Automata and Languages
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1 Automt nd Lnguges Prof. Mohmed Hmd Softwre Engineering Lb. The University of Aizu Jpn
2 Grmmr Regulr Grmmr Context-free Grmmr Context-sensitive Grmmr Regulr Lnguges Context Free Lnguges Context Sensitive Lnguges Lnguges 2
3 Content Regulr Lnguges Euivlence between Regulr Grmmrs nd Regulr Lnguges Pumping Lemm (PL) Exmples 3
4 Regulr Lnguges L is Regulr Lnguge if nd only if there exist finite utomton M = (Q, Σ, δ,, F ) such tht: L = L(M) = { w Σ* : δ (,w) F} 4
5 Euivlence between Regulr Grmmrs nd Regulr Lnguges Theorem If L is regulr lnguge then there is right-liner grmmr G =(V,T,S,P ) such tht L=L(G). Proof. L is regulr implies (by def.) there exist finite utomton M = (Q, Σ, δ,, F ) such tht L(M)=L. Now we construct the euivlent grmmr G s follows: Vribles re the sttes: V = Q Strt symbol is strt stte: S = Sme lphbet of terminls T=Σ A trnsition δ(,)= 2 becomes the rule à 2 Accept sttes F define the λ-productions à λ Accepted pths give rise to terminting derivtions nd vice vers. L(G)=L(M). 5
6 Euivlence between Regulr Grmmrs nd Regulr Lnguges Exmple x y z The DFA bove cn be simulted by the grmmr x à x y y à x z z à x z λ 6
7 Euivlence between Regulr Grmmrs nd Regulr Lnguges Exmple x x à x y y à x z z à x z λ x y z 7
8 Euivlence between Regulr Grmmrs nd Regulr Lnguges Exmple x à x y y à x z z à x z λ x y x y z 8
9 Euivlence between Regulr Grmmrs nd Regulr Lnguges Exmple x à x y y à x z z à x z λ x y x x y z 9
10 Euivlence between Regulr Grmmrs nd Regulr Lnguges Exmple x à x y y à x z z à x z λ x y x x x y z
11 Euivlence between Regulr Grmmrs nd Regulr Lnguges Exmple x à x y y à x z z à x z λ x y z x y x x y
12 Euivlence between Regulr Grmmrs nd Regulr Lnguges Exmple x à x y y à x z z à x z λ x y x x y z x y z 2
13 Euivlence between Regulr Grmmrs nd Regulr Lnguges Exmple x à x y y à x z z à x z λ x y x x y z x y z ACCEPT! 3
14 Euivlence between Regulr Grmmrs nd Regulr Lnguges Theorem 2 If G =(V,T,S,P) is right-liner grmmr then L(G) is regulr lnguge. Proof. : Define FA M = (Q, Σ, δ,, F ) s follows Strt stte correspond to strt symbol S A non-finl stte i corresponds to vrible symbol V i Sme lphbet of terminls Σ = Τ For every rule V i à m V j, define trnsition δ( i, m )= j For every rule V i à m, define trnsition δ( i, m )= f finl stte Terminting derivtions give rise to ccepted pths nd vice vers. So L(M)=L(G). Hence (by def.) L(G) is regulr lnguge. 4
15 Euivlence between Regulr Grmmrs nd Regulr Lnguges Theorem 2 Construct n FA tht is euivlent to the right-liner grmmr: S à A A à bs Aà b Answer: S A f b b 5
16 Euivlence between Regulr Grmmrs nd Regulr Lnguges Comments THEOREM nd THEOREM 2 show tht right-liner grmmrs nd regulr lnguges re euivlent. Similrly we cn show tht left-liner grmmrs nd regulr lnguges re euivlent. Hence we conclude tht Regulr Grmmrs nd Regulr Lnguges re euivlent. 6
17 Q: Regulr Lnguges Cn every CFG be converted into right liner grmmr? A: NO! This would men tht ll context free lnguges re regulr. For exmple: S à λ Sb cnnot be converted becuse { n b n } is not regulr. 7
18 Regulr Lnguges Q: How we cn identify non-regulr lnguges? A: By using techniue clled Pumping Lemm 8
19 Pumping Lemm (PL) Motivtion Consider the lnguge L = * = {,,,, } The string is sid to be pumpble in L becuse cn tke the underlined portion, nd pump it up (i.e. repet) s much s desired while lwys getting elements in L. 9
20 Pumping Lemm (PL) Motivtion Consider the lnguge Q: L = * = {,,,, } Which of the following re pumpble? A:. Pumpble:,,,, etc. 2. Pumpble: 3. not pumpble becuse most of * not in L 2
21 Pumping Lemm (PL) Motivtion Q: Define L 2 by the following utomton: Is pumpble? A: Pumpble:,. Underlined substrings correspond to cycles in the FA! Cycles in the FA cn be repeted rbitrrily often, hence pumpble. 2
22 Pumping Lemm (PL) Motivtion Let L3 = {,,, λ} Q: Which strings re pumpble? A: None! When pumping ny string non-trivilly, lwys result in infinitely mny possible strings. So no pumping cn go on inside finite set. Pumping Lemm give criterion for when strings cn be pumped. 22
23 Pumping Lemm (PL) Motivtion b 2 b,b 3 b We hve: bbbb L(M ) Becuse: b b b b 23
24 b b b b Note, bbb L(M ) So, bb L(M ) b b b b ) ( ) ( ) ( :, M L b bb b j i j i Ν Also, So, We note tht: Pumping Lemm (PL) Motivtion
25 Pumping Lemm (PL) Theorem Given n (infinite) regulr lnguge L, there is number p (clled the pumping number) such tht ny string in L of length p is pumpble within its first p letters. In other words, for ll u L with u p we cn write: u = xyz (x is prefix, z is suffix) y (mid-portion y is non-empty) xy p (pumping occurs in first p letters) xy i z L for ll i (cn pump y-portion) To prove the Pumping Lemm we need to know the Pigeonhole Principle 25
26 Pumping Lemm (PL) Pigeonhole principle This Box hs more thn one object The pigeonhole principle is very simple, yet powerful method for identifying nonregulr lnguges. It sttes tht: given n objects nd m boxes, if n>m then t lest one box must hve more thn one object. n objects: n > m m boxes: 26
27 Pumping Lemm (PL) Pigeonhole principle fundmentl observtion Given sufficiently long string, the sttes of DFA must repet in n ccepting computtion. These cycles cn then be used to predict (generte) infinitely mny other strings in (of) the lnguge. Pigeon-Hole Principle 27
28 Pumping Lemm (PL) Proof Now consider n ccepted string u. By ssumption L is regulr so let M be the FA ccepting it. Let p = Q = no. of sttes in M. Suppose u p. The pth lbeled by u visits p+ sttes in its first p letters. Thus (by pigeonhole principle) u must visit some stte twice. The sub-pth of u connecting the first nd second visit of the vertex is loop, nd gives the climed string y tht cn be pumped within the first p letters. 28
29 Pumping Lemm (PL) Notes: It is necessry condition. Every regulr lnguge stisfies it. If lnguge violtes it, it is not regulr. RL => PL not PL => not RL It is not sufficient condition. Not every non-regulr lnguge violtes it. not RL =>? PL or not PL (no conclusion) 29
30 Notes: Pumping Lemm (PL) For ll sufficiently long strings (u) There exists non-null prefix (xy) nd substring (y) For ll repetitions of the substring (y), we get strings in the lnguge. u L : x,y,z u k : ( xyz = u) ( xy p) ( y ) ( i : i xy i z L) 3
31 Proving non-regulrity Pumping Lemm (PL) If there exists n rbitrrily long string u L, nd for ech decomposition u = xyz, there exists n i such tht xy i z L, then L is non-regulr. Negtion of the necessry condition: u L : x,y,z u p : ( xyz = u) ( xy p) ( y ) ( i : i xy i z L) 3
32 Pumping Lemm (PL) Proving non-regulrity In generl, to prove tht L isn t regulr:. Assume L were regulr 2. Therefore it hs pumping no. p 3. Find string pttern involving the length p in some clever wy, nd which cnnot be pumped. This is the hrd prt. 4. (2)àß(3) <contrdiction> Therefore our ssumption () ws wrong nd conclude tht L is not regulr lnguge 32
33 Pumping Lemm (PL) Exmple Show tht L={ n b n n =,,2, } is not regulr.. Assume L were regulr 2. Therefore it hs pumping no. p, sy p=2 3. But consider the string u= 2 b 2. we hve u =4 > p=2, let x=, y=, nd z=bb è u=xyz, y, nd xy p(=2). PLè xy i z L for ll i Tking i=è xz L è bb L 4. <contrdiction> Therefore our ssumption () ws wrong nd conclude tht L is not regulr lnguge 33
34 Pumping Lemm (PL) Exercise Show tht the following lnguges re not regulr: L p = p { p is prime number} L c = c { c is composite number} L = { ω {, b}* # ' s inω = # b's inω} L pl ={x * x =x R } 34
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