Modeling. Transition between the TF to SS and SS to TF will also be discussed.

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1 Modeling This lecture we will consentrate on how to do system modeling based on two commonly used techniques In frequency domain using Transfer Function (TF) representation In time domain via using State Space representation Transition between the TF to SS and SS to TF will also be discussed.

2 Transfer Function Representation Transfer functions is an Input/Output approach for system modelling In Laplace Domain this becomes where Relating the output to the input is called the transfer function of the system

3 Transfer Function (TF) For the differential equation of the form the transfer function is Note that transfer function is obtained by assuming that all the initial conditions are zero Roots of the numerator of Roots of the denominator of are the zeros of are the poles of

4 TF Models of Physical Systems Electrical Systems

5 Electrical Systems Back to the basic example of RLC circuit Time Domain Laplace Domain

6 Electrical System After some mathematical manipulatons That is

7 2-Loop Electrical System Find the relation between the input voltage and the voltage across the capacitor

8 2-Loop Electrical System System in Laplace domain (1) (2)

9 2-Loop Electrical System Solve for with respect to from the mesh equation (1) and replace it in the output equation (2) Transfer function is then

10 Important Note Becarefull The approach : Loop1 Loop2 will not work... WHY??

11 3-loop example Find the input output realtion for the given circuit

12 3-loop electrical system Mesh equation : Output equation : Solve the mesh equation for equation then insert it in the output

13 Mechanical Systems

14 Mechanical Systems

15 Mechanical System Example An easy mass spring damper system Time domain Laplace (frequency) domain

16 Mechanical Systems Find the input output relationship of the system EOM (equations of motion) in s-domain (1) (2)

17 Mechanical Systems Use (1) to find a realtionship between and Then insert this into (2) to obtain The transfer function is then

18 Rotating Drive System Relationship between and EOM in s-domain The rest is similar to our previous electrical system example

19 Electromechanical System DC motor, relationship between input voltage and motor's rotational position Note that:

20 Electromechanical System The EOM of the system in s-domain inserting for the voltage across the motor and the motor torque Rest is mathematical manipulations

21 State Space Representation We start with a similar example The differential equation representing the system is and the system output is the position

22 State Space Representation Define the states as Taking the time derivative of system equation yields and inserting for the which can be written in vector form as

23 State Space Representation In a more general form For our special case

24 So What? What have we gained? We were able to represent a high order scalar differential equation with a first order, but in matrix form, differential eqaution. Solution should be much more easier but requires linear algebra knowledge as well. Can we somehow go back to Transfer function representation? Lets give a try

25 Converting from SS to TF Start from Apply Laplace Trasfromation, omit initial conditions, to obtain Now rearrange since The transfer function representation can be obtained as

26 Back to our Example For our special case

27 Converting from TF to SS * Consider the transfer function of the form which is assumed to be strictly proper. That is Rearrange the transfer function to have the following form V 's are the states where : State Eq : Output Eq

28 Converting from TF to SS This enables us to write the matrix eqaution and the output equation as

29 Example Consider the case n = 3 then In matrix form

30 Block Diagram Representation Note that the block diagram representation of the previous example which was converted to aside from conversion to SS this also enables us to form the following equivalent block diagram representation

31 Block Diagram Representation

32 Solution of State Equations (1) Solution by Laplace Transform start from Using Laplace Transform obtain where is called Resolvent Matrix is the State Transition Matrix

33 Solution of State Equations Observe that and since we can rewrite the solution for as follows

34 Example Consider the system of the form calculate the output response to unit step input when the initial conditions are given as

35 Example Solution : start from then solution of the states are

36 Example (cont.) Taking inverse Laplace Transform yields Alternatively, Then we can directly calculate

37 Example (still cont..) First simplify the evaluate the integral the result is then

38 Solution of State Equations (2) Formal (Classical) Solution of State Equation Take the scalar case rearrange to have multiply both sides by integrate both sides

39 Solution of State Equations Multiply each side by to obtain which in matrix form would have been or

40 State Transition Matrix Some of the usefull Properties of the State Transition Matrix as as

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