i n g, " P ro c e e d i n g s of t h e 6 t h A C M S I G K D D I n t e rn a t i o n a l C o nf e r e n c e o n K n o w l e d g e D i s c o v e ry a n d D a t a M i n i n g, p p , [ 1 ] 6 D. S c u l l e y ", W e b - sc a l e k - m e a n s c l u s t e r i n g, " i n P ro c e e d i n g s of t h e 1 9 t h i n t e rn a t i o n a l c o n f e r e n c e o n Wo r l d W i d e We b, , p [ 1 7] A. S. D a s, M. D a t a r, A. G a r g, a n d S. R a j a r a m, " G o o g l e n e w s p e r s o n a l i z a t i o n s: c a l a b l e o n l i n e c o l l a b o r a t i v e fi l t e r i n g, " i n P r o c e e d i n g s of t h e 1 6t h i n t e rn a t i o n a l c o n f e r e n c e o n Wo r l d W i d e We b. A C M, , p p [ 1 ] 8 T. H a v e l i w a l a, A. G i o n i s, a n d P. I n d y k, " S c a l a b l e T e c h n i q u e s f o r C l u s t e r i n g t h e W e b, " T h i r d I n t e rn a t i o n a l Wo r k s h o p o n t h e We b a n d D a t a b a s e s ( W e b D B ), p p , [ 1 ] 9 E. S. S i l v a a n d E. V a l l e, " K - m e d o i d s L S H : a n e w l o c a l i t y s e n s i t i v e h a s h i n g i n g e n e r a l m e t r i c s p a c e, " B ra z i l i a n S y m p o s i u m o n D a t a b a s e, p p. 1-6, [ 2 0 ] L. P a u l e v e, H. J e g o u, a n d L. A m s a l e g, " L o c a l i t y s e n s i t i v e h a s h i n g : A c o m p a r i s o n o f h a s h f u n c t i o n t y p e s a n d q u e r y i n g m e c h a n i s m s, " Pa t t e rn R e c o g n i t i o n L e t t e r s, v o l. 3 1, p p , [ 2 1 ] Z. H u a n g a n d M. K. N g, " A f u z z y k - m o d e s a l g o r i t h m f o r c l u s t e r i n g c a t e g o r i c a l d a t a, " IEEE Tra n s a c t i o n s o n F u z z y S y s t e m s, v o l. 7, n o. 4, p p , [ 2 2 ] F. C a o, J. L i a n g, a n d L. B a i," A n e w i n i t i a l i z a t i mo en t h o d f o r c a t e g o r i c a l d a t a c l u s t e r i n g, Ex " p e r t S y s t e m s w i t h A p p l i c a t i o n s, v o l. 3 6, n o. 7 p, p , [ 2 3 ] G. S a l t o n a n d M. M c G i l l, I n t r o d u c t i o n t o M o d e rn I n f o r m a t i o n R e t r i e v a l, M c G r a w - H i l i, E d.,

K E L LY T H O M P S O N

K E L LY T H O M P S O N K E L LY T H O M P S O N S E A O LO G Y C R E ATO R, F O U N D E R, A N D PA R T N E R K e l l y T h o m p s o n i s t h e c r e a t o r, f o u n d e r, a n d p a r t n e r o f S e a o l o g y, a n e x

More information

~,. :'lr. H ~ j. l' ", ...,~l. 0 '" ~ bl '!; 1'1. :<! f'~.., I,," r: t,... r':l G. t r,. 1'1 [<, ."" f'" 1n. t.1 ~- n I'>' 1:1 , I. <1 ~'..

~,. :'lr. H ~ j. l' , ...,~l. 0 ' ~ bl '!; 1'1. :<! f'~.., I,, r: t,... r':l G. t r,. 1'1 [<, . f' 1n. t.1 ~- n I'>' 1:1 , I. <1 ~'.. ,, 'l t (.) :;,/.I I n ri' ' r l ' rt ( n :' (I : d! n t, :?rj I),.. fl.),. f!..,,., til, ID f-i... j I. 't' r' t II!:t () (l r El,, (fl lj J4 ([) f., () :. -,,.,.I :i l:'!, :I J.A.. t,.. p, - ' I I I

More information

I-1. rei. o & A ;l{ o v(l) o t. e 6rf, \o. afl. 6rt {'il l'i. S o S S. l"l. \o a S lrh S \ S s l'l {a ra \o r' tn $ ra S \ S SG{ $ao. \ S l"l. \ (?

I-1. rei. o & A ;l{ o v(l) o t. e 6rf, \o. afl. 6rt {'il l'i. S o S S. ll. \o a S lrh S \ S s l'l {a ra \o r' tn $ ra S \ S SG{ $ao. \ S ll. \ (? >. 1! = * l >'r : ^, : - fr). ;1,!/!i ;(?= f: r*. fl J :!= J; J- >. Vf i - ) CJ ) ṯ,- ( r k : ( l i ( l 9 ) ( ;l fr i) rf,? l i =r, [l CB i.l.!.) -i l.l l.!. * (.1 (..i -.1.! r ).!,l l.r l ( i b i i '9,

More information

Exhibit 2-9/30/15 Invoice Filing Page 1841 of Page 3660 Docket No

Exhibit 2-9/30/15 Invoice Filing Page 1841 of Page 3660 Docket No xhibit 2-9/3/15 Invie Filing Pge 1841 f Pge 366 Dket. 44498 F u v 7? u ' 1 L ffi s xs L. s 91 S'.e q ; t w W yn S. s t = p '1 F? 5! 4 ` p V -', {} f6 3 j v > ; gl. li -. " F LL tfi = g us J 3 y 4 @" V)

More information

STEEL PIPE NIPPLE BLACK AND GALVANIZED

STEEL PIPE NIPPLE BLACK AND GALVANIZED Price Sheet Effective August 09, 2018 Supersedes CWN-218 A Member of The Phoenix Forge Group CapProducts LTD. Phone: 519-482-5000 Fax: 519-482-7728 Toll Free: 800-265-5586 www.capproducts.com www.capitolcamco.com

More information

A L A BA M A L A W R E V IE W

A L A BA M A L A W R E V IE W A L A BA M A L A W R E V IE W Volume 52 Fall 2000 Number 1 B E F O R E D I S A B I L I T Y C I V I L R I G HT S : C I V I L W A R P E N S I O N S A N D TH E P O L I T I C S O F D I S A B I L I T Y I N

More information

'5E _ -- -=:... --!... L og...

'5E _ -- -=:... --!... L og... F U T U R E O F E M B E D D I N G A N D F A N - O U T T E C H N O L O G I E S R a o T u m m a l a, P h. D ; V e n k y S u n d a r a m, P h. D ; P u l u g u r t h a M. R a j, P h. D ; V a n e s s a S m

More information

CITY OF LOS ANGELES INTER-DEPARTMENTAL CORRESPONDENCE

CITY OF LOS ANGELES INTER-DEPARTMENTAL CORRESPONDENCE FORM G. 16 CITY OF LOS AGLS ITR-DPARTMTAL CORRSPODC 111-31157- Date: August 9, 213 T: Frm: The Cunil Mlgei A. Santana,City AdrninistrativeOffire {ijj- Subjet: SUBSTITUT AD I-LIU POSITIO AUTHORITIS DD I

More information

rhtre PAID U.S. POSTAGE Can't attend? Pass this on to a friend. Cleveland, Ohio Permit No. 799 First Class

rhtre PAID U.S. POSTAGE Can't attend? Pass this on to a friend. Cleveland, Ohio Permit No. 799 First Class rhtr irt Cl.S. POSTAG PAD Cllnd, Ohi Prmit. 799 Cn't ttnd? P thi n t frind. \ ; n l *di: >.8 >,5 G *' >(n n c. if9$9$.jj V G. r.t 0 H: u ) ' r x * H > x > i M

More information

176 5 t h Fl oo r. 337 P o ly me r Ma te ri al s

176 5 t h Fl oo r. 337 P o ly me r Ma te ri al s A g la di ou s F. L. 462 E l ec tr on ic D ev el op me nt A i ng er A.W.S. 371 C. A. M. A l ex an de r 236 A d mi ni st ra ti on R. H. (M rs ) A n dr ew s P. V. 326 O p ti ca l Tr an sm is si on A p ps

More information

I M P O R T A N T S A F E T Y I N S T R U C T I O N S W h e n u s i n g t h i s e l e c t r o n i c d e v i c e, b a s i c p r e c a u t i o n s s h o

I M P O R T A N T S A F E T Y I N S T R U C T I O N S W h e n u s i n g t h i s e l e c t r o n i c d e v i c e, b a s i c p r e c a u t i o n s s h o I M P O R T A N T S A F E T Y I N S T R U C T I O N S W h e n u s i n g t h i s e l e c t r o n i c d e v i c e, b a s i c p r e c a u t i o n s s h o u l d a l w a y s b e t a k e n, i n c l u d f o l

More information

EKOLOGIE EN SYSTEMATIEK. T h is p a p e r n o t to be c i t e d w ith o u t p r i o r r e f e r e n c e to th e a u th o r. PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY.

EKOLOGIE EN SYSTEMATIEK. T h is p a p e r n o t to be c i t e d w ith o u t p r i o r r e f e r e n c e to th e a u th o r. PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY. EKOLOGIE EN SYSTEMATIEK Ç.I.P.S. MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE POLLUTION IN NORT H SEA. TECHNICAL REPORT 1971/O : B i o l. I T h is p a p e r n o t to be c i t e d w ith o u t p r i o r r e f e r e n c e to

More information

A/P Warrants. June 15, To Approve. To Ratify. Authorize the City Manager to approve such expenditures as are legally due and

A/P Warrants. June 15, To Approve. To Ratify. Authorize the City Manager to approve such expenditures as are legally due and T. 7 TY LS ALATS A/P rrnts June 5, 5 Pges: To Approve - 5 89, 54.3 A/P rrnts 6/ 5/ 5 Subtotl $ 89, 54. 3 To Rtify Pges: 6-, 34. 98 Advnce rrnts 5/ 6/ 5-4 3, 659. 94 Advnce rrnts 6/ / 5 4, 7. 69 June Retirees

More information

S U E K E AY S S H A R O N T IM B E R W IN D M A R T Z -PA U L L IN. Carlisle Franklin Springboro. Clearcreek TWP. Middletown. Turtlecreek TWP.

S U E K E AY S S H A R O N T IM B E R W IN D M A R T Z -PA U L L IN. Carlisle Franklin Springboro. Clearcreek TWP. Middletown. Turtlecreek TWP. F R A N K L IN M A D IS O N S U E R O B E R T LE IC H T Y A LY C E C H A M B E R L A IN T W IN C R E E K M A R T Z -PA U L L IN C O R A O W E N M E A D O W L A R K W R E N N LA N T IS R E D R O B IN F

More information

828.^ 2 F r, Br n, nd t h. n, v n lth h th n l nd h d n r d t n v l l n th f v r x t p th l ft. n ll n n n f lt ll th t p n nt r f d pp nt nt nd, th t

828.^ 2 F r, Br n, nd t h. n, v n lth h th n l nd h d n r d t n v l l n th f v r x t p th l ft. n ll n n n f lt ll th t p n nt r f d pp nt nt nd, th t 2Â F b. Th h ph rd l nd r. l X. TH H PH RD L ND R. L X. F r, Br n, nd t h. B th ttr h ph rd. n th l f p t r l l nd, t t d t, n n t n, nt r rl r th n th n r l t f th f th th r l, nd d r b t t f nn r r pr

More information

Math 421, Homework #9 Solutions

Math 421, Homework #9 Solutions Math 41, Homework #9 Solutions (1) (a) A set E R n is said to be path connected if for any pair of points x E and y E there exists a continuous function γ : [0, 1] R n satisfying γ(0) = x, γ(1) = y, and

More information

APPH 4200 Physics of Fluids

APPH 4200 Physics of Fluids APPH 4200 Physcs of Fluds A Few More Flud Insables (Ch. 12) Turbulence (Ch. 13) December 1, 2011 1.!! Vscous boundary layer and waves 2.! Sably of Parallel Flows 3.! Inroducon o Turbulence: Lorenz Model

More information

,. *â â > V>V. â ND * 828.

,. *â â > V>V. â ND * 828. BL D,. *â â > V>V Z V L. XX. J N R â J N, 828. LL BL D, D NB R H â ND T. D LL, TR ND, L ND N. * 828. n r t d n 20 2 2 0 : 0 T http: hdl.h ndl.n t 202 dp. 0 02802 68 Th N : l nd r.. N > R, L X. Fn r f,

More information

N V R T F L F RN P BL T N B ll t n f th D p rt nt f l V l., N., pp NDR. L N, d t r T N P F F L T RTL FR R N. B. P. H. Th t t d n t r n h r d r

N V R T F L F RN P BL T N B ll t n f th D p rt nt f l V l., N., pp NDR. L N, d t r T N P F F L T RTL FR R N. B. P. H. Th t t d n t r n h r d r n r t d n 20 2 04 2 :0 T http: hdl.h ndl.n t 202 dp. 0 02 000 N V R T F L F RN P BL T N B ll t n f th D p rt nt f l V l., N., pp. 2 24. NDR. L N, d t r T N P F F L T RTL FR R N. B. P. H. Th t t d n t r

More information

R e p u b lic o f th e P h ilip p in e s. R e g io n V II, C e n tra l V isa y a s. C ity o f T a g b ila ran

R e p u b lic o f th e P h ilip p in e s. R e g io n V II, C e n tra l V isa y a s. C ity o f T a g b ila ran R e p u b l f th e P h lp p e D e p rt e t f E d u t R e V, e tr l V y D V N F B H L ty f T b l r Ju ly, D V N M E M R A N D U M N. 0,. L T F E N R H G H H L F F E R N G F R 6 M P L E M E N T A T N T :,

More information

H STO RY OF TH E SA NT

H STO RY OF TH E SA NT O RY OF E N G L R R VER ritten for the entennial of th e Foundin g of t lair oun t y on ay 8 82 Y EEL N E JEN K RP O N! R ENJ F ] jun E 3 1 92! Ph in t ed b y h e t l a i r R ep u b l i c a n O 4 1922

More information

4 4 N v b r t, 20 xpr n f th ll f th p p l t n p pr d. H ndr d nd th nd f t v L th n n f th pr v n f V ln, r dn nd l r thr n nt pr n, h r th ff r d nd

4 4 N v b r t, 20 xpr n f th ll f th p p l t n p pr d. H ndr d nd th nd f t v L th n n f th pr v n f V ln, r dn nd l r thr n nt pr n, h r th ff r d nd n r t d n 20 20 0 : 0 T P bl D n, l d t z d http:.h th tr t. r pd l 4 4 N v b r t, 20 xpr n f th ll f th p p l t n p pr d. H ndr d nd th nd f t v L th n n f th pr v n f V ln, r dn nd l r thr n nt pr n,

More information

n r t d n :4 T P bl D n, l d t z d th tr t. r pd l

n r t d n :4 T P bl D n, l d t z d   th tr t. r pd l n r t d n 20 20 :4 T P bl D n, l d t z d http:.h th tr t. r pd l 2 0 x pt n f t v t, f f d, b th n nd th P r n h h, th r h v n t b n p d f r nt r. Th t v v d pr n, h v r, p n th pl v t r, d b p t r b R

More information

Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. Egg white hydrolysate inhibits oxidation in mayonnaise and a model system

Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. Egg white hydrolysate inhibits oxidation in mayonnaise and a model system Egg white hydrolysate inhibits oxidation in mayonnaise and a model system Journal: Manuscript ID BBB-00.R Manuscript Type: Regular Paper Date Submitted by the Author: -Jan-0 Complete List of Authors: Kobayashi,

More information

46 D b r 4, 20 : p t n f r n b P l h tr p, pl t z r f r n. nd n th t n t d f t n th tr ht r t b f l n t, nd th ff r n b ttl t th r p rf l pp n nt n th

46 D b r 4, 20 : p t n f r n b P l h tr p, pl t z r f r n. nd n th t n t d f t n th tr ht r t b f l n t, nd th ff r n b ttl t th r p rf l pp n nt n th n r t d n 20 0 : T P bl D n, l d t z d http:.h th tr t. r pd l 46 D b r 4, 20 : p t n f r n b P l h tr p, pl t z r f r n. nd n th t n t d f t n th tr ht r t b f l n t, nd th ff r n b ttl t th r p rf l

More information

heliozoan Zoo flagellated holotrichs peritrichs hypotrichs Euplots, Aspidisca Amoeba Thecamoeba Pleuromonas Bodo, Monosiga

heliozoan Zoo flagellated holotrichs peritrichs hypotrichs Euplots, Aspidisca Amoeba Thecamoeba Pleuromonas Bodo, Monosiga Figures 7 to 16 : brief phenetic classification of microfauna in activated sludge The considered taxonomic hierarchy is : Kingdom: animal Sub kingdom Branch Class Sub class Order Family Genus Sub kingdom

More information

6 'J~' ~~,~, [u.a~, ~').J\$.'..

6 'J~' ~~,~, [u.a~, ~').J\$.'.. 6 'J',, [u.a, ').J\$.'...;iJ A.a...40 - II L:lI'J - fo.4 i I.J.,l I J.jla.I (JIJ.,.,JI A.a...40 -.Jjll I...IJ J.l - c.sjl.s.4 jj..jaj.lj.... -"4...J.A.4 " o u.lj; 3. \J)3 0 )I.bJil j (" 0L...i'i w-? I

More information

,,,., r f r r I r f r 1 1 re r crr Er I FE r r cc cr I r r t rr re; 1 r f rr F 1 11

,,,., r f r r I r f r 1 1 re r crr Er I FE r r cc cr I r r t rr re; 1 r f rr F 1 11 49 b b g,,, F F F L Ee F E H E F F F F e 55 (,,,., 1 1 e c E FE cc c t e; 1 F 1,-.(bl....... 3. Beakast Goove Goove =120 is u i s - :(' E : l= 1) = 1t, 67 l u E l - l b tl E ei.. E F l u l -, 73. b. E

More information

0 t b r 6, 20 t l nf r nt f th l t th t v t f th th lv, ntr t n t th l l l nd d p rt nt th t f ttr t n th p nt t th r f l nd d tr b t n. R v n n th r

0 t b r 6, 20 t l nf r nt f th l t th t v t f th th lv, ntr t n t th l l l nd d p rt nt th t f ttr t n th p nt t th r f l nd d tr b t n. R v n n th r n r t d n 20 22 0: T P bl D n, l d t z d http:.h th tr t. r pd l 0 t b r 6, 20 t l nf r nt f th l t th t v t f th th lv, ntr t n t th l l l nd d p rt nt th t f ttr t n th p nt t th r f l nd d tr b t n.

More information

35H MPa Hydraulic Cylinder 3.5 MPa Hydraulic Cylinder 35H-3

35H MPa Hydraulic Cylinder 3.5 MPa Hydraulic Cylinder 35H-3 - - - - ff ff - - - - - - B B BB f f f f f f f 6 96 f f f f f f f 6 f LF LZ f 6 MM f 9 P D RR DD M6 M6 M6 M. M. M. M. M. SL. E 6 6 9 ZB Z EE RC/ RC/ RC/ RC/ RC/ ZM 6 F FP 6 K KK M. M. M. M. M M M M f f

More information

q-..1 c.. 6' .-t i.] ]J rl trn (dl q-..1 Orr --l o(n ._t lr< +J(n tj o CB OQ ._t --l (-) lre "_1 otr o Ctq c,) ..1 .lj '--1 .IJ C] O.u tr_..

q-..1 c.. 6' .-t i.] ]J rl trn (dl q-..1 Orr --l o(n ._t lr< +J(n tj o CB OQ ._t --l (-) lre _1 otr o Ctq c,) ..1 .lj '--1 .IJ C] O.u tr_.. l_-- 5. r.{ q-{.r{ ul 1 rl l P -r ' v -r1-1.r ( q-r ( @- ql N -.r.p.p 0.) (^5] @ Z l l i Z r,l -; ^ CJ (\, -l ọ..,] q r 1] ( -. r._1 p q-r ) (\. _l (._1 \C ' q-l.. q) i.] r - 0r) >.4.-.rr J p r q-r r 0

More information

H NT Z N RT L 0 4 n f lt r h v d lt n r n, h p l," "Fl d nd fl d " ( n l d n l tr l t nt r t t n t nt t nt n fr n nl, th t l n r tr t nt. r d n f d rd n t th nd r nt r d t n th t th n r lth h v b n f

More information

OH BOY! Story. N a r r a t iv e a n d o bj e c t s th ea t e r Fo r a l l a g e s, fr o m th e a ge of 9

OH BOY! Story. N a r r a t iv e a n d o bj e c t s th ea t e r Fo r a l l a g e s, fr o m th e a ge of 9 OH BOY! O h Boy!, was or igin a lly cr eat ed in F r en ch an d was a m a jor s u cc ess on t h e Fr en ch st a ge f or young au di enc es. It h a s b een s een by ap pr ox i ma t ely 175,000 sp ect at

More information

c. What is the average rate of change of f on the interval [, ]? Answer: d. What is a local minimum value of f? Answer: 5 e. On what interval(s) is f

c. What is the average rate of change of f on the interval [, ]? Answer: d. What is a local minimum value of f? Answer: 5 e. On what interval(s) is f Essential Skills Chapter f ( x + h) f ( x ). Simplifying the difference quotient Section. h f ( x + h) f ( x ) Example: For f ( x) = 4x 4 x, find and simplify completely. h Answer: 4 8x 4 h. Finding the

More information

Software Process Models there are many process model s in th e li t e ra t u re, s om e a r e prescriptions and some are descriptions you need to mode

Software Process Models there are many process model s in th e li t e ra t u re, s om e a r e prescriptions and some are descriptions you need to mode Unit 2 : Software Process O b j ec t i ve This unit introduces software systems engineering through a discussion of software processes and their principal characteristics. In order to achieve the desireable

More information

4 8 N v btr 20, 20 th r l f ff nt f l t. r t pl n f r th n tr t n f h h v lr d b n r d t, rd n t h h th t b t f l rd n t f th rld ll b n tr t d n R th

4 8 N v btr 20, 20 th r l f ff nt f l t. r t pl n f r th n tr t n f h h v lr d b n r d t, rd n t h h th t b t f l rd n t f th rld ll b n tr t d n R th n r t d n 20 2 :24 T P bl D n, l d t z d http:.h th tr t. r pd l 4 8 N v btr 20, 20 th r l f ff nt f l t. r t pl n f r th n tr t n f h h v lr d b n r d t, rd n t h h th t b t f l rd n t f th rld ll b n

More information

p r * < & *'& ' 6 y S & S f \ ) <» d «~ * c t U * p c ^ 6 *

p r * < & *'& ' 6 y S & S f \ ) <» d «~ * c t U * p c ^ 6 * B. - - F -.. * i r > --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ^ l y ^ & * s ^ C i$ j4 A m A ^ v < ^ 4 ^ - 'C < ^y^-~ r% ^, n y ^, / f/rf O iy r0 ^ C ) - j V L^-**s *-y

More information

L=/o U701 T. jcx3. 1L2,Z fr7. )vo. A (a) [20%) Find the steady-state temperature u(x). M,(Y 7( it) X(o) U ç (ock. Partial Differential Equations 3150

L=/o U701 T. jcx3. 1L2,Z fr7. )vo. A (a) [20%) Find the steady-state temperature u(x). M,(Y 7( it) X(o) U ç (ock. Partial Differential Equations 3150 it) O 2h1 i / k ov A u(1,t) L=/o [1. (H3. Heat onduction in a Bar) 1 )vo nstructions: This exam is timed for 12 minutes. You will be given extra time to complete Exam Date: Thursday, May 2, 213 textbook.

More information

FI T T S HI S T O RY FR A N K FI T T S, III LE W I S FI T T S

FI T T S HI S T O RY FR A N K FI T T S, III LE W I S FI T T S FI T T S HI S T O RY F or more than half a century the Fitts name has been associated with quality in the woodworking industry. Founded in 1947, in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, Frank Fitts, Jr., initiated a standard

More information

MATH 304 Linear Algebra Lecture 8: Vector spaces. Subspaces.

MATH 304 Linear Algebra Lecture 8: Vector spaces. Subspaces. MATH 304 Linear Algebra Lecture 8: Vector spaces. Subspaces. Linear operations on vectors Let x = (x 1, x 2,...,x n ) and y = (y 1, y 2,...,y n ) be n-dimensional vectors, and r R be a scalar. Vector sum:

More information

The Ability C ongress held at the Shoreham Hotel Decem ber 29 to 31, was a reco rd breaker for winter C ongresses.

The Ability C ongress held at the Shoreham Hotel Decem ber 29 to 31, was a reco rd breaker for winter C ongresses. The Ability C ongress held at the Shoreham Hotel Decem ber 29 to 31, was a reco rd breaker for winter C ongresses. Attended by m ore than 3 00 people, all seem ed delighted, with the lectu res and sem

More information

Birth-death chain. X n. X k:n k,n 2 N k apple n. X k: L 2 N. x 1:n := x 1,...,x n. E n+1 ( x 1:n )=E n+1 ( x n ), 8x 1:n 2 X n.

Birth-death chain. X n. X k:n k,n 2 N k apple n. X k: L 2 N. x 1:n := x 1,...,x n. E n+1 ( x 1:n )=E n+1 ( x n ), 8x 1:n 2 X n. Birth-death chains Birth-death chain special type of Markov chain Finite state space X := {0,...,L}, with L 2 N X n X k:n k,n 2 N k apple n Random variable and a sequence of variables, with and A sequence

More information

PR D NT N n TR T F R 6 pr l 8 Th Pr d nt Th h t H h n t n, D D r r. Pr d nt: n J n r f th r d t r v th tr t d rn z t n pr r f th n t d t t. n

PR D NT N n TR T F R 6 pr l 8 Th Pr d nt Th h t H h n t n, D D r r. Pr d nt: n J n r f th r d t r v th tr t d rn z t n pr r f th n t d t t. n R P RT F TH PR D NT N N TR T F R N V R T F NN T V D 0 0 : R PR P R JT..P.. D 2 PR L 8 8 J PR D NT N n TR T F R 6 pr l 8 Th Pr d nt Th h t H h n t n, D.. 20 00 D r r. Pr d nt: n J n r f th r d t r v th

More information

O,au4 ' B.I- Xrurvn. PACfIOPqxtEHIIE

O,au4 ' B.I- Xrurvn. PACfIOPqxtEHIIE PAB{TJbCTBO PO CTOBCKOfr OJACT4 YPABJT BTPAP{ POCTOBCKOT OJACT PACfOPqxt r 30 r6pn 2018 rla s 28 r Pcra-ua-,{ny 06 yreepx1euuu lraua luepnpr'rrrnfi rr JrrrKBAaqlru uuipnqupbar 6r,enra upeatbpae{rc pacnpctpauellf

More information

Form and content. Iowa Research Online. University of Iowa. Ann A Rahim Khan University of Iowa. Theses and Dissertations

Form and content. Iowa Research Online. University of Iowa. Ann A Rahim Khan University of Iowa. Theses and Dissertations University of Iowa Iowa Research Online Theses and Dissertations 1979 Form and content Ann A Rahim Khan University of Iowa Posted with permission of the author. This thesis is available at Iowa Research

More information

o C *$ go ! b», S AT? g (i * ^ fc fa fa U - S 8 += C fl o.2h 2 fl 'fl O ' 0> fl l-h cvo *, &! 5 a o3 a; O g 02 QJ 01 fls g! r«'-fl O fl s- ccco

o C *$ go ! b», S AT? g (i * ^ fc fa fa U - S 8 += C fl o.2h 2 fl 'fl O ' 0> fl l-h cvo *, &! 5 a o3 a; O g 02 QJ 01 fls g! r«'-fl O fl s- ccco > p >>>> ft^. 2 Tble f Generl rdnes. t^-t - +«0 -P k*ph? -- i t t i S i-h l -H i-h -d. *- e Stf H2 t s - ^ d - 'Ct? "fi p= + V t r & ^ C d Si d n. M. s - W ^ m» H ft ^.2. S'Sll-pl e Cl h /~v S s, -P s'l

More information

LU N C H IN C LU D E D

LU N C H IN C LU D E D Week 1 M o n d a y J a n u a ry 7 - C o lo u rs o f th e R a in b o w W e w ill b e k ic k in g o ff th e h o lid a y s w ith a d a y fu ll o f c o lo u r! J o in u s fo r a ra n g e o f a rt, s p o rt

More information

Vlaamse Overheid Departement Mobiliteit en Openbare Werken

Vlaamse Overheid Departement Mobiliteit en Openbare Werken Vlaamse Overheid Departement Mobiliteit en Openbare Werken Waterbouwkundig Laboratorium Langdurige metingen Deurganckdok: Opvolging en analyse aanslibbing Bestek 16EB/05/04 Colofon Ph o to c o ve r s h

More information

On the discrete eigenvalues of the many-particle system

On the discrete eigenvalues of the many-particle system On the discrete eigenvalues of the many-particle system By Jun UCHIYAMA* 1. Introduction Let us consider a system in a static magnetic field which consists of N electrons and M infinitely heavy nuclei.

More information

ATTACHMENT 5 RESOLUTION OF THE BOARD OF SUPERVISORS COUNTY OF SANTA BARBARA, STATE OF CALIFORNIA

ATTACHMENT 5 RESOLUTION OF THE BOARD OF SUPERVISORS COUNTY OF SANTA BARBARA, STATE OF CALIFORNIA TTHT 5 I F TH F UI Y F T TT F IFI I TH TT F TI IFI ) I. 15 - T T TH U T F ) TH T Y HI ) : 14-00000-00019 Y TH TI F TH T ) T Y UITY. ) ITH F T TH FI:. 20 1980. 80-566 f U f.. J 20 1993. 93-401 f.. T q f

More information

Dedicated to his friend H. A. M-ELLON I. CAP~ (s.s.memphis.). NEW ORLEANS, LOUIS GRUNEWALD. GRUNEWALD HALL.

Dedicated to his friend H. A. M-ELLON I. CAP~ (s.s.memphis.). NEW ORLEANS, LOUIS GRUNEWALD. GRUNEWALD HALL. Dedcaed o hs frend H A MELLON CAP (ssmemphs) == > NEW ORLEANS LOUS GRUNEWALD GRUNEWALD HALL THE MSSSSPP LNE WALTZES NTRODUCTON u + fw rf! } :V c Andane Maesoso 0 #+ q b T ff _ + := q T T T :e ] a! _ r

More information

& Ö IN 4> * o»'s S <«

& Ö IN 4> * o»'s S <« & Ö IN 4 0 8 i I *»'S S s H WD 'u H 0 0D fi S «a 922 6020866 Aessin Number: 690 Publiatin Date: Mar 28, 1991 Title: Briefing T mbassy Representatives n The Refused Strategi Defense Initiative Persnal Authr:

More information

BADHAN ACADEMY OF MATHS CONTACT FOR HOMETUTOR, FOR 11 th 12 th B.B.A, B.C.A, DIPLOMA,SAT,CAT SSC 1.2 RELATIONS CHAPTER AT GLANCE

BADHAN ACADEMY OF MATHS CONTACT FOR HOMETUTOR, FOR 11 th 12 th B.B.A, B.C.A, DIPLOMA,SAT,CAT SSC 1.2 RELATIONS CHAPTER AT GLANCE BADHAN ACADEMY OF MATHS 9804435 CONTACT FOR HOMETUTOR, FOR th 2 th B.B.A, B.C.A, DIPLOMA,SAT,CAT SSC.2 RELATIONS CHAPTER AT GLANCE. RELATIONS : Let A and B be two non- empty sets. A relation from set A

More information

Pledged_----=-+ ---'l\...--m~\r----

Pledged_----=-+ ---'l\...--m~\r---- , ~.rjf) )('\.. 1,,0-- Math III Pledged_----=-+ ---'l\...--m~\r---- 1. A square piece ofcardboard with each side 24 inches long has a square cut out at each corner. The sides are then turned up to form

More information

z E z *" I»! HI UJ LU Q t i G < Q UJ > UJ >- C/J o> o C/) X X UJ 5 UJ 0) te : < C/) < 2 H CD O O) </> UJ Ü QC < 4* P? K ll I I <% "fei 'Q f

z E z * I»! HI UJ LU Q t i G < Q UJ > UJ >- C/J o> o C/) X X UJ 5 UJ 0) te : < C/) < 2 H CD O O) </> UJ Ü QC < 4* P? K ll I I <% fei 'Q f I % 4*? ll I - ü z /) I J (5 /) 2 - / J z Q. J X X J 5 G Q J s J J /J z *" J - LL L Q t-i ' '," ; i-'i S": t : i ) Q "fi 'Q f I»! t i TIS NT IS BST QALITY AVAILABL. T Y FRNIS T TI NTAIN A SIGNIFIANT NBR

More information

EEC 118 Spring 2010 Midterm

EEC 118 Spring 2010 Midterm EEC 118 Spring 2010 Midterm Rajeevan Amirtharajah Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of California, Davis May 3, 2010 This examination is closed book and closed notes. Some formulas

More information

n

n p l p bl t n t t f Fl r d, D p rt nt f N t r l R r, D v n f nt r r R r, B r f l. n.24 80 T ll h, Fl. : Fl r d D p rt nt f N t r l R r, B r f l, 86. http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015007497111 r t v n

More information

Number of Projects. Project Value (THB Million) Year Q ,711 2Q ,154 3Q ,871 4Q ,743. Number of Projects

Number of Projects. Project Value (THB Million) Year Q ,711 2Q ,154 3Q ,871 4Q ,743. Number of Projects A n a l y s t M e e t i n g 1 Q 2 0 1 1 2 4 M a y 2 0 1 1 S e m i n a r R o o m, 1 6 / F S a n s i r i P u b l i c C o m p a n y L i m i t e d A g e n d a P r o j e c t L a u n c h P r e s a l e s U p

More information

The solution of linear differential equations in Chebyshev series

The solution of linear differential equations in Chebyshev series The solution of linear differential equations in Chebyshev series By R. E. Scraton* The numerical solution of the linear differential equation Any linear differential equation can be transformed into an

More information

gender mains treaming in Polis h practice

gender mains treaming in Polis h practice gender mains treaming in Polis h practice B E R L IN, 1 9-2 1 T H A P R IL, 2 O O 7 Gender mains treaming at national level Parliament 25 % of women in S ejm (Lower Chamber) 16 % of women in S enat (Upper

More information

.('q-10,1' 'ro. 1. (a) Find the binomial expansion of 1,, 9. 3+x 9. ('q - tox)' (b) Hence, or otherwise, find the expansion of.

.('q-10,1' 'ro. 1. (a) Find the binomial expansion of 1,, 9. 3+x 9. ('q - tox)' (b) Hence, or otherwise, find the expansion of. m 1. (a) Find the binomial expansion of 1,, 9 ('q - tox)' I"l ' lo in ascending powers of x up to and including the term in x2. Give each coeffrcient as a simplified fraction. (s) (b) Hence, or otherwise,

More information

Time Series Solutions HT Let fx t g be the ARMA(1, 1) process, where jffij < 1 and j j < 1. Show that the autocorrelation function of

Time Series Solutions HT Let fx t g be the ARMA(1, 1) process, where jffij < 1 and j j < 1. Show that the autocorrelation function of 1+ 2 +2ffi ; ρ(h) =ffih 1 ρ(1) for h > 1: Time Series Solutions HT 2008 1. Let fx t g be the ARMA(1, 1) process, X t ffix t 1 = ffl t + ffl t 1 ; fffl t gοwn(0;ff 2 ); where jffij < 1 and j j < 1. Show

More information

> DC < D CO LU > Z> CJ LU

> DC < D CO LU > Z> CJ LU C C FNS TCNCAL NFRMATN CNTR [itpfttiiknirike?fi-'.;t C'JM.V TC hs determined n \ _\}. L\\ tht this Technicl cment hs the istribtin Sttement checked belw. The crnt distribtin fr this dcment cn be telind

More information

Verification against observations EXP: RCR71 RCR71T

Verification against observations EXP: RCR71 RCR71T Testof enhancedsoiltypedetermination in Kai Sattler Danish Meteorological Institute ksa@dmi.dk H i r l a m A l l S t a f f M e e t i n g 8 t h A l a d i n W o r k s h o p 7 - A p r i l 8, B r u s s e l

More information

SPU TTERIN G F R O M A LIQ U ID -PH A SE G A -IN EUTECTIC ALLOY KEVIN M A R K H U B B A R D YALE UNIVER SITY M A Y

SPU TTERIN G F R O M A LIQ U ID -PH A SE G A -IN EUTECTIC ALLOY KEVIN M A R K H U B B A R D YALE UNIVER SITY M A Y SPU TTERIN G F R O M A LIQ U ID -PH A SE G A -IN EUTECTIC ALLOY KEVIN M A R K H U B B A R D YALE UNIVER SITY M A Y 1 9 8 9 ABSTRACT S p u t t e r i n g f r o m a L i q u i d - P h a s e G a - I n E u t

More information

l [ L&U DOK. SENTER Denne rapport tilhører Returneres etter bruk Dokument: Arkiv: Arkivstykke/Ref: ARKAS OO.S Merknad: CP0205V Plassering:

l [ L&U DOK. SENTER Denne rapport tilhører Returneres etter bruk Dokument: Arkiv: Arkivstykke/Ref: ARKAS OO.S Merknad: CP0205V Plassering: I Denne rapport thører L&U DOK. SENTER Returneres etter bruk UTLÅN FRA FJERNARKIVET. UTLÅN ID: 02-0752 MASKINVN 4, FORUS - ADRESSE ST-MA LANETAKER ER ANSVARLIG FOR RETUR AV DETTE DOKUMENTET. VENNLIGST

More information

Humanistic, and Particularly Classical, Studies as a Preparation for the Law

Humanistic, and Particularly Classical, Studies as a Preparation for the Law University of Michigan Law School University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository Articles Faculty Scholarship 1907 Humanistic, and Particularly Classical, Studies as a Preparation for the Law

More information

Parallel Cylindrical Conductors in Electrical Problems Equal Parallel Cylindrical Conductors in Electrical Problems.

Parallel Cylindrical Conductors in Electrical Problems Equal Parallel Cylindrical Conductors in Electrical Problems. Parallel Cylindrical Conductors in Electrical Problems. 465 a small change in current produces a large change of the same sign in the wave-length. This property could be applied, for example, to give modulation

More information

FINITE BLASCHKE PRODUCTS AS COMPOSITIONS OF OTHER FINITE BLASCHKE PRODUCTS

FINITE BLASCHKE PRODUCTS AS COMPOSITIONS OF OTHER FINITE BLASCHKE PRODUCTS FNTE BLASCHKE PRODUCTS AS COMPOSTONS OF OTHER FNTE BLASCHKE PRODUCTS CARL C. COWEN Abstract. These notes answer the question When can a finite Blaschke product B be written as a composition of two finite

More information

Th n nt T p n n th V ll f x Th r h l l r r h nd xpl r t n rr d nt ff t b Pr f r ll N v n d r n th r 8 l t p t, n z n l n n th n rth t rn p rt n f th v

Th n nt T p n n th V ll f x Th r h l l r r h nd xpl r t n rr d nt ff t b Pr f r ll N v n d r n th r 8 l t p t, n z n l n n th n rth t rn p rt n f th v Th n nt T p n n th V ll f x Th r h l l r r h nd xpl r t n rr d nt ff t b Pr f r ll N v n d r n th r 8 l t p t, n z n l n n th n rth t rn p rt n f th v ll f x, h v nd d pr v n t fr tf l t th f nt r n r

More information

Definition: We say a is an n-niven number if a is divisible by its base n digital sum, i.e., s(a)\a.

Definition: We say a is an n-niven number if a is divisible by its base n digital sum, i.e., s(a)\a. CONSTRUCTION OF 2*n CONSECUTIVE n-niven NUMBERS Brad Wilson Dept. of Mathematics, SUNY College at Brockport, Brockport, NY 14420 E-mail: bwilson@acsprl.acs.brockport.edu (Submitted July 1995) 1. INTRODUCTION

More information

Using the Rational Root Theorem to Find Real and Imaginary Roots Real roots can be one of two types: ra...-\; 0 or - l (- - ONLl --

Using the Rational Root Theorem to Find Real and Imaginary Roots Real roots can be one of two types: ra...-\; 0 or - l (- - ONLl -- Using the Rational Root Theorem to Find Real and Imaginary Roots Real roots can be one of two types: ra...-\; 0 or - l (- - ONLl -- Consider the function h(x) =IJ\ 4-8x 3-12x 2 + 24x {?\whose graph is

More information

Software Architecture. CSC 440: Software Engineering Slide #1

Software Architecture. CSC 440: Software Engineering Slide #1 Software Architecture CSC 440: Software Engineering Slide #1 Topics 1. What is software architecture? 2. Why do we need software architecture? 3. Architectural principles 4. UML package diagrams 5. Software

More information

DIAMOND DRILL RECORD

DIAMOND DRILL RECORD iitft'ww!-;" '**!' ^?^S;Ji!JgHj DIAMOND DRILL RECORD Molftflp.'/^ f* -. j * Dtp * ^* * Property '^^^J^ - I/^X/'CA*- Etev, Collar Locatioa..-A^*.-//-^.^ /Z O f* j\. Is!/'. ~O stt^+'r&il, Di turn.....,,,...,.,......

More information

~.cft.l!:.&r".m.~~i~~ CfiT.afI4~R.q)

~.cft.l!:.&r.m.~~i~~ CfiT.afI4~R.q) .cft.l!:.&r".m.i CfT.afI4R.q) r_ -' f'l.... '1 Wr. (. ':?\9\9o) 3lT{-t." 'ts, 3lT{... 4Idl4I,, - oo ot.t.". t"l{2. '31'.M. r::..,, 'If.. \9() 11c:.ljl \1rrRlT +I(1Ch SCXlI1.;...,...fA,.." r:.t'tllirto\""i\..

More information

1. Discuss consent and/or regular agenda items. 2. Slide presentation by Dwayne Hargesheimer on water construction projects.

1. Discuss consent and/or regular agenda items. 2. Slide presentation by Dwayne Hargesheimer on water construction projects. Pre-ucil Wrk essi f the Mayr ad ity ucil f the ity f Abilee, Texas, be held i the Baseet ferece R f ity Hall Thursday, cber 19, 1989, at 8:3 a.. csider the fllig: 1. Discuss cset ad/r regular ageda ites.

More information

t"''o,s.t; Asa%oftotal no. of oustanding Totalpaid-up capital of the csashwfft ilall Sompany Secretrry & Compliance Oflhor ACS.

t''o,s.t; Asa%oftotal no. of oustanding Totalpaid-up capital of the csashwfft ilall Sompany Secretrry & Compliance Oflhor ACS. Shrhldin Prn s pr lus 35 f isin Armn nrdury sub-b )) m f h Cmpny: Kirlskr ndusris imid Clss f Suriy : uiy P : 1/3 "'',S.T; 500243 Symbl S): KROS D Qurr ndd : 31 Dmbr 2014 Prly pil-up shrs:- Hld by Prmr/Prmr

More information

ST 602 ST 606 ST 7100

ST 602 ST 606 ST 7100 R e s to n Preserve Ct P r e s e rve Seneca Rd S h e r m a n ST 193 B2 Georgetown Pike B6 B8 Aiden Run Ct B9 Autumn Mist Ln B12 B11 B16 B15 B13 B17 Shain Ct B19 B21 B26 B24 B23 N o r th fa lls B28 B27

More information

D t r l f r th n t d t t pr p r d b th t ff f th l t tt n N tr t n nd H n N d, n t d t t n t. n t d t t. h n t n :.. vt. Pr nt. ff.,. http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uiug.30112023368936 P bl D n, l d t z d

More information

f, Rydberg constant (R: xl0'm)' b) what are the two corrections of central field model of atoms having more k:ffi-n\kl

f, Rydberg constant (R: xl0'm)' b) what are the two corrections of central field model of atoms having more k:ffi-n\kl U niv ersity of Tec h no lo g1t Department of Laser & Opto-electronic Engineering Final Examination 201 I -20 I 2 Subject: SpectroscoPY Class:3'd year Divhion: laser Engineering Time:3 hours Examiner:

More information

e2- THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE We" D4rL E; 77.e //SY" Laboratories for Research and Development ceizrrra L , Ps" /.7.5-evr ge)/+.

e2- THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE We D4rL E; 77.e //SY Laboratories for Research and Development ceizrrra L , Ps /.7.5-evr ge)/+. ozr/-6-7-aw We" 0 Ze12, DrL E; 77.e //SY" ceizrrra L s, Ps" e2- j 1 /1/ -tv /.7.5-evr ge)/+.,v) c7-/er-vi 0, I tr9 1 If,t) e" '*? /:7010 1, 7!, re, /7 1' 8c / 771 ;.7..) t) - or, Tin E ei:e1licir '.e.

More information

JOLLIBEE FOODS CORPORATION (Company's Full Name) 10/F Jollibee Plaza Building 10 Emerald Avenue, Ortigas Center, Pasig City (Company's Address)

JOLLIBEE FOODS CORPORATION (Company's Full Name) 10/F Jollibee Plaza Building 10 Emerald Avenue, Ortigas Center, Pasig City (Company's Address) Jllibee JLLIB FDS RPRATI (pny's Full e) 1/F Jllibee Plz Buildin 1 erld Avenue, rtis enter, Psi ity (pny's Address) (6) 61111 Telephne uber Deeber 1 (Fisl Yer ndin) Any dy in the nth f June (Annul Meetin)

More information

l l s n t f G A p p l i V d s I y r a U t n i a e v o t b c n a p e c o n s

l l s n t f G A p p l i V d s I y r a U t n i a e v o t b c n a p e c o n s G A 2 g R S 2 A R 2 S I g 3 C C 2 S S 5 C S G 6 S 4 C S 5 S y 1 D O A 1 S R d G 1 d 1 E T S & T 2 Vg y F P 4 2? M I 2 J H W 1 W B C L D 1 2 L W 4 M T 5 M S N 2 O I 4 P 7, P S 1 8 R I y y w Y f If f K f

More information

Ed H. H w H Ed. en 2: Ed. o o o z. o o. Q Ed. Ed Q to. PQ in o c3 o o. Ed P5 H Z. < u z. Ed H H Z O H U Z. > to. <! Ed Q. < Ed > Es.

Ed H. H w H Ed. en 2: Ed. o o o z. o o. Q Ed. Ed Q to. PQ in o c3 o o. Ed P5 H Z. < u z. Ed H H Z O H U Z. > to. <! Ed Q. < Ed > Es. d n 2: d t d t d! d d 52 d t d d P in t d. d P5 d - d d , d P il 0) m d p P p x d d n N r -^ T) n «n - P & J (N 0 ' 4 «"«5 -» % «D *5JD V 9 * * /J -2.2 " ^ 0 n 0) - P - i- 0) G V V - 1(2). i 1 1 & i '

More information

,W.(.1*i x. Itr ::r:: i# A=,lrr. 'l ' rykfu. -[ *' 5 ]{, X/,i "# rrlrr,;- "h. K rn. f'e-s **1,:i' $ *' ##a. "+ c)4mls ( d)3.4 v * fr: lt-) t'..].

,W.(.1*i x. Itr ::r:: i# A=,lrr. 'l ' rykfu. -[ *' 5 ]{, X/,i # rrlrr,;- h. K rn. f'e-s **1,:i' $ *' ##a. + c)4mls ( d)3.4 v * fr: lt-) t'..]. General Physics II (PHYS 104) Exam 1: February 23,2012 Name: Multiple Choice (4 points each): Answer the following multiple choice questions. Clearly circle the response (or responses) that provides the

More information

7. pl. '2. Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 67 Tahun 2OL3 tentang Statuta Universitas Gadjah Mada (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia

7. pl. '2. Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 67 Tahun 2OL3 tentang Statuta Universitas Gadjah Mada (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia KPUTUS RKTR UVRSTS G R 4 2 / U.P/ SK/UKR 20 7 TTG KR KK UVRSTS G TU KK 27 / 20 8 RKTR UVRSTS G, ib i T/Q l\u{rr 'T v T KU. bw r b sr wu ls ii jr i uls/sl i u Uivrsis Gj, rlu Klr i uivrsis Gj Tu i 27 l2l8;

More information

APPH 4200 Physics of Fluids

APPH 4200 Physics of Fluids APPH 42 Physics of Fluids Problem Solving and Vorticity (Ch. 5) 1.!! Quick Review 2.! Vorticity 3.! Kelvin s Theorem 4.! Examples 1 How to solve fluid problems? (Like those in textbook) Ç"Tt=l I $T1P#(

More information

EMPORIUM H O W I T W O R K S F I R S T T H I N G S F I R S T, Y O U N E E D T O R E G I S T E R.

EMPORIUM H O W I T W O R K S F I R S T T H I N G S F I R S T, Y O U N E E D T O R E G I S T E R. H O W I T W O R K S F I R S T T H I N G S F I R S T, Y O U N E E D T O R E G I S T E R I n o r d e r t o b u y a n y i t e m s, y o u w i l l n e e d t o r e g i s t e r o n t h e s i t e. T h i s i s

More information

L11: Algebraic Path Problems with applications to Internet Routing Lecture 9

L11: Algebraic Path Problems with applications to Internet Routing Lecture 9 L11: Algebraic Path Problems with applications to Internet Routing Lecture 9 Timothy G. Griffin timothy.griffin@cl.cam.ac.uk Computer Laboratory University of Cambridge, UK Michaelmas Term, 2017 tgg22

More information

urh eo :rtfittrqtunur Tl:u:l$flquan1 riruir#ru{r:lsn15 (qfrfi b) fi.fi- lod&o qfinneqantes rj-:.

urh eo :rtfittrqtunur Tl:u:l$flquan1 riruir#ru{r:lsn15 (qfrfi b) fi.fi- lod&o qfinneqantes rj-:. i? \n rnu fufi n urh :rfirunur f'urnu &.&. T:u:$fun1 riruir#ru{r:sn1 (frfi b) fi.fi & finnns rj:. 1#1{ r {ufi funru r'f' s rfuffi uu uirynripiu iy'r*rj rn:vrj:fr uvr:ru nrfiinnfs n:vu::rvj{ nr:1i : f rnr

More information

PHYS 232 QUIZ minutes.

PHYS 232 QUIZ minutes. / PHYS 232 QUIZ 1 02-18-2005 50 minutes. This quiz has 3 questions. Please show all your work. If your final answer is not correct, you will get partial credit based on your work shown. You are allowed

More information

REFUGEE AND FORCED MIGRATION STUDIES

REFUGEE AND FORCED MIGRATION STUDIES THE OXFORD HANDBOOK OF REFUGEE AND FORCED MIGRATION STUDIES Edited by ELENA FIDDIAN-QASMIYEH GIL LOESCHER KATY LONG NANDO SIGONA OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS C o n t e n t s List o f Abbreviations List o f

More information

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1976 Infestation of Root Nodules of Soybean by Larvae of the Bean Leaf Beetle, Cerotoma Trifurcata

More information

Pipelining. Traditional Execution. CS 365 Lecture 12 Prof. Yih Huang. add ld beq CS CS 365 2

Pipelining. Traditional Execution. CS 365 Lecture 12 Prof. Yih Huang. add ld beq CS CS 365 2 Pipelining CS 365 Lecture 12 Prof. Yih Huang CS 365 1 Traditional Execution 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 add ld beq CS 365 2 1 Pipelined Execution 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

More information

ENJOY ALL OF YOUR SWEET MOMENTS NATURALLY

ENJOY ALL OF YOUR SWEET MOMENTS NATURALLY ENJOY ALL OF YOUR SWEET MOMENTS NATURALLY I T R Fily S U Wi Av I T R Mkr f Sr I T R L L All-Nrl Sr N Yrk, NY (Mr 202) Crl Pki Cr., kr f Sr I T R Svi I T R v x ll-rl I T R fily f r il Av I T R, 00% ri v

More information

,.*Hffi;;* SONAI, IUERCANTII,N I,IMITDII REGD- 0FFICE: 105/33, VARDHMAN GotD[N PLNLA,R0AD No.44, pitampura, DELHI *ffigfk"

,.*Hffi;;* SONAI, IUERCANTII,N I,IMITDII REGD- 0FFICE: 105/33, VARDHMAN GotD[N PLNLA,R0AD No.44, pitampura, DELHI *ffigfk $ S, URCT,,MTD RGD 0C: 10/, VRDM G[ LL,R0D.44, ptmpur, DL114 C: l22ldll98l,c0224gb, eb:.nlmernte.m T, Dte: 17h tber, 201 BS Lmted hre ]eejeebhy Ter Dll Street Mumb 41 The Mnger (Ltng) Delh Stk xhnge /1,

More information

Years. Marketing without a plan is like navigating a maze; the solution is unclear.

Years. Marketing without a plan is like navigating a maze; the solution is unclear. F Q 2018 E Mk l lk z; l l Mk El M C C 1995 O Y O S P R j lk q D C Dl Off P W H S P W Sl M Y Pl Cl El M Cl FIRST QUARTER 2018 E El M & D I C/O Jff P RGD S C D M Sl 57 G S Alx ON K0C 1A0 C Tl: 6134821159

More information

SOLUTION SET. Chapter 9 REQUIREMENTS FOR OBTAINING POPULATION INVERSIONS "LASER FUNDAMENTALS" Second Edition. By William T.

SOLUTION SET. Chapter 9 REQUIREMENTS FOR OBTAINING POPULATION INVERSIONS LASER FUNDAMENTALS Second Edition. By William T. SOLUTION SET Chapter 9 REQUIREMENTS FOR OBTAINING POPULATION INVERSIONS "LASER FUNDAMENTALS" Second Edition By William T. Silfvast C.11 q 1. Using the equations (9.8), (9.9), and (9.10) that were developed

More information

ANNUAL MONITORING REPORT 2000

ANNUAL MONITORING REPORT 2000 ANNUAL MONITORING REPORT 2000 NUCLEAR MANAGEMENT COMPANY, LLC POINT BEACH NUCLEAR PLANT January 1, 2000, through December 31, 2000 April 2001 TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary 1 Part A: Effluent Monitoring

More information

[ ]:543.4(075.8) 35.20: ,..,..,.., : /... ;. 2-. ISBN , - [ ]:543.4(075.8) 35.20:34.

[ ]:543.4(075.8) 35.20: ,..,..,.., : /... ;. 2-. ISBN , - [ ]:543.4(075.8) 35.20:34. .. - 2-2009 [661.87.+661.88]:543.4(075.8) 35.20:34.2373-60..,..,..,..,.. -60 : /... ;. 2-. : -, 2008. 134. ISBN 5-98298-299-7 -., -,,. - «,, -, -», - 550800,, 240600 «-», -. [661.87.+661.88]:543.4(075.8)

More information