friction friction a-b slow fast increases during sliding

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "friction friction a-b slow fast increases during sliding"

Transcription

1 µ increases during sliding faster sliding --> stronger fault --> slows sliding leads to stable slip: no earthquakes can start velocity-strengthening friction slow fast µ velocity-strengthening friction distance of slip µ decreases during sliding: instability may be possible velocity weakening or slip weakening Slip-weakening Velocity-weakening friction µ s µ d hold slide friction slow fast a-b

2 With velocity-weakening or slip-weakening friction: fault eventually does stop sliding (stick-slip, Friday) fault is still not always unstable ---> you saw this with one case on Friday - which one? Slip-weakening Velocity-weakening slip may occur if τ µ s σ n slip may occur if τ µ s σ n friction µ s µ d friction hold slide slow fast Only velocity-weakening friction addresses how the fault recovers its frictional strength between earthquakes friction coefficient a-b slow fast (earthquake) slow again is the distance over which steady-state friction is re-established at the new sliding velocity

3 Spring-slider activity: slip stopped because... Today: a closer look at the conditions leading to instability, and why the earthquake ends. This is a battle between the shear force pulling the block and the friction force resisting it τ A = k x = F spring σ n A µ = N µ = F friction =

4 Before the block started to slide... displacement Spring spring is stretching Frictional force (-) Block constant static frictional force displacement block not moving displacement of this point to the right to the right = + x direction Now block sliding begins... assume slip weakening friction block displacement sliding starts sliding ends block displacement Frictional force (-) sliding starts sliding ends block is sliding displacement of block to the right spring is shortening to the right = + x direction

5 Redraw this with absolute values of forces so the lines cross where friction force = spring force forces are equal here: shear stress = Coulomb failure stress elastic force (+), which pulls to the right, is decreasing friction force (-) which resists block sliding, initially decreases then stays constant forces are equal here elastic force (+), exceeds friction here, so Block accelerates. Oh no. Now there is an inertial force too! frictional and elastic forces are equal here... but there s still that new inertial (F = ma) force! friction force (-) is larger than the elastic force here, so block slows down. eventually the block velocity slows to zero. The spring will now start to stretch again, setting up the next earthquake. fault is healing and µ increases as slip slows and asperity contacts age (for RS friction) (block not moving)

6 slope = σ n µ s σ n µ d ) From Scholz, 1998 slope = -k slope = σ n (µ s µ d ) For velocityweakening friction: slope = (a b)σ n (block not moving) Instability happens if friction decrease during sliding is steeper than elastic force decrease... Instability if k < σ n(b a)

7 Instability happens if friction decrease during sliding is steeper than elastic force decrease... Instability if k < σ n(b a) stiff spring? high normal stress? Friday, what happened in the stiff spring experiment? weak spring? stiff spring big k weak spring small k low normal stress? Instability happens if friction decrease during sliding is steeper than elastic force decrease... Instability if k < σ n(b a) stiff spring? high normal stress? weak spring? low normal stress? high normal stress low normal stress

8 What about those big earthquakes you made by adding weight to the block? high normal stress (added a weight) no change to the spring stiffness (same old spring) sliding stops your other earthquakes on Friday d1 d2 sliding stops high normal stress. bigger friction force drop over distance. bigger earthquake! What does this mean in the Earth? and (a-b) : from lab experiments σ n : from (approx.) ρgh k < σ n(b a) k?... this needs to relate slip to elastic stress decrease along a slipping patch of the fault Equation for stiffness k for a small, elliptical crack is: k = G (1 ν)l G ν L = shear modulus = Poisson!s ratio = length of slipping area

9 k < σ n(b a) G (1 ν)l > σ n(b a) < k G ν L (b a) σ n = crack stiffness = shear modulus = Poisson!s ratio = length of slipping area = friction weakening parameter = normal stress = friction weakening distance G L > (1 ν)(b a)σ n This tells us that the slipping patch of fault must be bigger than a critical size to go unstable, even for a velocity weakening fault The slipping patch of fault must be bigger than a critical size to go unstable Determine the minimum earthquake size (magnitude and moment) assuming: G=30 GPa, normal stress = 50 MPa, b-a = 0.01, = 0.25, and = 10-4 m. ν L > G (1 ν)(b a)σ n Get L and then get moment and moment magnitude using equations from Feb 23 notes. Assume offset (slip) is 0.01 times L.

Friction can increase with hold time. This happens through growth and increasing shear strength of contacts ( asperities ).

Friction can increase with hold time. This happens through growth and increasing shear strength of contacts ( asperities ). Friction can increase with hold time. This happens through growth and increasing shear strength of contacts ( asperities ). If sliding speeds up, the average lifespan of asperities decreases This means

More information

Two ways to think about the dynamics of earthquake ruptures

Two ways to think about the dynamics of earthquake ruptures Two ways to think about the dynamics of earthquake ruptures (1) In terms of friction (2) In terms of fracture mechanics Scholz describes conditions for rupture propagation (i.e. instability) via energy

More information

Afterslip, slow earthquakes and aftershocks: Modeling using the rate & state friction law

Afterslip, slow earthquakes and aftershocks: Modeling using the rate & state friction law Afterslip, slow earthquakes and aftershocks: Modeling using the rate & state friction law Agnès Helmstetter (LGIT Grenoble) and Bruce Shaw (LDE0 Columbia Univ) Days after Nias earthquake Cumulative number

More information

Friction Constitutive Laws and. The Mechanics of Slow Earthquakes and the Spectrum of Fault Slip Behaviors

Friction Constitutive Laws and. The Mechanics of Slow Earthquakes and the Spectrum of Fault Slip Behaviors Friction Constitutive Laws and. The Mechanics of Slow Earthquakes and the Spectrum of Fault Slip Behaviors Chris Marone, The Pennsylvania State University John Leeman, Marco Scuderi, Elisa Tinti, Cristiano

More information

When you are standing on a flat surface, what is the normal stress you exert on the ground? What is the shear stress?

When you are standing on a flat surface, what is the normal stress you exert on the ground? What is the shear stress? When you are standing on a flat surface, what is the normal stress you exert on the ground? What is the shear stress? How could you exert a non-zero shear stress on the ground? Hydrostatic Pressure (fluids)

More information

Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting

Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting www.geosc.psu.edu/courses/geosc508 Overview Milestones in continuum mechanics Concepts of modulus and stiffness. Stress-strain relations Elasticity Surface and body

More information

Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting

Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting Lecture 16, 9 Nov. 2017 www.geosc.psu.edu/courses/geosc508 Energy Balance of dynamic rupture Crack tip stress field Frictional Rupture Fronts Meet in the lab (522

More information

Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting

Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting Lecture 9, 21 Sep. 2017 www.geosc.psu.edu/courses/geosc508 Rate and State Friction Velocity step test to measure RSF parameters SHS test to measure RSF parameters

More information

Friction. Why friction? Because slip on faults is resisted by frictional forces.

Friction. Why friction? Because slip on faults is resisted by frictional forces. Friction Why friction? Because slip on faults is resisted by frictional forces. We first describe the results of laboratory friction experiments, and then discuss the implications of the friction constitutive

More information

D : SOLID MECHANICS. Q. 1 Q. 9 carry one mark each. Q.1 Find the force (in kn) in the member BH of the truss shown.

D : SOLID MECHANICS. Q. 1 Q. 9 carry one mark each. Q.1 Find the force (in kn) in the member BH of the truss shown. D : SOLID MECHANICS Q. 1 Q. 9 carry one mark each. Q.1 Find the force (in kn) in the member BH of the truss shown. Q.2 Consider the forces of magnitude F acting on the sides of the regular hexagon having

More information

Brittle Deformation. Earth Structure (2 nd Edition), 2004 W.W. Norton & Co, New York Slide show by Ben van der Pluijm

Brittle Deformation. Earth Structure (2 nd Edition), 2004 W.W. Norton & Co, New York Slide show by Ben van der Pluijm Lecture 6 Brittle Deformation Earth Structure (2 nd Edition), 2004 W.W. Norton & Co, New York Slide show by Ben van der Pluijm WW Norton, unless noted otherwise Brittle deformation EarthStructure (2 nd

More information

Rock and fluid thermodynamics control the dynamics of induced earthquakes

Rock and fluid thermodynamics control the dynamics of induced earthquakes Rock and fluid thermodynamics control the dynamics of induced earthquakes M. Acosta, F. Passelègue, A. Schubnel et M. Violay (mateo.acosta@epfl.ch) Context Induced Seismicity in Enhanced Geothermal Systems

More information

The Frictional Regime

The Frictional Regime The Frictional Regime Processes in Structural Geology & Tectonics Ben van der Pluijm WW Norton+Authors, unless noted otherwise 1/25/2016 10:08 AM We Discuss The Frictional Regime Processes of Brittle Deformation

More information

Source parameters II. Stress drop determination Energy balance Seismic energy and seismic efficiency The heat flow paradox Apparent stress drop

Source parameters II. Stress drop determination Energy balance Seismic energy and seismic efficiency The heat flow paradox Apparent stress drop Source parameters II Stress drop determination Energy balance Seismic energy and seismic efficiency The heat flow paradox Apparent stress drop Source parameters II: use of empirical Green function for

More information

Seismic and aseismic processes in elastodynamic simulations of spontaneous fault slip

Seismic and aseismic processes in elastodynamic simulations of spontaneous fault slip Seismic and aseismic processes in elastodynamic simulations of spontaneous fault slip Most earthquake simulations study either one large seismic event with full inertial effects or long-term slip history

More information

Normal stress causes normal strain σ 22

Normal stress causes normal strain σ 22 Normal stress causes normal strain blue box = before yellow box = after x 2 = Eɛ 22 ɛ 22 = E x 3 x 1 force is acting on the x2 face force is acting in the x2 direction Why do I draw this with equal stresses

More information

On the nucleation of creep and the interaction between creep and seismic slip on rate- and state-dependent faults

On the nucleation of creep and the interaction between creep and seismic slip on rate- and state-dependent faults Click Here for Full Article GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 34, L15303, doi:10.1029/2007gl030337, 2007 On the nucleation of creep and the interaction between creep and seismic slip on rate- and state-dependent

More information

Megathrust Earthquakes

Megathrust Earthquakes Megathrust Earthquakes Susan Schwartz University of California Santa Cruz CIDER 2017 UC Berkeley July 5, 2017 The largest megathrust events are not uniformally distributed at all subduction zones. M>8

More information

JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL.???, XXXX, DOI: /, J.-P. Ampuero, Institute of Geophysics, Seismology and Geodynamics ETH Honggerberg

JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL.???, XXXX, DOI: /, J.-P. Ampuero, Institute of Geophysics, Seismology and Geodynamics ETH Honggerberg JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL.???, XXXX, DOI:10.1029/, 1 2 Earthquake nucleation on rate and state faults Aging and slip laws Jean-Paul Ampuero 3 Institute of Geophysics, ETH Zurich, Switzerland

More information

Earthquake nucleation. Pablo Ampuero Caltech Seismolab

Earthquake nucleation. Pablo Ampuero Caltech Seismolab Earthquake nucleation Pablo Ampuero Caltech Seismolab How do earthquakes start? Do small and large earthquakes start differently? Predictive value of earthquake onset and foreshock sequences? Seismological

More information

Variability of earthquake nucleation in continuum models of rate-and-state faults and implications for aftershock rates

Variability of earthquake nucleation in continuum models of rate-and-state faults and implications for aftershock rates Click Here for Full Article JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 113,, doi:10.1029/2007jb005154, 2008 Variability of earthquake nucleation in continuum models of rate-and-state faults and implications

More information

Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting

Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting www.geosc.psu.edu/courses/geosc508 Surface and body forces Tensors, Mohr circles. Theoretical strength of materials Defects Stress concentrations Griffith failure

More information

Question 13.1a Harmonic Motion I

Question 13.1a Harmonic Motion I Question 13.1a Harmonic Motion I A mass on a spring in SHM has a) 0 amplitude A and period T. What b) A/2 is the total distance traveled by c) A the mass after a time interval T? d) 2A e) 4A Question 13.1a

More information

Instabilities and Dynamic Rupture in a Frictional Interface

Instabilities and Dynamic Rupture in a Frictional Interface Instabilities and Dynamic Rupture in a Frictional Interface Laurent BAILLET LGIT (Laboratoire de Géophysique Interne et Tectonophysique) Grenoble France laurent.baillet@ujf-grenoble.fr http://www-lgit.obs.ujf-grenoble.fr/users/lbaillet/

More information

Welcome back to Physics 211

Welcome back to Physics 211 Welcome back to Physics 211 Today s agenda: Weight Friction Tension 07-1 1 Current assignments Thursday prelecture assignment. HW#7 due this Friday at 5 pm. 07-1 2 Summary To solve problems in mechanics,

More information

Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting

Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting www.geosc.psu.edu/courses/geosc508 Standard Solids and Fracture Fluids: Mechanical, Chemical Effects Effective Stress Dilatancy Hardening and Stability Mead, 1925

More information

Read & Learn Earthquakes & Faults

Read & Learn Earthquakes & Faults Read Earthquakes & Faults Read the provided article. Use the information in the reading to answer the questions on the task cards on your answer sheet. Make sure your answers are in the correct spot on

More information

Lecture 9 faults, folds and mountain building

Lecture 9 faults, folds and mountain building Lecture 9 faults, folds and mountain building Rock deformation Deformation = all changes in size, shape, orientation, or position of a rock mass Structural geology is the study of rock deformation Deformation

More information

Today (Mon Feb 27): Key concepts are. (1) how to make an earthquake: what conditions must be met? (above and beyond the EOSC 110 version)

Today (Mon Feb 27): Key concepts are. (1) how to make an earthquake: what conditions must be met? (above and beyond the EOSC 110 version) Today (Mon Feb 27): Key concepts are (1) how to make an earthquake: what conditions must be met? (above and beyond the EOSC 110 version) (2) strain (matrix: cannot be represented as a scalar or a vector

More information

Effect of buttress on reduction of rock slope sliding along geological boundary

Effect of buttress on reduction of rock slope sliding along geological boundary Paper No. 20 ISMS 2016 Effect of buttress on reduction of rock slope sliding along geological boundary Ryota MORIYA *, Daisuke FUKUDA, Jun-ichi KODAMA, Yoshiaki FUJII Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University,

More information

Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting

Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting Lectures & 3, 9/31 Aug 017 www.geosc.psu.edu/courses/geosc508 Discussion of Handin, JGR, 1969 and Chapter 1 Scholz, 00. Stress analysis and Mohr Circles Coulomb Failure

More information

Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting

Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting Lecture 20, 30 Nov. 2017 www.geosc.psu.edu/courses/geosc508 Seismic Spectra & Earthquake Scaling laws. Seismic Spectra & Earthquake Scaling laws. Aki, Scaling law

More information

Tectonics. Lecture 12 Earthquake Faulting GNH7/GG09/GEOL4002 EARTHQUAKE SEISMOLOGY AND EARTHQUAKE HAZARD

Tectonics. Lecture 12 Earthquake Faulting GNH7/GG09/GEOL4002 EARTHQUAKE SEISMOLOGY AND EARTHQUAKE HAZARD Tectonics Lecture 12 Earthquake Faulting Plane strain 3 Strain occurs only in a plane. In the third direction strain is zero. 1 ε 2 = 0 3 2 Assumption of plane strain for faulting e.g., reverse fault:

More information

On rate-state and Coulomb failure models

On rate-state and Coulomb failure models JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 105, NO. B4, PAGES 7857 7871, APRIL 10, 2000 On rate-state and Coulomb failure models J. Gomberg U.S. Geological Survey, Center for Earthquake Research and Information,

More information

Mechanical Properties of Materials

Mechanical Properties of Materials Mechanical Properties of Materials Strains Material Model Stresses Learning objectives Understand the qualitative and quantitative description of mechanical properties of materials. Learn the logic of

More information

Lecture 20: Slow Slip Events and Stress Transfer. GEOS 655 Tectonic Geodesy Jeff Freymueller

Lecture 20: Slow Slip Events and Stress Transfer. GEOS 655 Tectonic Geodesy Jeff Freymueller Lecture 20: Slow Slip Events and Stress Transfer GEOS 655 Tectonic Geodesy Jeff Freymueller Slow Slip Events From Kristine Larson What is a Slow Slip Event? Slip on a fault, like in an earthquake, BUT

More information

Numerical simulation of seismic cycles at a subduction zone with a laboratory-derived friction law

Numerical simulation of seismic cycles at a subduction zone with a laboratory-derived friction law Numerical simulation of seismic cycles at a subduction zone with a laboratory-derived friction law Naoyuki Kato (1), Kazuro Hirahara (2) and Mikio Iizuka (3) (1) Earthquake Research Institute, University

More information

1 How and Where Earthquakes Happen

1 How and Where Earthquakes Happen CHAPTER 12 1 How and Where Earthquakes Happen SECTION Earthquakes KEY IDEAS As you read this section, keep these questions in mind: What is elastic rebound? What are the similarities and differences between

More information

Sabah Shawkat Cabinet of Structural Engineering Walls carrying vertical loads should be designed as columns. Basically walls are designed in

Sabah Shawkat Cabinet of Structural Engineering Walls carrying vertical loads should be designed as columns. Basically walls are designed in Sabah Shawkat Cabinet of Structural Engineering 17 3.6 Shear walls Walls carrying vertical loads should be designed as columns. Basically walls are designed in the same manner as columns, but there are

More information

The science of elasticity

The science of elasticity The science of elasticity In 1676 Hooke realized that 1.Every kind of solid changes shape when a mechanical force acts on it. 2.It is this change of shape which enables the solid to supply the reaction

More information

Chapter 6 Applications of Newton s Laws. Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 6 Applications of Newton s Laws. Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 6 Applications of Newton s Laws Units of Chapter 6 Frictional Forces Strings and Springs Translational Equilibrium Connected Objects Circular Motion 6-1 Frictional Forces Friction has its basis

More information

on the earthquake's strength. The Richter scale is a rating of an earthquake s magnitude based on the size of the

on the earthquake's strength. The Richter scale is a rating of an earthquake s magnitude based on the size of the Earthquakes and Seismic Waves An earthquake is the shaking and trembling that results from the movement of rock beneath Earth's surface. The point beneath Earth s surface where rock under stress breaks

More information

Module 5: Failure Criteria of Rock and Rock masses. Contents Hydrostatic compression Deviatoric compression

Module 5: Failure Criteria of Rock and Rock masses. Contents Hydrostatic compression Deviatoric compression FAILURE CRITERIA OF ROCK AND ROCK MASSES Contents 5.1 Failure in rocks 5.1.1 Hydrostatic compression 5.1.2 Deviatoric compression 5.1.3 Effect of confining pressure 5.2 Failure modes in rocks 5.3 Complete

More information

Energy Analysis of a Mass Oscillating on a Spring Masses and Springs Simulation

Energy Analysis of a Mass Oscillating on a Spring Masses and Springs Simulation Energy Analysis of a Mass Oscillating on a Spring Masses and Springs Simulation Using FIREFOX only, go to http://www.colorado.edu/physics/phet (or Google phet ) Click on Simulations, then Masses and Springs

More information

Chapter 12. Static Equilibrium and Elasticity

Chapter 12. Static Equilibrium and Elasticity Chapter 12 Static Equilibrium and Elasticity Static Equilibrium Equilibrium implies that the object moves with both constant velocity and constant angular velocity relative to an observer in an inertial

More information

Earthquakes and Seismotectonics Chapter 5

Earthquakes and Seismotectonics Chapter 5 Earthquakes and Seismotectonics Chapter 5 What Creates Earthquakes? The term Earthquake is ambiguous: Applies to general shaking of the ground and to the source of the shaking We will talk about both,

More information

Seismic Efficiency, Overshoot and Enhanced Dynamic Weaking of Fractures Associated with Stimulation in Heavy Oil Reservoirs

Seismic Efficiency, Overshoot and Enhanced Dynamic Weaking of Fractures Associated with Stimulation in Heavy Oil Reservoirs Seismic Efficiency, Overshoot and Enhanced Dynamic Weaking of Fractures Associated with Stimulation in Heavy Oil Reservoirs Lindsey N. Meighan, Ted Urbancic and Adam Baig ESG, Kingston, Ontario Summary

More information

Does Aftershock Duration Scale With Mainshock Size?

Does Aftershock Duration Scale With Mainshock Size? GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL.???, NO., PAGES 1 16, Does Aftershock Duration Scale With Mainshock Size? A. Ziv A. Ziv, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel. (e-mail: zival@bgu.ac.il)

More information

Unit 2 Kinematics Worksheet 1: Position vs. Time and Velocity vs. Time Graphs

Unit 2 Kinematics Worksheet 1: Position vs. Time and Velocity vs. Time Graphs Name Physics Honors Pd Date Unit 2 Kinematics Worksheet 1: Position vs. Time and Velocity vs. Time Graphs Sketch velocity vs. time graphs corresponding to the following descriptions of the motion of an

More information

Rate and State Friction and the Modeling of Aseismic Slip

Rate and State Friction and the Modeling of Aseismic Slip Rate and State Friction and the Modeling of Aseismic Slip Hugo Perfettini 1,2 1 : Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) 2 : Institut des Sciences de la Terre (ISTerre) Characteristics of Afterslip

More information

Transition from stick-slip to stable sliding: the crucial effect of asperities

Transition from stick-slip to stable sliding: the crucial effect of asperities Transition from stick-slip to stable sliding: the crucial effect of asperities Strasbourg, 15 Nov. 2007 François Renard LGCA, CNRS-OSUG, University of Grenoble, France PGP, University of Oslo, Norway Collaborators:

More information

EXPERIMENT 11 The Spring Hooke s Law and Oscillations

EXPERIMENT 11 The Spring Hooke s Law and Oscillations Objectives EXPERIMENT 11 The Spring Hooke s Law and Oscillations To investigate how a spring behaves when it is stretched under the influence of an external force. To verify that this behavior is accurately

More information

Friction in Rocks Assigned Reading: {Marone, 1998 #3905; Chapter 8 in \Paterson, 2005 #5865} Resource reading: {Scholz, 1990 #4288; Ruina, 1985 #1586}

Friction in Rocks Assigned Reading: {Marone, 1998 #3905; Chapter 8 in \Paterson, 2005 #5865} Resource reading: {Scholz, 1990 #4288; Ruina, 1985 #1586} 12.524, 2005 09 28 LE04: Friction and Constitutive Laws 1 Friction in Rocks Assigned Reading: {Marone, 1998 #3905; Chapter 8 in \Paterson, 2005 #5865} Resource reading: {Scholz, 1990 #4288; Ruina, 1985

More information

Chapter 2: Rock Friction. Jyr-Ching Hu, Dept. Geosciences National Taiwan University

Chapter 2: Rock Friction. Jyr-Ching Hu, Dept. Geosciences National Taiwan University Chapter 2: Rock Friction Jyr-Ching Hu, Dept. Geosciences National Taiwan University Rock Friction Scholz, Christopher H., 1998. Earthquakes and Friction Laws. Nature. 1. Constitutive law of rock friction

More information

Use a highlighter to mark the most important parts, or the parts. you want to remember in the background information.

Use a highlighter to mark the most important parts, or the parts. you want to remember in the background information. P a g e 1 Name A Fault Model Purpose: To explore the types of faults and how they affect the geosphere Background Information: A fault is an area of stress in the earth where broken rocks slide past each

More information

Title of Lesson: Can All Things Stretch? RET Project Connection: Failure Modes of Lightweight Sandwich Structures

Title of Lesson: Can All Things Stretch? RET Project Connection: Failure Modes of Lightweight Sandwich Structures Title of Lesson: Can All Things Stretch? RET Project Connection: Failure Modes of Lightweight Sandwich Structures RET Teacher: Michael Wall School: Andover High School Town/District: Andover Public Schools

More information

} based on composition

} based on composition Learning goals: Predict types of earthquakes that will happen at different plate boundaries based on relative plate motion vector vs. strike (vector subtraction) Understand interseismic and coseismic deformation,

More information

Numerical modeling of sliding contact

Numerical modeling of sliding contact Numerical modeling of sliding contact J.F. Molinari 1) Atomistic modeling of sliding contact; P. Spijker, G. Anciaux 2) Continuum modeling; D. Kammer, V. Yastrebov, P. Spijker pj ICTP/FANAS Conference

More information

Material is perfectly elastic until it undergoes brittle fracture when applied stress reaches σ f

Material is perfectly elastic until it undergoes brittle fracture when applied stress reaches σ f Material is perfectly elastic until it undergoes brittle fracture when applied stress reaches σ f Material undergoes plastic deformation when stress exceeds yield stress σ 0 Permanent strain results from

More information

Modeling Approaches That Reproduce a Range of Fault Slip Behaviors: What We Have and What We Need Nadia Lapusta. California Institute of Technology

Modeling Approaches That Reproduce a Range of Fault Slip Behaviors: What We Have and What We Need Nadia Lapusta. California Institute of Technology Modeling Approaches That Reproduce a Range of Fault Slip Behaviors: What We Have and What We Need Nadia Lapusta California Institute of Technology Modeling Approaches That Reproduce a Range of Fault Slip

More information

Introduction Faults blind attitude strike dip

Introduction Faults blind attitude strike dip Chapter 5 Faults by G.H. Girty, Department of Geological Sciences, San Diego State University Page 1 Introduction Faults are surfaces across which Earth material has lost cohesion and across which there

More information

Stress-Strain Behavior

Stress-Strain Behavior Stress-Strain Behavior 6.3 A specimen of aluminum having a rectangular cross section 10 mm 1.7 mm (0.4 in. 0.5 in.) is pulled in tension with 35,500 N (8000 lb f ) force, producing only elastic deformation.

More information

Modeling Mechanical Systems

Modeling Mechanical Systems Modeling Mechanical Systems Mechanical systems can be either translational or rotational. Although the fundamental relationships for both types are derived from Newton s law, they are different enough

More information

Caution! Stick-slip motion should not be confused with strike-slip motions along lateral faults.

Caution! Stick-slip motion should not be confused with strike-slip motions along lateral faults. Lesson 5: Earthquake Machine As concluded in Lesson 4, earthquakes are associated with displacements on faults. Faults lock and a displacement occurs when the stress across the fault builds up to a sufficient

More information

Laboratory 7 Measurement on Strain & Force. Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering University of California, San Diego MAE170

Laboratory 7 Measurement on Strain & Force. Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering University of California, San Diego MAE170 Laboratory 7 Measurement on Strain & Force Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering University of California, San Diego MAE170 Megan Ong Diana Wu Wong B01 Tuesday 11am May 17 th, 2015 Abstract:

More information

20.1 Earthquakes. Chapter 20 EARTHQUAKES AND VOLCANOES. Earthquakes and plate boundaries 500 UNIT 6 EARTH S STRUCTURE

20.1 Earthquakes. Chapter 20 EARTHQUAKES AND VOLCANOES. Earthquakes and plate boundaries 500 UNIT 6 EARTH S STRUCTURE Chapter 20 EARTHQUAKES AND VOLCANOES 20.1 Earthquakes In Chapter 19, you read about the San Andreas Fault, which lies along the California coast (Figure 20.1). This fault passes right through San Francisco

More information

Frictional rheologies have a wide range of applications in engineering

Frictional rheologies have a wide range of applications in engineering A liquid-crystal model for friction C. H. A. Cheng, L. H. Kellogg, S. Shkoller, and D. L. Turcotte Departments of Mathematics and Geology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 ; Contributed by D.

More information

Bending Load & Calibration Module

Bending Load & Calibration Module Bending Load & Calibration Module Objectives After completing this module, students shall be able to: 1) Conduct laboratory work to validate beam bending stress equations. 2) Develop an understanding of

More information

Lecture Presentation Chapter 8 Equilibrium and Elasticity

Lecture Presentation Chapter 8 Equilibrium and Elasticity Lecture Presentation Chapter 8 Equilibrium and Elasticity Suggested Videos for Chapter 8 Prelecture Videos Static Equilibrium Elasticity Video Tutor Solutions Equilibrium and Elasticity Class Videos Center

More information

Question 8.1 Sign of the Energy II

Question 8.1 Sign of the Energy II Question 8. Sign of the Energy II Is it possible for the gravitational potential energy of an object to be negative? a) yes b) no Question 8. Sign of the Energy II Is it possible for the gravitational

More information

Heterogeneous Coulomb stress perturbation during earthquake cycles in a 3D rate-and-state fault model

Heterogeneous Coulomb stress perturbation during earthquake cycles in a 3D rate-and-state fault model Click Here for Full Article GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 35, L21306, doi:10.1029/2008gl035614, 2008 Heterogeneous Coulomb stress perturbation during earthquake cycles in a 3D rate-and-state fault

More information

Srivatsan Hulikal, Nadia Lapusta, and Kaushik Bhattacharya

Srivatsan Hulikal, Nadia Lapusta, and Kaushik Bhattacharya Static and sliding contact of rough surfaces: effect of asperity-scale properties and long-range elastic interactions arxiv:8.38v [cond-mat.soft] 9 Nov 8 Srivatsan Hulikal, Nadia Lapusta, and Kaushik Bhattacharya

More information

Earthquake nucleation on rate and state faults Aging and slip laws

Earthquake nucleation on rate and state faults Aging and slip laws JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 113,, doi:10.1029/2007jb005082, 2008 Earthquake nucleation on rate and state faults Aging and slip laws Jean-Paul Ampuero 1 and Allan M. Rubin 2 Received 30 March

More information

Potential and Kinetic Energy: Roller Coasters Student Version

Potential and Kinetic Energy: Roller Coasters Student Version Potential and Kinetic Energy: Roller Coasters Student Version Key Concepts: Energy is the ability of a system or object to perform work. It exists in various forms. Potential energy is the energy an object

More information

Shear Rupture of Massive Brittle Rock under Constant Normal Stress and Stiffness Boundary Conditions

Shear Rupture of Massive Brittle Rock under Constant Normal Stress and Stiffness Boundary Conditions Thesis Summary October 2015 Shear Rupture of Massive Brittle Rock under Constant Normal Stress and Stiffness Boundary Conditions Abstract Robert Paul Bewick, Ph.D., P.Eng. Supervisors: Peter K Kaiser (recently

More information

earthquake virtual

earthquake virtual Activity: Elasticity of the crust Elasticity of the crust. The earth s crust is slightly elastic, it can be stretched or compressed. Without this elasticity all movements along faults would be slow and

More information

Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting

Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting Lecture 18, 16 Nov. 2017 www.geosc.psu.edu/courses/geosc508 Earthquake Magnitude and Moment Brune Stress Drop Seismic Spectra & Earthquake Scaling laws Scaling and

More information

Numerical study on multi-scaling earthquake rupture

Numerical study on multi-scaling earthquake rupture GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 31, L266, doi:1.129/23gl1878, 24 Numerical study on multi-scaling earthquake rupture Hideo Aochi Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, France Satoshi Ide

More information

Elastoplastic Deformation in a Wedge-Shaped Plate Caused By a Subducting Seamount

Elastoplastic Deformation in a Wedge-Shaped Plate Caused By a Subducting Seamount Elastoplastic Deformation in a Wedge-Shaped Plate Caused By a Subducting Seamount Min Ding* 1, and Jian Lin 2 1 MIT/WHOI Joint Program, 2 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution *Woods Hole Oceanographic

More information

Application Note #3413

Application Note #3413 Application Note #3413 Manual Tuning Methods Tuning the controller seems to be a difficult task to some users; however, after getting familiar with the theories and tricks behind it, one might find the

More information

Data Repository Hampel et al., page 1/5

Data Repository Hampel et al., page 1/5 GSA DATA REPOSITORY 2138 Data Repositor Hampel et al., page 1/5 SETUP OF THE FINITE-ELEMENT MODEL The finite-element models were created with the software ABAQUS and consist of a 1-km-thick lithosphere,

More information

Newton and Real Life. Newton and Real Life 9/13/12. Friction, Springs and Scales. Summary

Newton and Real Life. Newton and Real Life 9/13/12. Friction, Springs and Scales. Summary Friction, s and Scales Summary Last Net force - Terminal velocity (- Car Crashes) Day 6: Friction s Where shoes make a difference Reminders: Homework 3 due Monday No HW or new reading net week! Review

More information

A review of friction laws and their application for simulation of microseismicity prior to hydraulic fracturing

A review of friction laws and their application for simulation of microseismicity prior to hydraulic fracturing A review of friction laws and their application for simulation of microseismicity prior to hydraulic fracturing Jiyang Ye, Mirko Van Der Baan (Email: jiyang1@ualberta.ca, Mirko.VanderBaan@ualberta.ca)

More information

Static Equilibrium; Elasticity & Fracture

Static Equilibrium; Elasticity & Fracture Static Equilibrium; Elasticity & Fracture The Conditions for Equilibrium Statics is concerned with the calculation of the forces acting on and within structures that are in equilibrium. An object with

More information

Actually, no perfectly frictionless surface exists. For two surfaces in contact, tangential forces, called friction forces, will develop if one

Actually, no perfectly frictionless surface exists. For two surfaces in contact, tangential forces, called friction forces, will develop if one Chapter 8 Friction Actually, no perfectly frictionless surface exists. For two surfaces in contact, tangential forces, called friction forces, will develop if one attempts to move one relative to the other.

More information

Structural Metals Lab 1.2. Torsion Testing of Structural Metals. Standards ASTM E143: Shear Modulus at Room Temperature

Structural Metals Lab 1.2. Torsion Testing of Structural Metals. Standards ASTM E143: Shear Modulus at Room Temperature Torsion Testing of Structural Metals Standards ASTM E143: Shear Modulus at Room Temperature Purpose To determine the shear modulus of structural metals Equipment Tinius-Olsen Lo-Torq Torsion Machine (figure

More information

The Spring: Hooke s Law and Oscillations

The Spring: Hooke s Law and Oscillations Experiment 9 The Spring: Hooke s Law and Oscillations 9.1 Objectives Investigate how a spring behaves when it is stretched under the influence of an external force. To verify that this behavior is accurately

More information

1.0. Shear Strength ( τ τ c )/ τ Fault Slip (w/d c ) Peak Strength (τp τ c)/ τ 0 1.2

1.0. Shear Strength ( τ τ c )/ τ Fault Slip (w/d c ) Peak Strength (τp τ c)/ τ 0 1.2 Evolution of contacting rock surfaces and a slip- and time-dependent fault constitutive law Hideo Aochi and Mitsuhiro Matsu'ura Department of Earth and Planetary Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

More information

Faults, folds and mountain building

Faults, folds and mountain building Faults, folds and mountain building Mountain belts Deformation Orogens (Oro = Greek all changes for mountain, in size, shape, genesis orientation, = Greek for or formation) position of a rock mass Structural

More information

AME COMPUTATIONAL MULTIBODY DYNAMICS. Friction and Contact-Impact

AME COMPUTATIONAL MULTIBODY DYNAMICS. Friction and Contact-Impact 1 Friction AME553 -- COMPUTATIONAL MULTIBODY DYNAMICS Friction and Contact-Impact Friction force may be imposed between contacting bodies to oppose their relative motion. Friction force can be a function

More information

Mechanical properties 1 Elastic behaviour of materials

Mechanical properties 1 Elastic behaviour of materials MME131: Lecture 13 Mechanical properties 1 Elastic behaviour of materials A. K. M. B. Rashid Professor, Department of MME BUET, Dhaka Today s Topics Deformation of material under the action of a mechanical

More information

Pushes and Pulls. Example- an apple falling on a tree exerts a downward force with a magnitude of about 1 newton.

Pushes and Pulls. Example- an apple falling on a tree exerts a downward force with a magnitude of about 1 newton. What are Forces? Pushes and Pulls Force- a push or pull that acts on an object. Forces make a moving object speed up, slow down, or change direction. Forces have both magnitude and direction. Magnitude

More information

Depth variation of coseismic stress drop explains bimodal earthquake magnitude-frequency distribution

Depth variation of coseismic stress drop explains bimodal earthquake magnitude-frequency distribution Click Here for Full Article GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 35, L24301, doi:10.1029/2008gl036249, 2008 Depth variation of coseismic stress drop explains bimodal earthquake magnitude-frequency distribution

More information

Review. Kinetic Energy Work Hooke s s Law Potential Energy Conservation of Energy Power 1/91

Review. Kinetic Energy Work Hooke s s Law Potential Energy Conservation of Energy Power 1/91 Review Kinetic Energy Work Hooke s s Law Potential Energy Conservation of Energy Power 1/91 The unit of work is the A. Newton B. Watt C. Joule D. Meter E. Second 2/91 The unit of work is the A. Newton

More information

Quiz 6. 1) The measure of the time between two peaks of a sine wave is called the. A) period B) wavelength C) amplitude.

Quiz 6. 1) The measure of the time between two peaks of a sine wave is called the. A) period B) wavelength C) amplitude. Quiz 6 1) The measure of the time between two peaks of a sine wave is called the A) period B) wavelength C) amplitude Amplitude (m) Motion of one point Time (s) Hint: look at the units of the axis. Quiz

More information

Materials: One of each of the following is needed: Cart Meter stick Pulley with clamp 70 cm string Motion Detector

Materials: One of each of the following is needed: Cart Meter stick Pulley with clamp 70 cm string Motion Detector Name Date Period Newton s Second Law: Net Force and Acceleration Procedures: Newton s second law describes a relationship between the net force acting on an object and the objects acceleration. In determining

More information

ConcepTest PowerPoints

ConcepTest PowerPoints ConcepTest PowerPoints Chapter 6 Physics: Principles with Applications, 6 th edition Giancoli 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for

More information

Earthquakes. Forces Within Eartth. Faults form when the forces acting on rock exceed the rock s strength.

Earthquakes. Forces Within Eartth. Faults form when the forces acting on rock exceed the rock s strength. Earthquakes Vocabulary: Stress Strain Elastic Deformation Plastic Deformation Fault Seismic Wave Primary Wave Secondary Wave Focus Epicenter Define stress and strain as they apply to rocks. Distinguish

More information

Unit 4 Lesson 7 Mountain Building

Unit 4 Lesson 7 Mountain Building Indiana Standards 7.2.4 Explain how convection currents in the mantle cause lithospheric plates to move causing fast changes like earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, and slow changes like creation of mountains

More information

Strength of Materials Prof S. K. Bhattacharya Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Lecture - 18 Torsion - I

Strength of Materials Prof S. K. Bhattacharya Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Lecture - 18 Torsion - I Strength of Materials Prof S. K. Bhattacharya Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Lecture - 18 Torsion - I Welcome to the first lesson of Module 4 which is on Torsion

More information