H A N S -O L A V E N G E R,
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- Catherine Mathews
- 6 years ago
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1 O n -l i n e P r o c e e d i n gs o f t h e 7 t h M e d i t e r r a n e a n M o r p h o l o g y M e e t i n g 1
2 M o r p h o l o g y a n d D i a c h r o n y O n -l i n e P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e S e v e n t h M e d i t e r r a n e amn o r p h o l o g ym e e t i n g ( M M M 7 ) C y p r u s, S e p t e m b e r E d i t e d b: y A n g e l a R a l l i G, e e r t B o o i j S, e r g i o S c a l i sae n d A t h a n a s i o Ks a r a s i m o s U R L : h t t p : / / m o r b o. l i n g u e. u n i b o. i t / m m m U n i v e r s i t y o f P a t r a s, G r e e c e O n -l i n e P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e S e v e n t h M e d i t e r r a n e a n M o r p h o l o g y M e e t i n g ( M M M 7 ) I S S N : O n -l i n e P r o c e e d i n gs o f t h e 7 t h M e d i t e r r a n e a n M o r p h o l o g y M e e t i n g 2
3 E -P r o c e e d i n g s B o a r d E d i t o r s : P r o f. A n g e l a R a l l i, U n i v e r s i t y o f P a t r a s P r o f. G e e rb t o o i j, U n i v e r s i t y o f L e i d e n P r o f. S e r g i o S c a l i s e, U n i v e r s i t y o f B o l o g n a V o l u m e E d i t o r : A t h a n a s i o s N. K a r a s i m o s, U n i v e r s i t y o f P a t r a s L o c a l O r g a n i z i n g C o m m i t t e e : P h o t i n i C o u t s o u g e r a, U n i v e r s i t y o f C y p r u s M a r i a n n a K a t s o y a n n o u, U n i v e r s i t Cy y po rf u s. S p o n s o r s : C y p r u s T o u r i s m O r g a n i z a t i o n U n i v e r s i t y o f C y p r u s C o n t a c t I n f o r m a t i o n : C e n t r e o f M o d e r n G r e e k D i a l e c t s D e p a r t m e n t o f P h i l o l o g y U n i v e r s i t y o f P a t r a s R i o, G r e e c e h t t p : / / w w w. p h i l o l o-ug py a t r a s. g r T e l / F a x : e m a i l :l m g u p a t r a s. g r r a l l@ iu p a t r a s.g r a k a r a s i m o s@ u p a t r a s.g r I S S N : O n -l i n e P r o c e e d i n gs o f t h e 7 t h M e d i t e r r a n e a n M o r p h o l o g y M e e t i n g 3
4 C o n t e n t s C o n t e n t s 4 F o r e w o r d 5 H A N S -O L A V E N G E R, S o u n d l a w s, i n f l e c t i o n a l c h a n g e a n d t h e a u t o n o m y o f m o r p h o l o g y 6 K O N S T A N T I N O S K A K A R I K O S, F e a t u r e h i e r a r c h y a n d n o m i n a l i n f l e c t i o n : E v i d e n c e f r o m a n c i e n t G r e e k 1 8 H I D E K I K I S H I M O T O, L o c a t i v e a l t e r n a t i o n a n d v e r b c o m p o u n d i n g i n J a p a n e s e 3 8 D I M I T R A M E L I S S A R O P O U L O U & IO M A N O L E S S O U, T h e o r e t i c a l a n d d i a c h rao sn pi ec c t s o f a u g m e n t a t i o n : E v i d e n c e f r o m G r e e k 6 3 A K I K O N A G A N O & M A S A H A R U S H I M A D A, E n g l i s h [-A V ] V f o r m s a n d t h e i n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n m o r p h o l o g y a n d s y n t a x 7 8 S U S A N N A P A D R O S A -T R I A S, A r e t h e r e c o o r d i n a t e c o m p o u n d s? 9 8 A K I R A W A T A N A B E, A m o r p h o l o g i c a l s o l u t i o n t o a g r e e m e n t p u z z l e s i n S l a v i c H E L E N V O S K O V S K A I A, M o r p h o l o g i c a l p r o d u c t i v i t y a n d f a m i l y s i z e : e v i d e n c e f r o m F r e n c h c o m p o u n d n og ua nr s d e-x a n d N -d e -N O n -l i n e P r o c e e d i n gs o f t h e 7 t h M e d i t e r r a n e a n M o r p h o l o g y M e e t i n g 4
5 F o r e w o r d T h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n M o r p h o l o g y M e e t i n g s ( M M M ) a r e o r g a n i z e d b y P r o f. G e e r t B o o i j ( L e i d e n ), P r o f. A n g e l a R a l l i ( P a t r a s ), a n d P r o f. S e r g i o S c a l i s e ( B o l o g n a ). F o r m e e t i n g t h e y c o o p e r a t e w i t h a l o c a l o r g a n i z e r. T h e a i m o f M M M i s t o b r i n g t o g e t h e r l i wn gh uo i sw to sr k o n m o r p h o l o g y i n a n i n f o r m a l s e t t i n g, w h i c h g u a r a n t e e s m a x i m a l i n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n r e s e a r c h e r s, a n d g i v e y o u n g l i n g u i s t s t h e c h a n c e t o p r e s e n t t h e i r w o r k a t a c o n f e r e n c e o f m o d e r a t e s i z e, w h f r u i t f u l c o n t a c t s w i t h s e n i o r l i n g u i s t s b lciasn h ebd e. e s t a T h e f i r s t s e v e n m e e t i n g s, i n ( M y t i l e n e, G r e e c e ), ( L i j a, M a l t a ), 2 0 ( B a r c e l o n a, S p a i n ), ( C a t a n i a, S i c i l y ), ( F r é j u s, F r a n c e ), ( I t h a c a, G r ( N i c o s i a, C y p r u s ) h a v e p r o v e n t h e s u c c e s s o f t h i s f o r m u l a. e T hw e a s a t t e n d a n c h i g h, m a n y a b s t r a c t s w e r e s u b m i t t e d, a n d a n u m b e r o f l e a d i n g m o r p h o l o g i s t s w e r e i n v i t e d. E a c h M M M h a s t w o s e s s i o n s, o n e w i t h a s p e c i f i c t o p i c, a n d a n o t h e r w i t h n o t o p i c. T h e s p e c i f i c t o p i c o f t h e C y p r u s m e e t i n g w a s M o r p h o l o g y a n d D i a c h r o n y. S o m e o f t h e p a p e r s o f t h i s s e s s i o n a r e u n d e r r e v i e w f o r p u b l i c a t i o n M oirn p hto hl e o gjy o u r n a l ( S p r i n g e r ). T h e s e e l e c t r o n i c p r o c e e d i n g s ( I-7 S S4 N 9 : 1 ) 1 8i 2n 6c l u d e p a p e r s a l s o f r o m t h e f r e e-t o p i c s e s s i o n. T h e p e r m a n e n t s c i e n t i f i c c o m m i t t e e G e e r t B o o i j A n g e l a R a l l i S e r g i o S c a l i s e O n -L i n e P r o c e e d i n g s o f M e d i t e r r a n e a n M o r p h o l o g y M e e t i n g 5
6 S o u n d l a w s, i n f l e c t i o n a l c h a n g e a n d t h e a u t o n o m y o f m o r p h o l o g y H A N S -O L A V E N G E R U n i v e r s i t y o f O s l o h. o. e n g e i l n. u i o. n o 1. I n t r o d u c t i o n T h i s p a p e r a d d r e s s e s a f a m i l i a r i s s u e ; r e d u c t i o n o f c a s e li an n ga u a Eg ue r. o po el ad n N o r s e, w h i c h i s a n i d e a l i z e d v e r s i o n o f t h e l a n g u a g e t h a t w e s u p p o s e t o h a v e b e s p o k e n o n I c e l a n d, t h e F a r o e I s l e s a n d i n N o r w a y a r o u n d , h a d f o u r c a s e s o n n o u n s a s T a b l e 1 i l l u s t r a t e s : T a b l e 1 : T w o O l d N o r s e m a s c u l i n e s, i n d e f ig nu il ta e r so in nl y A R M R G R A N N I N o m a r m r g r a n n i A c c a r m g r a n n a D a t a r m i g r a n n a G e n a r m s g r a n n a B y c o n t r a s t, m o s t S c a n d i n a v i a n d i a l e c t s t o d a y h a v e n o c a s e o p p o s i t i o n o n n o u n s. S o f d a t a h a v e b e e n s i m p l i f i e d, b u t n o t d i s t o r t e d ; M ø r c k ( : 1 1T3 h0 e ) cs ea ny ts r atl h a t t h e m e i n t h e h i s t o r y o f t h e n o u n s i s t h e l o s s o f c a s e i n f l e x i o n. i n t h e M a i n l. l a n g u a g e s. S o t h e q u e s t i o n i s l o g i c a l a: n d W hy o w d o e s t h e c h a n g e f r o m f o u r c a s e s t o n o n e h a p p e n? I f t h e r e i s a n y b o d y w h o t h i n k s t h a t w e a l r e a da y n s wk en r o, w at hn d 1 t h a t p h o n o l o g y i s a l l, t h e y a r e i n f o r M a y sm ua ri pn r ic sl e a. i m i s t h a t m o r p h o l o g y m u s t h a v e s o m e i n d e p e n d e n t r o l e t o p l a y. T h e r e s t o f t h i s p a p e r i s s t r u c t u r e d a s f o l l o w s. S e c t i o n 2 g i v e s a n o u t l i n e o f a r w i d e s p r e a d a c c o u n t o f e tmho r p h o l o g i c a l c h a n g e, i n w h i c h p h o n o l o g y i s t h e p r i m e m o v e r. I n s e c t i o n 3, w e l o o k a t s o m e a r g u m e n t s a g a i n s t t h i s t r a d i t i o n a l a n d e s s e n t i N e o g r a m m a r i a n a c c o u n t. S e c t i o n 4 i s s h o r t e r, a n d t h e t o p i c i s n o t c a s e, b u t g e n d e r. s o m e d i a l e c t s, t h e neur m bo f g e n d e r s h a s b e e n r e d u c e d f r o m t h r e e t o t w o. T h i s c h a n g e i s p e r h a p s n o t a s f u l l y u n d e r s t o o d a s t h e l o s s o f c a s e, b u t I s u g g e s t t h a t a p h o n o l o g i c a l a c c o u n t i s n o t e n t i r e l y s a t i s f a c t o r y f o r g e n d e r, e i t h e r. I n t h e f i n a l s o m e t h e o r e t i c am l p l i c a t i o n s a r e s u g g e s t e d. 2. T h e t r a d i t i o n a l e x p l a n a t i o n T h e q u e s t i o n w h y c a s e i s l o s t h a s b e e n a d d r e s s e d m a n y t i m e s b e f o r e. A w i d e s p r e a d v i e i s t h a t t h e l o s s o f t h e c a s e o p p o s i t i o n i s t r i g g e r e d b y p h o n o l o g y. C o m p a r e t h e f o l l o 1 T h a n k s t o t h e a u d i e n c e a t t h e M M M 7 i n N i c o s i a, a n d t o A r n e T o r p a n d A n d r-m e w c C Ca ar rt sh ty a. i r s O n -L i n e P r o c e e d i n g s o f M e d i t e r r a n e a n M o r p h o l o g y M e e t i n g 6
7 E N G E R, S o u n d l a w s, i n f l e c t i o n a l c h a n g e a n d t h e a u t o n o m y o f m o r p h o l o g y q u o t a t i o n f r o m a c o n t r i b u t i o n t o a h a n d bd oe ol k s i bn y g ( : ), w h o a d d r e s s e s t h e 2 c l o s e l y r e l a t e d l a n g u aogr e s d i a l e c t s O l d D a n i s h a n d O l d S w e d i s h : D u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d [ ] t h e m o r p h o l o g i c a l s y s t e m o f O D a n [ O l d D a n i s h ] a n d O S w [ O l d S w e d ] i s hs t a r t e d o n i t s w a y t o w a r d s t h e s i m p l e r [ N B ] m o d e r n s y s t e m T. h e c a u s e s o f t h i s s i m p l i f i c a t i o n a r e t o b e f o u n d p r i m a r i l y w i t h i n t h e p h o n o l o g i c a l s y s Tt he e m. w e a k e n i n g o f u n s t r e s s e d v o w e l s i n s u f f i x e s a n d t h e d r o p p i n g o f R f[ ic no ar l r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e x -r s u fi fn i T a b l e 1 a b o v e, H O E ], w h i c h s t a r t s d u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d, b e g i n n i n g i n O D a n., r e d u c e m a n y c a s e, g e n d e r a n d n u m b e r d i s t i n c t i o n s i n t h e n o m i ntahl e s se y s t e m. c h a n g e s a r e a c c o m p a n i e d b y a n a l o g i c a l p r o c e s s e s i n t e r n a l t o t h e m o r p h o l o g i c a l s y s t e m[... ] T h re u e t l o s s o f c a s e a n d g e n d e r d i s t i n c t i o n s b e l o n g s t o a l a t e r p e r i o d, b u t t h e c h a n g e s d u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d a r e c r u c i a l t o t e n s u i n g c h a n g e s p [ e m p h a s i s a d d e d h e r e, H O E ]. D e l s i n g a l s o s a y s t h a t w e a k e n i n g o f v o w e l s i n u n s t r e s s e d s y l l a b l e s c ar ue sd eu s c t is oe nv s e r e i n t h e m o r p h o l o g i c a l s y s t e m... A l l g e n d e r a n d c a s e d i s t i n c t i o n s d i s a p p e a r a m o n g t h e w e a k n o u n s i n t h e s g. [ ] I n t h e w e a k a d j e c t i v a l p a r a d i g m a l l c a s e, n u m b e r a n d g e n d e r d i s t i n c t i o n s a r e p. l o9 s3 t7. T h e r e a s o n i n g i s n o t a l w a y s m a d e qs u ie tx e p l ai c i t a s h e r e, b u t t h a t i s n o t p a r t i c u l a r l y s u r p r i s i n g, w i t h i n t h e v e x e d f i e l d o f e x p l a n a t i o n s i n d i a c h r o n i c l i n g u i s t i c s. L e t l o o k a t t w o e x a m p l e s w h e r e p h o n o l o g y w o u l d s e e m t o p r o v i d e u s w i t h s u f f i c i e n t e x p l a n a t i o n ; I j u s t r e p e a t D ep lo si in nt g s. s T h e o p p o s i t i o n b e t w e e n n o m i na rt mi r v e a n d a c c u s a t i va e r m c a n b e l o s t d u e t o w h a t o n e m ar-d y ec la el tl i o n. T h e r e i s e v i d e n c e f o r 3 t h i s r-d e l e t i o n i n o t h e r c a t e g o r i e s i n D a n i s h, n o t a b l y t h e p l usriaml i loa f r lny o, u nts h. e o p p o s i t i o n b e t w e e n n o m i n a t igv re a n n i a n d o b l i q u e g r a n n a c a n b e l o s t d u e t o n e u t r a l i s a t i o n o r v o w e l w e a k e n i n g. -f A lil n awl o r( du n s t r e s s e d ) O l d D a n i s h v o w e l s / i, a, u / c o m e o u e t i an s M o d e r n D a n i s h. C o n s i d e r i n g t h a t t h e f o r m a l o p p o s i t i o n b e t w e e n g r a n n i a n d g r a n n a s h o w s u p i n t h e f i n a l v o w e l, i t i s n o t t e r r i b l y s u r p r i s i n g t h t h i s w e a k e n i n g s h o u l d h a v e c o n s e q u e n c e s. T h e i d e a, i n b o t h c a s e s, i s t h a t t h e p h o n o l o g i c a l c h a n g e r e m o v e s s o m a n y o f t h e r e l e e x p o n e n t s t h a t t h e c a s e o popn o s ic to im e s t o b e s o m e t h i n g o f a l e x i c a l i r r e g u l a r i t y, s o m e t h i n g t h a t i s s o n u m e r i c a l l y w e a k t h a t i t c a n n o t b e u p h e l d, a n d i s l o s t b y a n a l o m e a n s. I d o n o t t h i n k a n y b o d y h a s e v e r s u g g e s t e d a n y n u m e r i c a l l i m i t a s t o h o w m a n y p e r c e n t o f t h e n o u n s, w haivce h tho e x p r e s s a c e r t a i n o p p o s i t i o n f o r t h e o p p o s i t i o n t o p r e v a i l. B u t t h e r e i s a l r e a d y c o n s i d e r a b l e s y n c r e t i s m e l s e w h e r e i n t h e n o u n s. O l d N o f e m i n i n e s a n d n e u t e r s g i v e n i n T a b l e 2 i l l u s t r a t e t h i s : T a b l e 2 : T w o O l d N o r s e f e m i n i n e s, i n d e f i n i t e o ns li y n g u l a r 2 T h e r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n O l d N o r s e, O l d D a n i s h a n d O l d S w e d i s h i s t r i c k y, b u t w e c a n n o e t g o i n t o t h e i s s h e r e. 3 T h o u g h o n l y a f t e r v o w e l s. T h u s, w h a t i n O l d N o r s e b! w oku r l d b ob oe k s i s, i n M o d e r n D a nb iø sg h e, r, w i t h n o d e l e t i o n. T h i s i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e d e l e t i o n a c c o u n t i s m o r e p r o b l e m a t i c t. h awn e i t s e e m s a t f i r r e t u r n t o t h i s p o i n t b e l o w. O n -l i n e P r o c e e d i n gs o f t h e 7 t h M e d i t e r r a n e a n M o r p h o l o g y M e e t i n g 7
8 E N G E R, S o u n d l a w s, i n f l e c t i o n a l c h a n g e a n d t h e a u t o n o m y o f m o r p h o l o g y B Y G Ð L A N D N o m b y g ð l a n d A c c b y g ð l a n d D a t b y g ð l a n d i G e n b y g ð a r l a n d s T h e r e a r e a l s o s o m e m a s c u l i n e s N A ( G L e. ) g. t h a t d o n o t e v i n c e a n y f o r m a l d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e n o m i n a t i v e a n d t h e a c c u s a t i v e. A n d s o m e d o n o t e v i n c e a n y f o r m a l d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e d a t i v e a n d t h e ag ce Sc TuR s a) t. i vs e o m ( e f e w t y p e s o f - n o n m a s c u l i n e n o u n s d o n o t e v i n c e a n y c a s e d i s t i n c t i o n s i n t h e s i n g u le al Lr I, a t a l l ( f e m. n e u t. H J A R T A ). ( S e e e. g. H a u g e n f o r f u r t h e r d e t a i l. ) N o w, t h e i d e a t hp ah t o n o l o g y m u s t u l t i m a t e l y b e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e c a s e l o s s s e e m s a p p e a l i n g, f o r a t l e a s t t h r e e r e a s o n s : 1 ) T h e m o r p h o l o g i c a l c h a n g e a n d t h e p h o n o l o g i c a l c h a n g e a r e c l o s e i n t i m e. B y t h e N e o g r a m m a r i a n a c c o u n t, t h e y a r e n o t t w o i n d e p e n d e n t i n n o v a t i o n s t h a t j u s t h a p p e n t o t a k e p l a c e a t a l m o s t t h e s a m e t i m e. T h e y a r e r e l a t e d i n a w a y t h a t m a k e s s e n s e P h o n o l o g i c a l r e d u c t i o n i s a l s o a p r o c e s s t h a t i s n o t o n l y r e l e v a n t f o r s u f f i x e s ; i t h a p w i t h a h o s t o f c o n s o n a n t s, a n d a p p e a r s t o b e m o r e g e n e r a l. 2 ) T h e c a s e o p p o s i t i o n i s e x p r e s s e d m a i n l y b y s u f f i x e s i n O l d N o r s e, a s a r e i n d e e d m o s i n f l e c t i o n a l o p p o s i t i o n s iln a n tg hu a tg e, a n d t h e t e n d e n c y f o r p h o n o l o g i c a l c h a n g e t o e l i m i n a t e w o r-f d i n a l s y l l a b l e s i s f a m i l i a r i n N o r t h G e r m a n i c, w h i c h h a s b e c o m e l e s s i n f l e c t i o n a l. T h e c h a n g e s f r o m O l d N o r s e t o m o d e r n N o r w e g i a n h e n c e f i t i n a l a r g e r p i c t u r e ; u n s t r e s s e d s y l l ad b liens f laenc t i o n a l s u f f i x e s h a v e b e e n d r o p p e d b e f o r e. 3 ) T h i s i s a f a i r l y t r a d i t i o n a l N e o g r a m m a r i a n s c e n a r i o ( a n d -e sht ea nb cl e i s hw e d l ) l p h o n o l o g y i s s e e n a s t h e p r i m e m o v e r, m o r p h o l o g y a s m e r e l y r e a c t i v e. T h i s m a y f i w i t h o u r p i c t u r e L aouf t g e s e t zves. naa l o g y i n d i a c h r o n i c l i n g u i s t i c s i n g e n e r a l. T h e t h e o r e t i c a l v i e w o u t l i n e d a b o v e i s p e r h a p s p a r t i c u l a r l y l i n k e d t o t h N e o g r a m m a r i a n s, b u t i t i s, I w o u l d e m p h a s i s e, a ca ct e pl te ea d s t i n p aur p t t o t h e 4 p r e s e n t d a y T. h e q u o t e f r o m D e l s i n g i l l u s thr ia s t e fs o r t O l d S w e d i s h a n d O l d D a n i s h, a n d s i m i l a r v i e w s a r e e x p r e s s e d f o r o t h e r l a n g u a g e Ts r. a sc k o m ( p 1a 9r 9e 6 : ) : T h e e l a b o r a t e c-s a sy es t e m s o f L a t i n a n d O l d E n g l i s h d e p e n d e d c r u c i a l l y u p o n d i s t i n c t i o n s i n t h e f i n a l s y l l a b l e s o f i n f l e c t e d o l no og ui nc as l ; a s p h o n c h a n g e s b e g a n t o r e d u c e a n d t o o b l i t e r a t e t h o s e f i n a l s y l l a b l e s, p r e p o s i t i o n s c a m e t o b e u s e d m o r e f r e q u e n t l y t o r e i n f o r c e t h e c a s e d i s t i n c t i o n s w h i c h w e r e b e g i n n i n g t o g e t l o s t ; t h e i n c r e a s e d u s e o f p r e p o s i t i o -e n s n dmi an dg e s t h e c a s e l e s s s i g cn ai nf t i t h a n p r e v i o u s l y, a n d s o t h e r e w a s l e s s r e a s o n t o h a n g o n t o t h e r e m a i n i n g c a -e s en d i n g s. C o n s e q u e n t l y, E n g l i s h a n d t h e m o d e r n d e s c e n d a n t s o f L a t i n, l i k e S p a n i s h, F r e n c h, a n d I t a l i a n, h a v e l o s t t -s h eyisr t e em as r l i e r c a s e c o m p l e t e l y ( e x c e p t i n a f e w u n ps r) o, n oa n d r e p l a c e d t h e m w i t h a n a l y t i c a l ( i s o l a t i n g ) c o n s t r u c t i o n s i n v o l v i n g p r. e p o s i t i o n s T h e v e r y s a m e w o r d s c a n b e r e a d i n t h e e d i t i o n. 4 A l s o W e t å s ( : 2 2 ) e s n ot h a t i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e, t h e l o s s o f c a s e i n f l e x i o n i s o f t e n p r e s e n t e d a s p r i m p h o n o l o g i c a l c h a n g e s w i t h s e c o n d a r y m o r p h o l o g i c a l c o n s e q u e n c e s. O n -l i n e P r o c e e d i n gs o f t h e 7 t h M e d i t e r r a n e a n M o r p h o l o g y M e e t i n g 8
9 E N G E R, S o u n d l a w s, i n f l e c t i o n a l c h a n g e a n d t h e a u t o n o m y o f m o r p h o l o g y 3. A g a i n s t t h e t r a d i t i o n a l N e o g r a m m a r i a n s c e n a r i o f o r c a s e A n u m b e r o f p r o b l e m s w i t h t h e t r a d i t i o n a l N e o giraan m mca or n c e p t i o n o u t l i n e d i n 2 h a v e b e e n p o i n t e d o u t i n t h e N o r w e g i a n l i t e r a t u r e. I s h a l l s u r v e y t h e s e p r o b l e m d r a w i n g h e a v i l y o n r e s e a r c h c a r r i e d o u t b y p r e v i o u s s c h o l a r s T h e g e n i t i v e s u fs f i x T o b e g i n w i t h, n o b o d y h a s e v e r c l a i m e d t h a t t h e m a i n g e n-s i t i s v e l os su t f f di ux e t o s o u n d l a w. T h e r e s i m p l y i s n o d i a c h r o n i c p rs-d o ce ls es t ioof n, e q u i v a l e n t t o tr- h a t o f d e l e t i o n, i n N o r w e g i a n, n o r i n o t h e r N o r t h G e r m a n i c 5. l a nn ge uv ae gr et sh e l e s s, t h e g e n i t i v e c a s e i s l o s t e v e n i n F a r o e s e, w h i c h i s a f a i r l y c o n s e r v a t i v e v a r i e t y, r e t a t h r e e o t h e r c a s e s. I t i s o n l y i n I c e l a n d i c t h a t t h e -s gheans i tri ev me a isnuefd f ifx a i r l y u n c h a n g e d. M a n y N o r w e g i a n d i a l e c t s h a v e g o t r i d o f t h e -s g e n it tir ie vl e y. A d m i t t e d l y, t h e r e a r e a f e w N o r w e g i a n d i a l e c t s ( a n d m a n y S w e d i s h o n e s ) t h a t r e t a i n a e l e m e n t -s i n d i c a t i n g p o s s e s s i o n u p t o t h e p r e s e n t d a y ( s e e e. g. T o r p , G u n l e i f s e ), b u t t h i s e l e m e n t d o e s n o t b e h a v e g r a m m a t i c a l l y a s -s Od li d. N os I rt sp e r e s e n t s t a t u s i s a m a t t e r o f m u c h d i s p u t e ( s e e e. g. B ö r j a r s , N o r d e a n d f u r t r e f e r e n c e s t h e r e i n ). M y p o i n t i s o n l y t h a t t h e r e a r e t o o m a n y d i a l e c t s i n w h i c h i t i m p l a u s i b l e t o o p e r a t e w i t h a g e n e r a l p h o n o l o g i cs-d a l e lreu tlie o n o f a n d s t i l l t h e y h a v e n o g e n i t i-s v e t o d a y. T h i s i s a l l t h e m o r e n o t e w o r t h y, b e c a u s e i n l a t e O l d N o r s e, a f t e r , t g e n i t i v e m a r k e-s r w a s p a r t i c u l a r l y p r o d u c t i v e ( a s n o t e d b y b o t h W e t å s a n d K n u d s e n ) ; j u s t a s i t w a s i n l a t e O l d S w e d i s h 6 9 ( : W e 1s 3s 6 é ) n. 1 T9 h u s, i t s p r e a d t o m a s c u l i n e s t h a t, o r i g i n a l l y, d i d n o t h a v e i t ( c f. sl oa nt s e v s O. l d t hne o ros le ds eo r n a r) a n d e v e n t o f e m i n i n e s. I n o t h e r w o r d s, i n t h e l a t e m e d i a e v a l l a n g -s u a ig e s, t h e s u f f i x w h a t N a t u r a l M o r p h o l o g i s t s r e f e r t o a s -s a t a bs lu e p e rm a r k e r. S u c h m a r k e r s a r e c h a r a c t e r i s e d b y s p r e a d i n g e v e n t h o u g h n o a s s o c i a t e d c l a s s c h a n g e o c c u r s ( W u r z e l ). T h a t i s, e v e n i f m a s c u l i n e s f r o m o t h e r d e c l eanr sm ir o n s g e t h at n h e g e n i t i v e s u f f i x -s, w h i c h t h e y p r e v i o u s l y d i d n o t h a v e, t h e y d o n o t j o i n t h e p a r a d i g m w h o l e s a l e I n t e r e s t i n g ld y a, m m e l & N ü b l i n g ( ) s u g g e s t t h a t a -sstuapbelre m a r k e r i s i n d i c a t i v e o f a b r e a k d o w n i n t h e i n f l e x i o n a l s y s t e m. T h e y u s e S c-s a nads i noa nv e i a n o f s e v e r a l e x a m p l e s T h e d e f i n i t e d a t i v e S o f a r, w e h a v e f o c u s s e d o n t h e i n d e f i n i t e s i n g u l a r. T h e r e i s, h o w e v e r, a l s o a d e s i n g u l a r. C o m p a r e T a b l e 3. T a b l e 3 : T h e d e f i n i t e s i n g u l a r o f t w o m a s c u l i n e s N o m a r m r i n n g r a n n i n n A c c a r m i n n g r a n n a n n 5 A l r e a d y K n u d s e n ( ) a r g u e s t h a t t h e l-s o is s no of t p l a u s i b l y a t t r i b u t e d o n l y t o p h o n o l o g y. O n -l i n e P r o c e e d i n gs o f t h e 7 t h M e d i t e r r a n e a n M o r p h o l o g y M e e t i n g 9
10 E N G E R, S o u n d l a w s, i n f l e c t i o n a l c h a n g e a n d t h e a u t o n o m y o f m o r p h o l o g y D a t a r m i n u m g r a n n a n u m G e n a r m s i n s g r a n n a n s B y t r a d i t i o n a l a c c o u n t s ( e. g. E n g e r , H a u g e n ), t h e o p p o s i t i o n b e t w e e n i n d e f i n i t e a n d d e f i n i t e i s i n f l e c t i o n a l i n O l d N o r s e ; t h e e x p o n e n t o f d e f i n i t e i s 6 i n f l e c t i o n a l s u fsf o i x f. a r, w e h a v e s e e n t h a t s e t h e i n fc la e c t i o n a s a r u l e i s l o s t i n t h e i n d e f i n i t e. I n t h e d e f i n i t e, h o w e v e r, t h e d a t i v e h a s s t o o d i ti s n gf ra oc ut n, d ubp e tto e r t h e p r e s e n t d a y i n m a n y d i a l e c t s, w h i l e t h e n o m i n a t i v e w a s b y a n d l a r g e l o s t b y b e s u r e, t h e d e f i n i t e d a t i vn e g il s o s bt e t o d a y ( s e e e. g. S a n d ø y ), b u t t h a t i s a n o t h e r s t o r y ; t h e p o i n t i s t h a t i t s t a y e d o n faon r d si o t s l og ne g o g r a p h i c a l d i s t r i Vb eu nt åi os n. ( : ) n o t e s a s a n i n t e r e s t i n g g e o g r a p h i c a l a s p e c t o f t h e c a s e r e d u c t i o n t h a t d a t i v e i s laols mto s t e v e r y w h e r e i n t h a t a r e a t h a t p e r h a p s h a s r e t a i n e d t h e O l d N o r s e p h o n o l o g i c a l s t r u c t u r e b e s t, -W Se os ut t hn o r w a y [ m y t r a n s l a t i o n ]. S o, i n t h- e S o u t h W e s t, / e / a n d / a / d o n o t m e r g e, m o s t o l d / a / s a r e f a i t h f u l l y r e t a i n e d, q u i t e u n l i k e D I f w h a t r it g g e r s t h e m o r p h o l o g i c a l c h a dn ag te i v e l o s s i s t h e c h a n g e a w a y f r o m O l d N o r s e p h o n o l o g i c a l s t r u c t u r e, o n e w o u l d e x p e c t t h e r e t o b e l e s s s u c h l o s s i n t h e w h e r e t h e o l d p h o n o l o g i c a l s t r u c t u r e i s b e s t r e t a i n e d ; b u t t h i s i s s i m p l y n o t w h a f i n d. M a k i n g t h e c a s e f o r p h o n o l o g y e v e n w o r s e, K n u d s e n ( : 1 2 f f ) p o i n t s o u t t h a t t h d a t i v e c a s e h a s b e e n r e t a i n e d i n m a n y N o r w e g i a n d i a l e c t s t h a t i n g e n e r a l h a v e h a d m u c p h o n o l o g i c a l r e d u c t i o n i n t h e f i n a l s y l l a b l e. S o t h e d e f i n i t e d a t i v e h a s b e e n r e t b e t t e r w h e r e o n e m i g h t e x p e c t i t t o b e l o s t o n p u r e l y p h o n o l o g i c a l g r o u n d s. K n u d s e n ( : 1 3 ) a r g u e s t h a t t h e r e t e n t i o n o f it s h e n od at t pi rv ie m a r i l y d e c i d e d b y t h e e f f e c t s o f t h e s o u n d l a w s, b u t f o l l o w s o t h e r l i n e s : a t e n d e n c y t o i nrleatnad i n t h e d a t i v e d i a l e c t s t h a t p r e s e r v e t h e o l d e r s y s t e m w i t h r i c h e r f o r m a l c a t e g o r i e s [ h i s e x a m p l e i E a s t N o r w a y ] ; l o s s o f d a t i v e i n c o a s t a l ( a n d t o w n ) d i a l e c t s w h e r e m o r e t r a f f i c [ g i v e n t h e p r e c o n d i t i o n s f o r a l a n g u a g e w i t h l e s s f o r m a[ l m y d itsr tain ns cl ta it oi no sn ]. T h i s b r i n g s u p t h e s o c i o l i n g u i s t i c C ofna tcat co t r s a. p p a r e n t l y p l a y s a r o l e, a s n o t e d b y s e v e r a l S c a n d i n a v i a n s c h o l a r s ( K n u d s e n , W e s s é n : 1 8 5, T o r p & V i k ø r ). I h a v e a l r e a d y q u o t e d T r a sh k i ss t o r i c a l L i n g u i sat bi oc vs e. I n t h e m o r e r e c e n t e d i t i o n, t h e s e l i n e s r e m a i n t h e s a m e ( p ), b u t R o b e r t M c C o l l M i l l a r h a s a d d e d e x t r a s e n t e n c e M: a n y w o u l d c l a i m, h o w e v e r, t h a t l a n g u a g e c o n t a c t a t l e a s t e n c o u r a g e d t h e d e v e l o p m e n t s i n v o l. v etd h e s e a r e w o r d s o f w i, s dao nm d a n o t h e r e x a m p l e i n f a v o u r o f t h i s v i e w w i l l b e b r o u g h t u p i n t h e d i s c u s s i o n o f g e n d e r i n s e c t i o n 4 b e l o w. B u t w h e n t h e f a c t o r o f c o n t a c t o r s o c i o l i n g u i s t i c s h a s b e e n a d d e d, t h e p h o n o l o g i c a l a c c o d o e s n o t q u i t e h o l d, a s t h e d e m i s e o f s te h e g e Fn ai rt oi ev e m a k e s c l e a r ( c f a b o v e ). I t i s h a r d l y p l a u s i b l e t o a t t r i b u t e t h i s d e v e l o p m e n t t o c o n t a c t H o w p h o n o l o g i c a l i s i t r e a l l y? 6 A c c o r d i n g t o F a a r l u n d ( ), i t s h o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d c l i t i c i s a t i o n, b u t t h i s i s s ou t e i s a l a r g e o n e e s s e n t i a l f o r p r e s e n t p u r p o s e s. O n -l i n e P r o c e e d i n gs o f t h e 7 t h M e d i t e r r a n e a n M o r p h o l o g y M e e t i n g 1 0
11 E N G E R, S o u n d l a w s, i n f l e c t i o n a l c h a n g e a n d t h e a u t o n o m y o f m o r p h o l o g y I n t h e v e r y s a m e v o l u m e a s D e lw su ir nz g e, l ( : ) q u e s t i oonr s r a t h e r d i s m i s s e s t h e p h o n o l o g i c a l m o ttiivoan f o r t h e l o s s o f c a s e : T h e f i r s t s t a g e o f t h i s d e v e l o p m e n t [ l o s s o f f o r m a l d i s t i -n c t i o n n o m i n a t i v e a c c u s a t i v e i n S w e d i s h ] s e e s t h e s t r o n g m a s c u l i n e f o r m s o f t h e t y p e O S w. n o m. s g. h u n-e d r a c c. s g. h u n d [ d o g ] l o s i n g t h e n o m i n a t i v-e e r m. Ta hr ik s e r c a n n o t b e a p h o n o l o g i c a l r e d u, c t ia os n t h e c h a n g e a f f e c t s n e i t-h e r s t e m i n t e r n a l -e r, a s i n O S w. b i t e r, v i t e r > M o d. S w. b i t t e r, v i t t e r [ b i t t e r, w i s e b o t h a d j e c t i v e s, H O E ], n o r t h e p l u r a l -e r m a ar s k e r i n O S w. b o k n o m. p l. b ö k -e r, n a t n o m. p l. n ä-e t r > Mo d. S w. b o k b ö c k e r, n a t t n ä t t-e r [ b o o k, n i g h t ]. R e c a l l f r o m s e c t i o n 2 a b o v e t h a t D e l s i n g u s e d O l d D a n i s h t o m a k e hr- i s p o i n t, a n d d e l e t i o n i s a b e t t e r c a n d i d a t e f o r a r e g u l a r p h o n o l o g i c a l c h a n g e i n D a n i s h t h a n S w e d i s h. I n f a c t, h o w er-d v e er l, e t i o n p r o b a b l y i s n o t a r e g u l a r p h o n o l o g i c a l c h a n g e i n D a n i s h, e i t h e r, f o r t w o r e a s o n s. F i r s t l y, -r i n i s t hne o t v edrebls e, t e d. -r I f i s a n d e l e t e d a s a p l u r a l m a r k e r, w h i l e t h e h o m o p h o n o u s p r e s e n t t e n s e m a r k e r i s n o t, t h i s i s n o t r e g u l a r p h o n o l o g i c a l c h. a n gs e c o n d l y, i n n o u n s, t h e p l u r a l -r m ai rs k ear p p a r e n t l y d e l e t e d d e p e n d i n g u p o n d e c l e n s i o n ( s i c! ). T h u s, w h i l e hdæasntie s h h ohrass e s w i t h d e l e t i o n, i t g hæ as s t e r g u e s t s w i t h o u t ; t h e r e a s o n b e i n g t h a t t h e l a t t e r n o u n b e l o n g e d t o t h e O l d D a n i sih r-d e c le n s i o n, t h e f o r m e r t o æ rt-d h e c l e n s i o n. B u t l e t u s r e t u r n t o W u r z e l s p o i n t : I n S w e d i s h, t h e d e l e t i o n p r o c e s s c a n n o t b e p u p h o n o l o g i c a l. N o r w e g i a n d i a l e c t s a r e a l s o i n t e r e s t i n g h e r e : T h e r e a r e s o m e ( e. W e s t e r n ) d i a l e c t s t h a t a l s r-d o he al ve e t i o n n it h e p l u r a l o f n o u n s a n d e l s e w h e r e i n v e r b s, a n d t h i s w o u l d a t f i r s t s e e m t o f i t t h e p h o n o l o g i c a l p i c t u r e, j u s t a s i n D a n i s h. s o m e o t h e r d i a l e c t s ( m a i n l y -E S oa us t he r n ) r-d, e l e t i o n i s n e i t h e r a t t e s t e d i n t h e p l u r a l n o r i n t h e v e r b s, s o t h e s e t s d ia ar le e ce s s e n t i a l l y l i k e S w e d i s h, a s d e s c r i b e d b y W u r z e l h e r e. T h e p r o b l e m f o r t h e p h o n o l o g i c a l a c c o u n t i s t h a t t h e n o m i n a t i v e s u f f i x i s r e t a i n e d a n y b e t t e r i n d i a l e c t s t h a t d o n o t d i s p l a y r-d ( p he ol ne ot li ogn i. cr-d ai l f e) l e t i o n i s n o t s q u a r e l y p h o n o l o g i c a l i n a l l t h o s e d i a l e c t s w h e r e c a r- s e d e li s e t iloo n s t, t h e n c a n n o t b e a n e c e s s a r y c o n d i t i o n f o r t h e l o s s o f c a s e. S o b o t h w i t h t h e n o m i n a t i v e s-r u fa fn id x t h e g e n i t i v e s u-s, f f i a x p h o n o l o g i c a l a c c o u n t s e e m s t o l e a d a t o l e a s t p a r t l y w r o n g e x p e c t a t i o n s. T h e s a m e s e e m s t o b e t h e c a s e f o r t h d a t i v e s u f f i x r e n d e r e-i d i an s O l d N o r s e i n T a b l e 1. B a r ð d a l ( ) o b s e r v e s t h a t i t s c o g n a t e, t h e d a t i v e / e /, a n d a v e r b a l s u f f i x / e / b e h a v e v e r y d i f f e r e n t l y i n S w e d i s h. c o n c l u d e s t h a t t h e m o t i v a t i n g f a c t o r f o r t h e c a s e l o s s -p i s h osnqo ulaorg eilc y a l n. o n I n a f a i r l y r e c e n t t h e s i s, W e t å s ( ) a l s o p r e s e n t s i m p o r t a n t a r g u m e n t s a g a i n s t i d e a t h a t t h e l o s s o f c a s e i s o n l y p h o n o l o g i c a l l y t r i g g e r e d. O n t h e i c ba al s i s o f a n e m s t u d y o f c h a r t e r s f r o m W e s t T e l e m a rak r, g usehs e t h a t ; 1 ) t h e c h a n g e i n c a s e i n f l e c t i o n b e h a v e s d i f f e r e n t l y f o r p r o p e r n o u n s t h a n f o r c o m m o n n o u n s ; p r o p e r n o u n s l o s e c a s e i n f l e c t i o n e a r l i e r 2 ) m o r p h o l o g i c a l l y c o m p l e x p r o p e r n a m e s b e h a v e d i f f e r e n t l y f r o m s i m p l e x p r o p e r n a m e s ; c a s e i s l o s t e a r l i e r w i t h c o m p l e x e s O n -l i n e P r o c e e d i n gs o f t h e 7 t h M e d i t e r r a n e a n M o r p h o l o g y M e e t i n g 1 1
12 E N G E R, S o u n d l a w s, i n f l e c t i o n a l c h a n g e a n d t h e a u t o n o m y o f m o r p h o l o g y 3 ) t h e c a s e r e d u c t i o n b e h a v e s d i f f e r e n t l y f o r p e r s o n n a m e s -nt ah ma en s ; f o cr a sp e l a ic s e l o s t e a r l i e r w i t h p e r s o n n a m e s W e t å s s u g g e s t s t h a t a l l t h r e e o b s e r v a t i o n s f o l l o w f r o m a p a r a m ec ta el r l w e m a y n a m i n e s s ( o r p r o p r i a l i t y ) : I n g e n e r a l, p e r s o n n a m e s a r-y e m ot hr ae n an ra me e p -l a c e n a m e s, m o r p h o l o g i c a l l y c o m p l e x p r o p e r n a m e s a r e m o r e -y n ta hm ae n a r e s i m p l e x n a m e s. S o f a r, I h a v e q u o t e d o t h e r s. F i n a l l y, l e t m e a d d a n o b s e r v a t i oin c h o f h ams y too w n, w h d o w i t h e p e n t h e t i c v o w e l s. I n m a n y v a r i e t i e s o f S c a n d i n a v i a n, a n e p-e e nits h e t i c v o w e l i n s e r t e d q u i t e e a r l y br. e f ot rh e u s, w e f i n d, i n c e r t a i n W e s t N w. d i a l e c t s, f o r e x a m p l e, a c h a n g e f r o m a r m r t o a r m e r. I t i s n o t q u i t e c l e a r ( a t l me e a ) s t e xn ao ct t lt y o w h e n t h i s t h e p e n t h e s i s t a k e s p l a c e, b u t tc he e n t u1 r3 y s e e m s t o b e a r e a s o n a b l e g u e s s. T h e l o s s o f t h e e p e n t h e t i c v o w e l c a n n o t, a t l e a s t n o t i n a l l t h e d i a l e c t s, b e a t t r i b u t e d t o p h o n o l o g i c a l c h a n g e : I n t h e d i a l e c t o f J æ r e n, h i n W e ts ht, e ts ho e u t e p e n t h e t i c v o w e l i s r e t a i n e d i n t h e a d j e c t i v e s ( a s i n t h e v e r b s ), b u t n o t i n t h e n o u n s. W e f i n d, f o r e x e i n s j u g e h u n d a s i c k d o g < l a t e O l d e Ni on r se j u g e h u n d etr h. e e p e n t h e t i c v o w e l i s p r e s u m a b l y n o t l o s t b y r e g u l a r p h o n o l o ag ni gc e a, l sc ih n c e i t r e s p e c t s t h e g r a m m a t i c a l c a t e g o r i e s. I n o t h e r w o r d s, t h e r e i s n o p h o n o l o g i c a l r e a s o n w h y t h i s d i a l e c t d o e s h a v e h u n d e. B u t t h e hn u, n d e i s j u s t a s c l e a r l y a n o m i n ah tu in vd e r. a s J æ r e n i s p r o b a b l y r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f m o s t W e s t N o r w e g i ahn i s o n p oti n t. T h e r e a r e a l s o N o r w e g i a n d i a l e c t s t h a t h a v e r e t a i n e d t h e e p e n t h e t i c v o w e l e v e n i n n o u n s ( W e s t T e l e m a r k, S e t e s d a l, S u n n f j o r d, p a r t s o f N o r d f j o r d, p a r t s o f S u n n m ø r e, c S k j e k k e l a n d : 6 2 ), s o t h a t hw ue n df e i, n d a r m e, g o i n g b a c k t o t h e o l d n o m i n a t i v e. T h e f o r m a l o p p o s i t i o n t o t h e a c c u s a t i v e c o u l d t h u s e a s i l y s t a y o n, p h o n o l o g i c a l s p e a k i n g. B u t n o n e o f t h e s e d i a l e c t s h a v e r e t a i n e d t h e c a s e s y s t e m P h o n o l o g y c a n n o t b e Kanlul d: s e n ( ) T h e u p s h o t s o f a r ia s t tp h o n o l o g y c a n h a r d l y b e a l l. T h i s i s a l s o t h e c o n c l u s i o n o f K n u d s e n ( ), w h o a r g u e s e x p l i c i t l y a g a i n s t t h e N e o g r a m m a r i a n s c e n a r i o. H e s a y s i m a y b e t o o s i m p l e t o a s s u m e t h a t t h e s o u n d l a w s a l o n e d e c i d e : T h e s o u n d l a w s a l o n e a r e a s a r u l e n o t ce a po af b lm a k i n g o l d g r a m m a t i c a l c a t e g o r i e s d i s a p p e a r, a l t h o u g h t h e y c e r t a i n l y c a n s p e e d u p t h e d e v e l o p m e n t t o a v e r y h i g h d e g r e e ( m y t r a n s l a t i o n ). 4. G e n d e r W e n o w l e a v e t h e i s s u e o f c a s e, a n d t u r n t o a n o t h e r i s s u e, t h a t o f g e n d e r. T h i s d i f f e r e n t, b eu lt a tr e d t o p i c, i n t h a t i n m a n y d i a l e c t s o f S c a n d i n a v i a n, t h e m a s c u l i n e a n 7 t h e f e m i n i n e m e r g e. A g a i n, o n e m a y w o n d e r A nw d h y a. g a i n, I s h a l l t r y t o a r g u e t h a t p h o n o l o g y d o e s n o t q u i t e s u f f i c e. F o r i l l u s t r a t i o n, l e t u s c o n s i d e r a r e c e n t p a p e r 9 ) b. y TD hu ik s e p( a2 p0 e0 r i s i n f a c t s o g o o d t h a t i t i s u n f a i r t o u s e i t h e r e, b u t e v e n D u k e, t o m y m i n d, i l l u s t r a t e s w h a t m i 7 T h i s t e r r i t o r y i s l e s s w e l l c h a r t e d t h a n t h a t f o r c a s e. B u t a f a m i l i a r e x a m p li e a l ei s c t, f r o m t h e B e r g e n w h e r e J a h r( e. g ) a n d N e s s e ( ) t a k e t h e m e r g e r t o b e d u e t o c o n t a c t ; P e r r i d o n ( ) d o e s n o t. O n -l i n e P r o c e e d i n gs o f t h e 7 t h M e d i t e r r a n e a n M o r p h o l o g y M e e t i n g 1 2
13 E N G E R, S o u n d l a w s, i n f l e c t i o n a l c h a n g e a n d t h e a u t o n o m y o f m o r p h o l o g y c a l l e d t h e N e o g r a m m a r i a n b i a s. H e r f o c u s i s o n g e n d e r i n S w e d i sn h, t hwe h i c h s t a n d a r d l a n g u a g e h a s b e e n r e d u c e d f r o m a t-w h ar ey e o p p o s i t i o n t o a -wtaw y o o p p o s i t i o n. F o r t h e a d j e c t i v e s, D u k e s u g g e s t s t h a t i f t h e f i n a l s y l l a b l e, i. e. t h e e v o w e l a n d / r / b e l o s t f r o m t h e O l d S w e d i s h n o m i n a t i v e m a s c u l il na e n g se ir, n gt uh le an r t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e m a s c u l i n e a n d t hi e n e f ei ms i n t h e r e b y c o n s i d e r a b l y w e a k e n e d. T h e i m p l i c a t i o n i s t h a t p h o n o l o g y a c c o u n t s f o r t h e m e r g e r. T o b e s u r e, D u k e a d v a n c e s h e r a r g u m e n t f o r O l d S w e d i s h. I f w e t r y t o t r a n s f e r i t t o n e x t d i a l e c t d o w n t h e r o a d, i. e., O l d N o r s e, t h e a r g u m e n t t u r n s o u t t o b e p r o b l e m a h o w e v e r. T h e i m p o r t a n t e m p i r i c a l a r g u m e n t a g a i n s t t r a n s f e r r i n g D u k e s i d e a t o O l d N o r s e c a n b e f o u n d i n t h e d i a l e c t s. I n t h e J æ r e n d i a l e c t o f N o r w e g i a n, t h e f i n a l / r b e e n l o s t f r o m a d j e c t i v e s, a n d t h e r e i s i n d e e d a p h o n o l o g i c a l r-d r ue l e t oi f o n g ei n e r a l t h i s d i a l e c t. T h e e p e n t h e t i c v o w e l i s r e t a i n e d i n t h e a d ji en c ttihve e s n, o ubnus t ( ncof t a b o v e ). T h e o p p o s i t i o n b e t w e e n t h e f e m i n i n e a n d t h e m a s c u l i n e i s r e t a i n e d i n m a n o t h e r c a t e g o r i e s, b u t t h e o r i g i n a l l y m a s c u l i n e s j ua gd e j, e c tl ia vn e gi es t r a n s f e r r e d a n a l o g i c a l l y t o t h e f e m i n i n e a d j e c t i v e s a s w e l l. T h u s, m a l w h ed n i f ft eh re e nfto ira t i o n b e t w e e n f e m i n i n e a n d m a s c u l i n e a d j e c t i v e s i s l o s t, t h i s h a s a b s o l u t e l y n o t h i n g t o d o l o s s o f p h o n o l o g i c a l m a r k i n g, o n l y w i t h a n a l o g y f r o m t h e m a s c u l i n e. I n t h i s d i a l e t h e n, w e f i n d, j u s t a s i n M o d e r n S w e d i s h, t h e r e i s b e st yw ne ce rn e tm ia smc u l i n e a n d 8 f e m i n i n e o f t h e a d j e c t ib vu et s. t h e p o i n t i s t h a t t h e m a-f s ce um li in ni en e m e r g e r c o m e s a b o u t b y o t h e r m e a n s t h a n p h o n o l o g y. F u r t h e r m o r e, t h e l o s s o f g e n d e r o p p o s i t i o n i n t h e p l u r a l, w h i c h i s g e n e r a l i n S c a n d i n a v i a n, s i m p l y a c c ao nu n ot t e d b e f o r b y p h o n o l o g y a l o n e ( E n g e r ). N o t e a l s o t h a t i n t h e R o m e r i k e d i a l e c t o f E a s t N o r w e g i a n, u n l i k e J æ r e n, t h e r e i s g e n e r a l p h o n o l o g i cr-d a l e l e t i o n. T h i s i s s h o w n b y t h e p r e s e n t o f s t kr o mn mg e r v e) r, b s ( b u t a l s o b y s o m e a d j e c t i v e s, s ut cr h a d iats i, o n a l lb y l, å r, b a k k e t( ecr f. R e f s u m ). A g a i n, t h e t r a d i t i o n a l m a s c u l i n e f o r m i s t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e f o r f e mtihneisne e s a d j e c t i v e s. T h u s, t h e r e i s a m a s cfue lm i ne i n e m e r g e r h e r e t o o, a n d p h o n o l o g y c a n n o t b e t h e r e a s o n. 5. C o n c l u s i o n s I s u g g e s t s e v e r a l c o n c l u s i o n s : 1 ) P h o n o l o g y c a n n o t b e t h e s o l e p r i m e m o v e r 9 I a m n o t s a y i n g t h a t p h o n o l o g y h a s n o r o l e W ht eo n p tl ha e y. d a t i v e i s r e t a i n e d b e t t e r i n t h e d e f i n i t e s i n g u l a r t h a n i n t h e i n d e f i n i t e ( c f ), t h i s m u s t h a v e t o d o w p h o n o lo g i c a l d i f f e r e n cte h e s i m p l e o b s e r v a t i o n t h a t t h e r e w a s m o r e p h o n o l o g i c a l e x p r e s s i o n i n t h e d e f i n i t e ( e. g. V e n å s : ). T h e i n d e f i n i t e i s o t h e r w i s e u s t a k e n t o b e u n m a r k e d i n c o m p a r i s o n t o t h e d e f i n i t e, s o i t i s h a r d t o s e e a n y p u r m o r p h o l o g i c a l a c c o u n t f o r t h a t d i f f e r e n c e. B u t i t s e e m s i m p o s s i b l e t o b e l i e v e p h o n o l o g y i s t h e o n l y p r i m e m o v e r. T h e r e i s n o t h i n g r e v o l u t i o n a r y i n t h i s c o n c l u s i o 8 9 T h o u g h t h i s d o e s n o t h a p p e n f o r s o m a n y a d j e c t i v e s i n t h e J æ r e n d i a l e c t a s i n S w e d i s h. O n t h i s p o i n t, m y a c c o u n t d i f f e r s f r o m t h a t o f B a r ð d a l ( ). O n -l i n e P r o c e e d i n gs o f t h e 7 t h M e d i t e r r a n e a n M o r p h o l o g y M e e t i n g 1 3
14 E N G E R, S o u n d l a w s, i n f l e c t i o n a l c h a n g e a n d t h e a u t o n o m y o f m o r p h o l o g y w h i c h m a y b e r a t h e r t r i t e t o s o m e s p e c i a l i s t s i n N o r w e g i a n, c f. t h e f o l l o w i n g q u o t a t f r o m T o r p & V i k ø r ( : 9 6 ) :... B u t t h i s m u c h i s c ep rh to an io n l : o g i c a l d e v e l o p m e n t c a n n o t a l o n e b e r e s p o n s i b lfe o r t h e f a c t t h a t m o s t o f t h e O l d N o r s e m o r p h o l o g y h a s b e e n l o s t o n t h e w a y t o w a r d s M o d e r n N o r w e g i a n, f o r t h e r e a r e v e r y m a n y f o r m s t h a t o u g h t t o a hv e b e e n d i f f e r e n t i n M o d e r n N o r w e g i a n i f s o u n d l a w s a l o n e h a d h a d c o n t r o Pl e. r h a p s t h e m o s t p l a u s i b l e h y p o t h e s i s i s t h a t s e v e r a l t e n d e n c i e s h a v e w o r k e d s i m u l t a n e o u s: l yp h o n o l o g i c a l d e v e l o p m e n t h a s n o d o u b t w o r k e d s o t h a t a g o o d m a n y d i f f e r e n t f o r m s m e hr ag d e. t ob u t a t t h e s a m e t i m e, w e f i n d i n n u m e r a b l e e x a m p l e s t h a t t h e s a m e s o u n d s d e v e l o p e n t i r e l y d i f f e r e n t l y i n d i f f e r e n t g r a m m a t i c a l s u r r o u n d i n g s.... T h e f u l l a n d c o m p l e t e a n s w e r a s t o w h y e x a c t l y t h e s e c h a n g e s h a p p e n e d [... ] m a y n e v e r b e f o ua nl d. B u t p a r t i i n s i g h t i s n o t t o b e s cto or rn p e d& V i k ø r, p. 9 6 f. [ e m p h a s i s a d d e d h e r e ]. I n a s i m i l a r v e i n, a l s o V e n å s ( / : ) h o l d s b o t h m o r p h o l o g y a n d p h o n o l o g y r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e c a s e I n l ot sh s i s. p i c t u r e, m o r p h o l o g y i s n o t m e r e l y r e a c t i v e. T h e N e o g r a m m a r i a n m o d e l h a s b e e n t r e m e n d o u s l y i n f l u e n t i a l i n d i a c h r o n y ( c f. B y n o n : 1 5 ), a n d f o r g o o d r e a s o n s, t o b e s u r e. Y-re t e l itah ne c e o voen r p h o n o l o g i c a l a c c o u n t s m a y b e a m i s t a k e. 2 ) M u l t i p l e m o t i v a t i o n A r e a s o n a b l e a c c o u n t o f t h e l o s s o f c a s e s ev eo ml s v e t o m uiln t i p l e m o t i v a t i o n. P h o n o l o g y c a n n o t b e a l l, n e i t h e r c a n c o n t a c t ( c o m p a r e e. g. t h e F a r o e s e g e n i t i v e ). s h o u l d b e w a r e o f t h e e x c l u s i o n a r y f a l l a c y, a s L a n g a c k e r ( T7 h) e r ge im si t n d os f u s : t h i s f a l l a c y i s t h a t o n e a n a l y s i s, m o t iovrai tzia otn i, o n c, a tceagu s e, f u n c t i o n o r e x p l a n a t i o n n e c e s s a r i l y p r e c l u d e s a n o t h e r. F r o m a b-t r ho ea od r, e tpir cea l p e r s p e c t i v e, t h i s a s s u m p t i o n i s g r a t u i t o u s a n d i n f a c t r a t h e r d u b i o u s, i n v i e w o f w h a t w e k n o w a b o u t t h e m u l t i p l i c i n t e r a c t i n g s y n c h r o n i c a n d r od ni ia c h f a c t o r s( p. 2 8 ) F i n a l l y, i t c a n b e n o t e d t h a t d i a c h r o n i c q u e s t i o n s a r e o f t e n p o s e d i n d i c h o t o m o u s t e r m s [... ] D i d c o n s t r u c t i o n C i n t e r n a l l y o r w a s i t b o r r o w e d f r o m a n e i g h b o r i n g l a n g u a g e? B y n o w m o s t s c h o l a r r e c o g n i z e t h a t q u e s t i o n s ls ie k e a r te h es i m p l i s t( ip c. 3 0 ). T h i s i s e x p l i c i t l y r e c o g n i s e d i n t h e q u o t a t i o n f r o m T o r p & V i k ø r a b o v e. T h e c h a n g e f r o m f o u r c a s e s t o n o n e i s o n e o f p e r h a p s t h r e e c l a s s i c a l c h e s t n u t s s t u d o v e r a n d o v e r a g a i n i n N o r w e g i a n d i a c h r o n y, b y g e n e r a t i o nrs s. o f I f s cwhe o laar e l e f t w e a p a r t i a l a c c o u n t o f m u l t i p l e m o t i v a t i o n s h e r e, t h i s s u g g e s t s ( a t l e a s t t o m e ) m u l t i p l e m o t i v a t i o n i s p l a u s i b l e i n g e n e r a l. 3 ) T h e v a l u e o f d i a l e c t a l e v i d e n c e A m e t h o d o l o g i c a l p o i n t t h a t I h o p e t o h a v e s h o w n i s t h e v a l u e i n c o n s u l t i n g d i a l e c e v i d e n c e, s i m p l y b e c a u s e o u r d a t a b a s e i s b r o a d e n e d ( c f. a l s o H a r n i s c h , N ü b l i , R a l l i ). A s l o n g a s w e c o n s u l t o n e s t a n d a r d l a n g u a g e o n l y, s a y D a n i s h, p u t a t i v e r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n p h o n o l o g i c a l a n d m o r p h o l o g i c a l c h a n g e s e e m s r e a s o n a b l e e n o u g h. B u t i t i s w e l l k n o w n t h a t s t a n d a r d l a n g u a gtehs e alr e a sa t l sio n t e r e s t i n g k i n d o f l a n g u a g e f o r a n y o n e i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e n a t u r e o f h u m a n ( Hlu ad ns go un a g1e9 9 6 : 3 I4 t ). i s O n -l i n e P r o c e e d i n gs o f t h e 7 t h M e d i t e r r a n e a n M o r p h o l o g y M e e t i n g 1 4
15 E N G E R, S o u n d l a w s, i n f l e c t i o n a l c h a n g e a n d t h e a u t o n o m y o f m o r p h o l o g y a l s o w e l l k n o w n t h a t t h e d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n l a n g u a g e a n d d i a l e c t i s q u i t e p r o b l e m a i n a S c a n d i n a v i a n c o n t e x t ; t h u s, N o r w e g i a n a s s p o k e n i n O s l o i s p r o b a b l y m o r e i n t e l l i g i b l e t o a S t o c k h o l m s p e a k e r o f S w e d i s h t h a n i s a c o n s e r v a t i vse h N o r t h e r n S w e d d i a l e c t. I t h a s b e e n n e c e s s a r y t o l o o k i n t o d e t a i l s i n a n u m b e r o f d i a l e c t s i n o r s h o w w h a t i s w r o n g w i t h t h e p o s t u l a t e d d i a c h r o n i c c o n n e c t i o n b e t w e e n p h o n o l o g i c a l l o s s a n d c a s e l o s s. 4 ) O u r v i e w o f m o r p h o l o g y B y a s t a n d a r d N e o g r a m m a r i a n v i e w, r pmhoo l o g y d o e s n o t r e a l l y c h a n g e b y i t s e l f, i t c h a n g e s i n r e s p o n s e t o c h a n g e s e l s e w h e r e. M o r p h o l o g y i s m e r e l y r e a c t i v e. I f, h o w e v e m o r p h o l o g y r e a l l y a t l e a s t t o s o m e e x t ei ns t b y i t s e l f ( A r o n o f f , -C a r s t a i r s M c C a r t h y , , M a i d e n , 5 ), t h e n o n e w o u l d n o t e x p e c t t h e c l a s s i c a l a n d e s s e n t i a l l y N e o g r a m m a r i a n s c e n a r i o t ht e o wb he o l et r u t h. A n d i n f a c t, i t i s n o t. O t h e r a u t h o r s h a v e a l s o a d v a n c e d a c c o u n t s o f a m o r e p u r e l y m o r p h o l o g i c a l k i n d ( B a r ð d a l , W u r z e l ). I t r e m a i n s d itso c u sb se e d i n f u r t h e r d e t a i l h o w c o n v i n c i n g t h e s e a c c o u n t s r e a l l y a r e. M y m a i n p o i n t t o d a y h a s b e e n t o g o a g a i n s t t m o r e f a m i l i a r, N e o g r a m m a r i a n s c e n a r i o. I n s y n c h r o n i c s t u d i e s, m o r p h o l o g i c a l p h e n o m e n a h a v e o v e r a n d o v e r b e e n d e s c r i b e d a s r e a l l y p h ol on og y ; b u t i n r e c e n t y e a r s, w e h a v e c o m e t o r e c o g n i s e t h e a p r i o r i s t i a s s u m p t i o n t h a t m o r p h o l o g y s h o u l d b e r e d u c e d t o p h o n o l o g y a s m i s t a k e n ( e. g. L a s s , C o m r i e , C a r s t a i r s , A n d e r s o n , ). W e s h o u l d b e w a r e o f s u b j u g a t i n g m o r p h o l o g y t o npohloo g y ( M a i d e n ). P e r h a p s w e n e e d t o t h i n k m o r e a b o u t t h i s i n r e l a t i o n t o d i a c h r o n y a s w e l l ; a l s o i n a d i a c h r o n i c p e r s p e c t i v e, t h e r e a u t o n o m y t o t h e m o r p h o l o g i c a l c o m p o n e n t. 5 ) W h a t a b o u t o t h e r l a n g u a g e s? T h e c o n c l u s i o n w e h a v e r e a c h e d o n engoirawn d i a c h r o n y o p e n s f o r t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t t h e p h o n o l o g i c a l a c c o u n t i s n o t r e a l l y e n t i r e l y a d e q u a t e f o r o t h e r G e r m a n i c o r R o m a n c l a n g u a g e s, c o n t r a r y t o w h a t T r a s k i m p l i e s. F o r G e r m a n d i a l e c t s, N ü b l i n g ( : o b s e r v e s t h a t a l t h o u g h t h e c a s e s l po as rs t l iy d u e t o p h o n o l o g i c a l c h a n g e, t h e p h o n o l o g i c a l d e v e l o p m e n t s d o n o t i m p l y t h a t t h e m o r p h o l o g y i s u n a b l e t o r e s i s t p h o n o l o g y ( s e e a l s o h e r p ). I n c o n t e m p o r a r y S t a n d a r d G e r m a n, H a r n i s c h & N ü b l i n g ( : ) o b s e r v e a t e n d e n c y t o u s e p r o up ne ir n fn la em ce ts e d, t h a t i s, i n t h e n o m i n a t e e v e n w h e r e t h e s y n t a c t i c c o n t e x t w o u l d s e e m t o r e q u i r e s o mien t h i n g e l s e ( e i n e m B e r i c h t d e s N e u e r it na sg t e a d odf e s N e u e n T a g ) s. T h i s c o r r e s p o n d s t o t h e r e l e v a n c e o f n a m i n e s s t h a t W e t å s f o u n d f o r N o r w e3 g. i3 a n a b ( o cv f e.). T h i s f a c t o r a p p e a r s t o b e r e l e v a n t a l s o i n F r e n c h ; S c h ø s l e r ( ) r e p o r t s a c l e a r t e n d e n c y f o r n t h a t d e n o t e h u m a n s t o r e t a i n t h e i r o l d d e c l e n s i o n l o n g e r t h a n n o u n s - d e n o t i n g n o n h u m a n s [ p ] r o p e r n o u n s, h o w e v e r, a r e a n e x c e p t i o n s: t t th he ey i r l o c a s e m a r k i n g e a r l y ( p ). A l s o B a r ð d a l ( ) q u e s t i o n s t h e p h o n o l o g i c a l a c c o u n t f o r G e r m a n i c. O b v i o u s l y, c a s e l o s s i n G e r m a n i c a n d R o m a n c e i s a l a r g e q u e s t i o n, a n d i t c a n n o t b a n s w e r e d h e r e. N e v e r t h e l e s s, o b s e r v a t i o n s l i k e t h o s e m la id ne g, b y H anrünbi s c h & N ü b l i n g, S c h ø s l e r a n d B a r ð d a l m a y m a k e u s w o n d e r i f t h e p h o n o l o g i c a l a c c o u n t r e a l l y i a d e q u a t e. 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