The Truncated Pentagonal Number Theorem
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1 The Truncated Pentagonal Number Theorem George E. Andrews Department of Mathematics The Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA USA Mircea Merca Doctoral School in Applied Mathematics University of Craiova Craiova, Romania Abstract A new expansion is given for partial sums of Euler s pentagonal number series. As a corollary we derive an infinite family of inequalities for the partition function, p(n). 1 Introduction In [3], the second author produced the fastest known algorithm for the generation of the partitions of n. The work required a proof of the following inequality: For n > 0 p(n) p(n 1) p(n 2) + p(n 5) 0, (1.1) where p(n) is the number of partitions of n [2]. Upon reflection, one expects that there might be an infinite family of such inequalities where (1.1) is the second entry, and the trivial inequality Partially supported by National Security Agency Grant p(n) p(n 1) 0 (1.2) 1
2 is the first. In this paper, we shall prove: Theorem 1. For k 1, 1 k 1 ( 1) j q j(3j+1)/2 (1 q 2j+1 ) = 1 + ( 1) k 1 where (A; q) n = (1 Aq j ) (1 Aq j+n ) q (k 2)+(k+1)n, k 1 = ( (1 A)(1 Aq) (1 Aq n 1 ) if n is a positive integer ) (1.3) and [ ] { A 0, if B < 0 or B > A = B otherwise. (q;q) A (q;q) B (q;q) A B, Corollary 1. For n > 0, k 1 ( 1) k 1 k 1 ( 1) j (p(n j(3j + 1)/2) p(n j(3j + 5)/2 1)) 0 (1.4) with strict inequality if n k(3k + 1)/2. We note that (1.1) is the case k = 2 and (1.2) is the case k = 1. In the final section of the paper, we note the relationship of this result to D. Shanks s formula for the truncated pentagonal number series [4]. 2 Proof of Theorem 1 Denote the left side of (1.3) by L k and the right side by R k. Clearly L 1 = 1 q 1 q 2n = = = R (q 2 1, (2.1) ; q) 2
3 where we have invoked [2, p. 19, eq. (2.25)]. Thus Theorem 1 is true when k = 1. It is immediate from the definition that L k+1 L k = ( 1)k q k(3k+1)/2 (1 q 2k+1 ). (2.2) On the other hand, for k > 1, we see by [2, p.35 eq.(3.3.4)], that R k = 1 + ( 1) k 1 q (k 2)+(k 1)n = 1 + ( 1) k 1 = 1 + ( 1)k 1 q (k 2) (q; q) k ([ ] [ ]) n n 1 q k k k q (k 2)+(k+1)n (q; q) k k + ( 1) k = 1 + ( 1)k 1 q k(3k+1)/2 (q; q) k (q k+1 ; q) = ( 1)k 1 q k(3k+1)/2 = ( 1)k 1 q k(3k+1)/2 = ( 1)k 1 q k(3k+1)/2 q (k+1)(n+k) + ( 1) k + ( 1) k + R k+1 + ( 1) k q (k+1 2 )+(k+1)n 1 + R k+1 + ( 1)k q (k+1 2 )+(k+1) 2 (q; q) k q (k 2)+(k+2)n n q (k+1 2 )+(k+2)n q (k+1 2 )+(k+1)n (q; q) k k 1 + R k+1 + ( 1)k q k(3k+1)/2+2k+1 (q; q) k (q k+1 ; q) k ( ( 1 + q n + 1) ) + R k k+1 1 q (k+1)n = R k+1 ( 1)k q k(3k+1)/2 (1 q 2k+1 ) (2.3) We may rewrite (2.3) as R k+1 R k = ( 1)k q k(3k+1)/2 (1 q 2k+1 ) (2.4) Thus L 1 = R 1 and both sequences satisfy the same first order recurrence. So for k 1, L k = R k and Theorem 1 is proved. 3 k
4 3 Proof of Corollary 2 We see by Theorem 1 that the generating function for is ( 1) k 1 k 1 ( 1) j (p(n j(3j + 1)/2) p(n j(3j + 5)/2 1)) (3.1) ( 1) k 1 L k = ( 1) k 1 R k [ ] = ( 1) k 1 q (k 2)+(k+1)/n n 1 +, (3.2) (q; q) n k 1 and since = 0 for n < k, we see that the expression in (3.1) is k 1 identically 0 for 0 < n < k(3k + 1)/2. Furthermore the terms in the series in (3.2) all have non-negative coefficients. the first non-zero term occurs for n = k and is q k(3k+1)/2 (q; q) k which has positive coefficients of q n for n k(3k + 1)/2. Thus Corollary 2 is proved. 4 Shanks s Formula In [4], D. Shanks proved that 1 + ( 1) ( j q j(3j 1)/2 + q j(3j+1)/2) = j=1 ( 1) j (q; q) k q jk+(j+1 2 ) (4.1) We note that the left-hand side of (4.1) has (2k + 1) terms of the pentagonal number series while the numerator of L k+1 has 2k terms. As we will see, it is possible to deduce from Theorem 1 a companion to (4.1) treating the case with an even number of terms. Theorem 2. ( 1) j q j(3j+1)/2 (1 q 2j+1 ) = ( 1) j (q; q) k+1 q (k+2)j+(j 2) (4.2) 4
5 Proof. By Theorem 1 (with k replaced by k + 1), ( 1) j q j(3j+1)/2 (1 q 2j+1 ) = ( 1 + ( 1) k = ( 1) k q (k+1 q (k+1 2 )+(k+2)n 2 )+(k+2)n (q n k ; q) k (q; q) k ) ( 1) j q (j 2)+(n k)j (q; q) k j = ( 1) k q (k+1 2 ) k ( 1) j q (j 2) kj 1 (q; q) k j (q j+k+2 ; q) = = 1 ( 1) k j q (j k 2 ) (q; q)j+k+1 (q; q) k j = ( 1) k (1 q k+1 ) [ ] k ( 1) k j q j (j k 2 ) (q; q)j+k+1 = ( 1) k (1 q k+1 )q (k+1 2 ) k = (q; q) k+1 k=0 [ ] k ( 1) j q ((j 2 2) ) (q k+2 ; q) j j ( 1) j q (j 2)+(k+2)j, (q k ; q) j (q k+2 ; q) j (by [2, p.36, eq.(3.3.6)]) where the last line follows from [2, p.38, next to last line with b = q k, then t = 1 and c 0]. Thus Theorem 3 is proved. It is an easy exercise to deduce (4.1) from Theorem 3 and vice versa. Consequently we could prove Theorem 1 by starting with (4.1), then deducing Theorem 3, and then reversing the proof of Theorem 3 to obtain Theorem 1. We chose this way of proceeding because of the natural motivation provided by knowing Corollary 2 in the cases k = 1, 2. 5
6 Finally we note that (4.1) and truncated identities like it arose in important ways in [1]. Thus it is possible that there are extensions of our Theorem 1 that might have applications to mock theta functions. References [1] George E. Andrews, The fifth and seventh order mock theta functions, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 293 (1986), no. 1, MR (87f:33011) [2], The theory of partitions, Cambridge Mathematical Library, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Reprint of the 1976 original. MR (99c:11126) [3] M. Merca, Fast algorithm for generating ascending compositions, J. Math. Modelling and Algorithms (to appear). [4] Daniel Shanks, A short proof of an identity of Euler, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 2 (1951), MR (13,321h) 6
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