Physics and Concepts
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1 Physics and Concepts Topic Outline Course Description and Philosophy Physics is the study of matter and energy. After a year of Physics one should have a basic idea of how objects interact with one another. Physicists used to be referred to as natural philosophers; therefore, after studying Physics one will have a better understanding of the laws that govern our universe and everything around us. Physics and Concepts will be divided into five units. To understand our universe one needs to study mechanics, the properties of matter, heat, sound and light, and electricity and magnetism. Physics and Concepts is a course that goes over the basic concepts of Physics, backing up the concepts with some basic algebra. It is designed for the student that may or may not attend a four-year college, but still wishes to have a challenge in their high school career. Any student may take this class regardless of mathematical ability. Evaluation will be mixed. It will consist of home, quizzes, and tests. Another important evaluation tool will be laboratory exercises. Since we are studying how things interact with each other, what better way than to actually see it. The labs are all hands on and let the student manipulate many variables to see just how the laws of Physics. Finally, there will be projects that allow the student to go beyond the classroom and apply their knowledge to everyday problems. Reference: Hewitt, Paul Conceptual Physics 10 th Ed, 2009 by Addison Wesley, Reading, MA USA Written 2009 Unit I: Mechanics Essential Question: What are the fundamental & basic mechanics that scientists use to understand how everything s? Objectives: Students will be able to: - Identify and explain the different types of motion. -Understand and explain Newton s First Law of Motion: Inertia. -Define and describe Newton s Second Law of Motion: Acceleration and Force. -Define and demonstrate Newton s Third Law of Motion: Action and Reaction. - Identify and compare different types of vectors. -Understand the Law of Momentum and discuss its effects. -Identify and compare different types of energy; its use in simple machines and how the law of Conservation of Energy s. -List and explain types of Circular Motion; Rotational and Centripetal. -Describe and demonstrate the difference between the center of gravity and the center of mass. -Understand and describe Rotational Mechanics: Torque, Rotational Inertia, and Angular Momentum. -Define and explain Newton s Universal Law of Gravity and it s application to satellite motion. -Describe and discuss concepts dealing with Einstein s Theory of Special Relativity. 1
2 Topic/Content Skills Assessment Resources Instructional Method Tech Infusion NJCCCS Chap 1 and 2: Motion -Explain the idea that motion is relative -Define speed and give examples of units of speed -Distinguish between speed and velocity -Describe how to tell whether or not velocity is changing -Describe acceleration and free fall. Chap 3: Newton s First Law of Motion -Describe, and then compare and contrast Aristotle s, Copernicus and Galileo s concepts of motion. -Define Inertia -State Newton s First law of Motion -Distinguish between a kilogram and a Newton as a unit of measurement Chapter 4: Newton s Second Law of Motion -State Newton s second Law of Motion -Define Net Force -State the relationship between acceleration and net force and mass -Distinguish between force, pressure and friction Chap 5: Newton s Third Law of Motion -State Newton s Third Law of Motion 2
3 -Define force in terms of interaction -Explain why at least two objects are involved whenever a force acts -Explain by the reaction force does not cancel an action force Chapter 6: Vectors -Distinguish between a scalar and a vector quantity -Use the parallelogram method to find the resultant of two vector forces -Demonstrate horizontal and vertical components of a force -Explain why a projectile moves equal distances horizontally in equal time intervals. Chapter 7: Momentum -Define momentum -Define impulse and relate it to momentum -State the Law of Conservation of Momentum -Distinguish between elastic and inelastic collisions Chapter 8: Energy -Define Work in terms of Energy -Determine amount of done -Distinguish between mechanical, potential and kinetic energy -Describe how the kinetic energy of an object depends upon the square of the speed of the object -State the Law of Conservation of Energy -Describe the function of a lever Chapter 9: Circular Motion -Distinguish between rotate and 3
4 revolve -Give examples of centripetal force -Distinguish between linear speed and rotational speed Chapter 10: Center of Gravity -Describe the center of gravity -Given the location of the center of gravity and the area of support of an object, predict whether the object will topple. -Distinguish among stable, unstable, and neutral equilibrium Chapter 11: Rotational Mechanics -Define torque and describe what it depends upon -Describe what the rotational inertia of an objects depends upon -Define angular momentum Chapter 12: Universal Gravitation -State Newton s Law of Universal Gravitation -Explain Newton s idea that the moon falls toward the earth like an apple does -Explain the significance of an inverse square law -Explain the idea the universe may stop expanding and begin to contract Chapter 13: Gravitational Interactions -Describe a gravitational field -Describe the effect of gravity inside and outside the earth. -Explain how the moon and the sun 4
5 cause the ocean tides Chapter 14: Satellite Motion -Explain how the speed of a satellite in a circular orbit around the earth is related to the distance an object falls in the first second due to gravity -Explain why the force of gravity does not cause a change in the speed of a satellite in a circular orbit. -Explain how the speed of a satellite changes for different portions of an elliptical orbit Chapter 15: Special Relativity- Space/Time -Give examples of relative and nonrelative motion -Define and give examples of Einstein s first and second postulate of special relativity -Give examples of time dilation -Discuss the twin paradox Chapter 16: Special Relativity Length, Energy, and Momentum -Describe conditions under which lengths contract -Explain how mass conservation and energy conservation hold true despite the equivalence of mass and energy -Explain why the equivalence of mass and energy is not noticed for everyday events 5
6 Differentiated Learning Activities 1. Students can create flash cards for all vocabulary in unit 2. Students can create a crossword puzzle using vocabulary in unit 3. Create a flip book showing the different types of motion 4. Create a poster showing the differences in Newton s Three Laws of Motion 5. Create a sketch of your own roller coaster, and explain all concepts used 6. Make a Rube Goldberg project to show conservation of Energy 7. Create a Power Point presentation on the angular analogies 8. Write a report on Newton s life 9. Explain how a car engine uses torque 10. Calculate your own horsepower going up your stairs at home Unit II: Properties of Matter Essential Question: What are the fundamental and basic parts of an atom and how do they affect our life? Objectives: Students will be able to: -Understand and discuss the atomic structure and nature of matter. -Define and describe the crystalline structure, elasticity, and density of solids. -Identify and discuss the physical properties and principles of a liquid. -Understand and explain the properties of a gas, its affect on pressure and its comparison to a liquid. 6
7 Topic/Content Skills Assessment Resources Instructional Method Tech Infusion NJCCCS Chapter 17: Atomic Nature of Matter -Describe the relationship between atoms and elements -Distinguish between an atom and a molecule -Distinguish between and element and a compound -Identify the 3 basic building blocks of matter 5.1.A 5.1.B 5.10.A,B Chapter 18: Solids -Cite evidence that many solids are crystals -Define density -Distinguish between elastic and inelastic material -Explain why making something larger by the same factor in all dimensions changes its strength in relation to its weight 5.1.A 5.1.B 5.10.A,B Chapter 19: Liquids -Describe what determines the pressure of a liquid at any point -Relate the buoyant force on an immersed or submerged object with the weight of the fluid it displaces -Describe what determines whether an object will sink or float in a certain liquid -Describe how Pascal s principle can be applied to increase the force a fluid exerts on a surface 5.1.A 5.1.B 5.10.A,B Chapter 20: Gases -Explain what prevents the molecules in the earth s atmosphere from either escaping or settling to the ground. -Describe the source of atmospheric pressure 5.1.A 5.1.B 7
8 -Explain why water cannot be raised higher than 10.3 m with a vacuum pump -Explain what determines whether an object will float in air -Describe the relationship between the speed of a fluid at any point and the pressure at that point, when the flow is steady -Explain the principle source of lift on the wing of a bird or airplane 5.10.A,B Differentiated Learning Activities 11. Students can create flash cards for all vocabulary in unit 12. Students can create a crossword puzzle using vocabulary in unit 13. Create a flip book showing the different states of matter 14. Create a poster showing the differences in all phases of matter 15. Create a sketch of how an airplane wing s 16. Create a Power Point presentation on the gas laws 17. Write a report on Pascal s life 18. Explain how a car engine uses partial pressures Unit III: Heat Essential Question: How does the transfer of Energy in the form of Heat affect our daily lives? Objectives: Students will be able to: -Differentiate and explain between temperature, heat and its effect on expansion -Understand and compare the differences between conduction, convection, and radiation -Understand and explain the processes of evaporation, condensation, boiling, freezing, and their effects on energy changes -Define, compare, and explain the Laws of Thermodynamics and their relationship to entropy 8
9 Topic/Content Skills Assessment Resources Instructional Method Tech Infusion NJCCCS Chapter 21: Temperature, Heat and Expansion -Describe the relationship between atoms and elements -Compare the ages of atoms to the ages of the materials they compose -Distinguish between an atom and a molecule -Understand heat is a measure of kinetic energy 5.3.A,B,D Chapter 22: Transmission of Heat -Explain why two materials at the same temperature may feel as though they are at two different temperatures. -Explain why porous materials are better insulators than nonporous materials -Distinguish between conduction and convection -Explain how heat is transmitted through empty space -Compare the ability of an object to emit radiant energy with its ability to absorb it. 5.3.A,B,D Chapter 23: Change of state -Explain why evaporation is a cooling process -Explain why condensation is a warming process -Distinguish between evaporation and boiling. -Explain why water containing dissolved substances freezes at a lower temperature -Describe the triple point of a substance 5.3.A,B,D Chapter 24: Thermodynamics -Describe the concept of absolute zero -State the First Law of Thermodynamics 5.3.A,B,D 9
10 -Describe adiabatic processes. -State the Second Law of Thermodynamics -Define the ideal efficiency of a heat engine -Define entropy and give examples Differentiated Learning Activities 19. Students can create flash cards for all vocabulary in unit 20. Students can create a crossword puzzle using vocabulary in unit 21. Create a flip book showing the different states of matter 22. Create a poster showing the differences evaporation and condensation 23. Create a sketch of how a Carnot cycle s 24. Create a Power Point presentation on the Laws of Thermodynamics 25. Write a report on Leo Szilard s life 26. Explain how a heat engine s Ethical Decision Making/Character Education With all the knowledge we have of Heat and Energy, why can we not become Energy independent as a Nation? Unit IV: Sound and Light Essential Question: How do vibrations and waves transform into the colors and sounds of our every day lives? Objectives: Students will be able to: -Understand and demonstrate the effects of vibrations through different mediums and their wave and sine wave representations -Define and explain the origins of sound and its properties of frequency and pitch -Define, explain, and list the dual nature of light -Explain the nature of color and compare its properties of reflections versus transmission -Define and explain the differences between the properties of reflections versus refraction -Distinguish and explain the differences between converging and diverging lenses -Describe and explain the properties and conditions behind diffraction and interference 10
11 Topic/Content Skills Assessment Resources Instructional Method Tech Infusion NJCCCS Chapter 25: Vibrations and Waves -Relate a drawing of a sine curve to the crest, trough, amplitude, and length of a wave -Describe the relationship between frequency and period -Describe what oscillates to let a wave propagate -Distinguish between a transverse and longitudinal wave -Distinguish between constructive and destructive interference -Define a standing wave Chapter 26: Sound -Relate the pitch of a sound to its frequency -Describe what happens to a material when sound travels through it -Describe the factors that affect the speed of sound -Describe the conditions of resonance -Give examples of forced vibrations 5.3.A 5.4.A,C 5.3.A 5.4.A,C Chapter 27: Light -Describe the dual nature of light -Describe the relationship between light, radio waves, microwaves, and X-rays -Explain what happens to light when it enters a substance other than air -Describe the conditions for solar and lunar eclipses -Give evidence that light waves are transverse -Explain polarized filters 5.3.A 5.4.A,C Chapter 28: Color -Explain why black and white are not colors in the same sense as the other colors of the visible spectrum -Describe the factors that determine whether 5.3.A 5.4.A,C 11
12 a material will reflect, transmit, or absorb light of a particular color -Define complimentary colors -Distinguish between color subtraction versus color addition -Explain what the lines in a spectrum represent Chapter 29: Reflection and Refraction -Understand the fact that light travels at different speed for different medium -Explain the law of Reflection -Describe and show a virtual image -Describe the difference between specular and diffuse reflection -Describe the process of total internal reflection 5.3.A 5.4.A,C Chapter 30: Lenses -Distinguish between a converging and diverging lens -Distinguish between a real and virtual image -Give example of how some optical instruments -Explain how the human eye s and how to correct any abnormalities 5.3.A 5.4.A,C Topic/Content Skills Assessment Resources Instructional Method Chapter 31: Diffraction and interference -Explain diffraction -Describe Young s double slit experiment -Distinguish between laser light and nocoherent light -Distinguish between a hologram and a photograph Tech Infusion NJCCCS 5.3.A 5.4.A,C Differentiated Learning Activities 27. Students can create flash cards for all vocabulary in unit 12
13 28. Students can create a crossword puzzle using vocabulary in unit 29. Create a flip book showing the different ray diagrams 30. Create a poster showing some different optical instruments 31. Create a sketch of how a ray diagram s 32. Create a Power Point presentation on the Optics of the eye 33. Write a report on Huygen s life 34. Make a able camera Unit V: Electricity and Magnetism Essential Question: How does Electricity and Magnetism fit into our current trends of technology and how do they affect our every day lives? Objectives: Students will be able to: -Describe and demonstrate the properties and effects of electrostatics -Describe, identify, and demonstrate the nature of electric fields and equipotential lines -Describe the conditions necessary for an electrical charge to flow -Describe what happens when a current encounters a resistance -Define, explain and demonstrate he types and uses of electric circuits -Describe the differences and similarities between magnetic poles and electrical charges -Describe and explain the properties of electromagnetic induction, transformers and power transmissions 13
14 Topic/Content Skills Assessment Resources Instructional Method Tech Infusion NJCCCS Chapter 32: Electrostatics -Describe electrical forces between objects -Explain charging of objects -Understand Coulomb s Law -Compare Electrical forces with gravitational forces -Define differences between conductors and insulators Lab Activities 5.1.C 5.3.A,D Chapter 33: Electric Fields and Potentials -Describe the intensity of an electric field at a certain point -Describe the direction of an electric field -Relate the spacing of electric field lines to the intensity of the electric field -Describe electrical shielding -Distinguish between electric potential energy and electric potential Lab Activities 5.1.C 5.3.A,D Chapter 34: Electric Current -Describe the conditions necessary for an electric current -Describe what is happening inside a current carrying wire -Describe the factors that determine the resistance of a wire -Relate the current in a circuit to the resistance of the circuit and the voltage across it -Differentiate between DC and AC currents -Relate the power used by an electrical device Lab Activities 5.1.C 5.3.A,D Chapter 35: Electric Circuits -Given a diagram of a battery and a bulb; determine whether current will pass through the bulb -Distinguish between parallel and series circuits -Predict what will happen in a series circuit when a wire is broken -Interpret a simple schematic diagram of a Lab Activities 5.1.C 5.3.A,D 14
15 circuit Chapter 36: Magnetism -Describe the differences and similarities between magnetic poles and electric charges -Relate magnetic domains to the ability of a material to become magnetic -Describe the magnetic field produced by a current carrying wire -Describe the conditions necessary for a magnetic field to exert a force on a charged particle Lab Activities 5.1.C 5.3.A,D Chapter 37: Electromagnetic Induction -Describe how voltage is induced in a coil of wire -Describe a generator and explain how it s -Compare and contrast a generator and an electric motor -Describe a transformer and how it s -Explain how electricity and magnetism relate to one another Lab Activities 5.1.C 5.3.A,D Differentiated Learning Activities 1. Student can create a crossword puzzle with vocabulary in this unit 2. Design and demonstrate your own electromagnet 3. Write a report about alternative electrical sources 4. Make an electroscope 5. Calculate how strong an electromagnet needs to be to lift an average car at the junk yard 6. Who was more important in magnetism, Ampere or Faraday? 7. Students can construct a circuit to accomplish an every day task 8. Create a song using the vocabulary in this unit 9. Write a program to solve Kirchhoff s rules 10. Calculate the power you use in your house and how you can reduce that demand Ethical Decision Making/Character Education With all the advancements in the medical field regarding, sound, light, and magnetism, should we use humans as test subjects? 15
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