Neutron Generators For Calibration

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1 Neutron Generators For Calibration Roger Wendell th Hyper-K Open Meeting

2 Introduction - Neutrons are handy Detector calibration with neutrons is useful Low energy calibration point Neutron tagging efficiency calibration (H, Gd) Neutron tagging using the 2.2 MeV gamma tagging has been demonstrated in SK Applications to proton decay background reduction Antineutrino tagging for beam and atmospheric n Similar electronics planned for Hyper-K and Hyper-K prototype, Running detectors can help test neutron calibration technologies (and benefit from them) EGADS and Super-K Worth exploring neutron generators There are commercially available neutron generators based on 3 H + 2 H fusion, which have successfully been used at Super-K and SNO ( D-T generator) Currently exploring ideas for compact, pulsed neutron generation Highlight one of theme here

3 Neutrons for Calibrations Low energy calibration source 16 O + n 16 N (decay 4.3 MeV e MeV g ) 7.3s half-life Calibration of absolute energy scale and its position dependence D-T Event Energy Nucl.Instrum.Meth. A458 (2001) However, process is only ~1% efficient so high intensities are needed Calibrate neutron tagging efficiency with 2.2 MeV g from H(n,g)d with Gd : n+gd 8 MeV with a few g SK-IV AmBe BGO Preliminary Generally lower intensities desired to prevent pile up

4 The Super-K D-T generator 14.2 MeV Penning Ion source that induces deuterium-tritium fusion to create neutrons Max pulse rate 100 Hz 10 6 neutrons per pulse O(100) kv accelerating potential to bring plasma to the target ~100 kv 2 H, 3 H loaded metal hydride Accelerator electronics are mounted with the source so the entire apparatus is large : 150 cm x 16.5 cm f

5 The Super-K D-T generator : In action Reconstructed D-T Vertex 10s During the calibration process the DT generator is raised 2m above the original fire position to reduce shadowing/interaction with the device Basically unavoidable Causes diffusion of events along axis of this motion as water is displaced Range of utility in the vertical direction is limited Device is not so mobile

6 Neutron Generator Wish List Compact Deployment at multiple positions Useable in smaller detectors EGADS, HK Prototype Minimal water displacement Pulsed/Triggered (ie timing information) Reduce reliance on coincident techniques ( AmBe BGO matrix) Particularly useful for neutron tagging studies Tunable intensity High intensity (SK Style) 16 N calibrations Low intensity - tagging efficiency Rechargeable after gas reservoir depletion Ability to resupply ion source ( without going to manufacturer ) Construction in house? Automated Mobile (or distributable)

7 Neutron Generators in General Typical neutron generators are based on the D-D (2.4 MeV n) or D-T (14.2 MeV n ) fusion There are a variety of schemes for making compact neutron generators Several active groups/labs (Japan/US) Target applications need higher neutron fluxes than would be useful for tagging calibrations Landmine detection Luggage scanning Oil logging 5mm Various technologies involve RF-driven plasmas, or subsystems (vacuum pumping, cooling, etc.) which may not be ideal for our purposes Talk about a potential alternative today

8 Novel Surface Mounted Neutron Generator (Neutristor) J. Elizondo-Decanini at Sandia National Laboratories in the U.S. has been developing a compact neutron source based on surface deposition and lithography Original development motivation is for cancer therapy Introduce 10 B into cancer cell n + 10 B 4 He + 7 Li + g a and 7 Li cause local cell damage To prevent damage to healthy cells put the source as close as possible to target Goals: Small Inexepensive IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE, VOL. 40, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 2012

9 Neutristor : The Operating Principal 3.5 cm Target Film: Ti 3 H (2mm) Source Film: Ti 2 H Deuterium and Tritium thin films are deposited onto to the ion source and target elements Applying O(300)V at the source gap causes breakdown and the formation of an arc. The arc heats the source film releasing deuterium into the vacuum and ionizing it at the same time An accelerating voltage O(15)kV across the target is used to accelerate 2 H + (etc.) ions onto the target film to induce D-T fusion An electrostatic lens is used to focus the ion flow to the target

10 Neutristor : Performance Several prototype devices have been built and operated successfully Source voltage 600 V ( >150 kv/cm at ion source gap) Target (accelerating voltage) 20 kv trapezoid, 10ms in duration Produces ~2000 n per pulse (10 9 n/s) Long rep time O(60) s to allow the device to cool Principal of operation is proven

11 The Story The Neutristor seems promising so have made contact with the developer Possible to build a low profile device with little weight for calibrations Better for HK Prototype than standard DT Lower target voltage than standard DT generator means it may be possible to supply HV ex-situ and make a minimally invasive source Near the boundary of most reasonably priced feed-throughs Potential Safety issues Anticipated cost is somewhat cheap : O(3000) $US per neutristor Hopefully cheaper if proven useful for medical applications A vendor is currently working to market the device for commercial applications The time scale is somewhat uncertain: Currently securing investment capital Most likely available on the timescale of the HK prototype, maybe sooner

12 The Down-sides Currently only low intensity devices have been tested, so calibration using 16 O(n,p) 16 N, which is only about 1% efficient will be hard to impossible Shot rate is currently too low for this application Inventor works for a national lab Cannot directly sell to outside groups so no prototype to play with yet Some arrangements can potentially be made through Universities with connections to the laboratory (?) However, fabrication of the device seems relatively straight-forward Possible to fabricate using a Deuterium target and avoid issues related to Tritium exportation Additionally other, slightly larger D-D based sources can be built with more traditional means (Now under study)

13 Neutristor : The Device Accelerator HV Bias (-) Substrate for ion lens and source Target Surface Layer Accelerator HV Bias (+) Ion source structure (9) Ion lens Relatively detailed information on the device s construction is available in the literature Device dimensions as well as film deposition techniques are documented Fabrication techniques are standard

14 Summary Considerations for neutron based calibrations are now underway Potential application and testing EGADS, Super-Kamiokande Hyper-K Prototype detector Hyper-Kamiokande The Neutristor seems promising particularly as it is likely to be simple to operates and cheap Access to a prototype for testing is needed to really flesh out the idea An application for funding to pursue ideas for neutron generators has been submitted (decision by ) Other techniques (D-D generator, Nano-tip acceleration, etc.) are being considered Of course your thoughts and ideas are appreciated

15 Supplements

16 Neutristor : Simulations +X Ion Lens Substrate Layer Target Layer Substrate Layer Target +Z +Z Simulations guide the production process Size dominated by electric field shape : higher target voltage (more n) means larger device Possible in principal

17

18 SK-IV AmBe BGO Preliminary

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