A Confusion Matrix Intelligibility Testing Procedure for Preschool Children

Transcription

1 Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College A Confusion Matrix Intelligibility Testing Procedure for Preschool Children Jane C. Coe-Kruse Western Michigan University Follow this and additional works at: Part of the Communication Commons, and the Educational Assessment, Evaluation, and Research Commons Recommended Citation Coe-Kruse, Jane C., "A Confusion Matrix Intelligibility Testing Procedure for Preschool Children" (1981). Master's Theses This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact maira.bundza@wmich.edu.

2 A CONFUSION MATRIX INTELLIGIBILITY TESTING PROCEDURE FOR PRESCHOOL CHILDREN by Jan e C. C oe-k ruse A T h e sis S ubm itted to th e F a c u lty o f The G rad u ate C o lleg e in p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f th e re q u ire m e n ts f o r th e D egree o f M aster o f A rts D epartm ent o f Speech P a th o lo g y and A udiology W estern M ichigan U n iv e rs ity Kalam azoo, M ichigan A p ril 1981

3 A CONFUSION MATRIX INTELLIGIBILITY TESTING PROCEDURE FOR PRESCHOOL CHILDREN Jan e C. C oe-k ruse, M.A. W estern M ichigan U n iv e rs ity, 1981 T h is stu d y was conducted to dev elo p and exam ine a p ro c e d u re f o r t e s t i n g and a n a ly z in g th e sp eech i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y o f p re sc h o o l c h ild r e n th ro u g h th e u se o f a p h o n e tic a lly b a la n c e d p ic tu r e d word l i s t, co n fu sio n m a tr ic e s, and com puter a n a l y s i s. Four s u b je c ts and 15 l i s t e n e r s w ere used to o b ta in d a ta on p e rc e p tio n o f sound p ro d u c tio n. The r e s u l t s in d ic a te t h a t u se o f t h i s p ro ced u re d i f f e r e n t i a t e s v a ry in g speech i n t e l l i g i b i l i t i e s and a llo w s f o r e f f e c t i v e a n a ly s is o f sound p ro d u c tio n p a ra m e te rs a s th e y p e r ta in to speech i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y.

4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The a u th o r w ish es to exten d s in c e r e th a n k s to th e many i n d i v i d u a ls who have h elp ed in th e developm ent and e x e c u tio n o f th e r e s e a r c h p re s e n te d h e re. S p e c ia l th a n k s go to th e th e s i s com m ittee members, Dr. M ichael C la rk and M rs. S h irle y S parks f o r t h e i r h e lp fu l s u g g e s tio n s and encouragem ent. Acknowledgement m ust a ls o be g iv e n to th e D epartm ent o f Speech P a th o lo g y and A udiology a t W estern M ichigan U n iv e rs ity f o r th e opport u n i t y and t r a i n in g f o r r e s e a r c h. S in c e re s t a p p r e c ia tio n goes to D r. Clyde R. W illis f o r h is f a i t h in and d e d ic a tio n to t h i s p r o je c t, and h is su p p o rt and a s s is ta n c e th ro u g h o u t t h i s r e s e a r c h endeavor. Ja n e C. Coe-K ruse i i

5 INFORMATION TO USERS This was produced from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or target for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is Missing Page(s). If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure you of complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark it is an indication that the film inspector noticed either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, or duplicate copy. Unless we meant to delete copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed, you will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photographed the photographer has followed a definite method in sectioning the material. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand comer of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. For any illustrations that cannot be reproduced satisfactorily by xerography, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and tipped into your xerographic copy. Requests can be made to our Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In all cases we have filmed the best available copy. University Micrcxilms International 300 N. ZEEB ROAD. ANN ARBOR, Ml BEDFORD ROW. LONDON WC1R 4EJ. ENGLAND

6 131653b COE-KRUSE, JANE CECELIA A CONFUSION MATRIX INTELLIGIBILITY TESTING PROCEDURE FOR PRESCHOOL CHILDREN. WESTERN MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY* M.A., 1981 University Microfilms International 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106

7 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...i i LIST OF TABLES iv LIST OF FIGURES... v C hapter I. INTRODUCTION... 1 I n t e l l i g i b i l i t y T e s t i n g... 4 P urpose o f th e S tu d y... 8 I I. PROCEDURE... 9 S u b je c ts... 9 S tim u lu s M a te r ia ls...io L i s t e n e r s...18 C onfusion M a tric e s Computer A n a ly sis I I I. RESULTS...26 O rig in a l M a tric e s Consonant Computer M a tric e s M anne r o f P ro d u c tio n Computer S u b m atrices A n a ly sis o f V a ria n c e IV. DISCUSSION...43 V. SUMMARY...50 APPENDIX A...52 BIBLIOGRAPHY i i i

8 LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 1 S ta n d a rd iz e d a r t i c u l a t i o n t e s t r e s u l t s f o r s u b je c ts one th ro u g h f o u r C o n sonant-vow el-consonant p h o n e tic a lly b alan ced stim u lu s l i s t R e la tiv e o c c u rre n c e o f phonemes in th e F le tc h e r and W illis s tim u lu s l i s t and co m p arativ e d a ta to T o b ia s' e x p ected fre q u e n c y MD v a lu e s f o r each s u b j e c t / l i s t e n e r co m b in atio n Mean, v a r ia n c e, and sta n d a rd d e v ia tio n v a lu e s o f th e s u b je c t s ' MD v a lu e s MDs v a lu e s f o r each s u b j e c t / l i s t e n e r com bin atio n Mean, v a r ia n c e, and s ta n d a rd d e v ia tio n v a lu e s o f th e s u b je c t s ' MDs v a l u e s An account o f th e p e rc e n ta g e o f re d u c tio n in speech i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y due to manner o f p ro d u c tio n Advanced A n a ly sis o f V arian c e Program r e s u l t s f o r th e s u b je c t s ' MD v a lu e s, in c lu d in g a n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e, l e a s t s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e, and o rd e re d means t e s t r e s u l t s R e s u lts o f th e a n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e betw een each s u b j e c t 's MD and MDs v a lu e s...42 iv

9 LIST OF FIGURES TABLE X PAGE 1 Sample m a trix form w ith th e c e l l num bers u sed f o r c r e a tin g th e com puter f i l e Sample su b m atrix form w ith d e s c r ip tio n o f c e l l c o m p o sitio n S tim u lu s /re s p o n s e s e t s from th e o r i g i n a l m a trix w hich compose th e su b m a trix c e l l s and th e c e l l num bers w hich make-up th e su b m a trix v a r i a b l e s Com posite m a trix f o r s u b je c t o n e Com posite m a trix f o r s u b je c t two Com posite m a trix f o r s u b je c t th r e e Com posite m a trix f o r s u b je c t f o u r Com posite su b m a trix f o r s u b je c t one Com posite su b m a trix f o r s u b je c t tw o Com posite su b m a trix f o r s u b je c t t h r e e Com posite su b m a trix f o r s u b je c t f o u r v

10 CHAPTER I In tro d u c tio n Speech com m unication i s th e m ost e f f i c i e n t means f o r tr a n s m ittin g im m ediate m essages in t h i s s o c ie ty. Most in d iv id u a ls have a g r e a t need and dependence on e f f e c t i v e l y com m unicating t h e i r th o u g h ts to o th e r s. A s i g n i f i c a n t elem ent o f s u c c e s s fu l com m unication betw een sp e a k e r and l i s t e n e r i s th e i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y o f th e m essage. O ften th e im p o rtan ce and n e c e s s ity o f i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y i s o v erlo o k ed u n t i l a breakdown o c c u rs. I n t e l l i g i b i l i t y h a s been d e fin e d a s th e "d e g re e o f c l a r i t y w ith w hich o n e s u tte r a n c e s a r e u n d e rsto o d by th e av e ra g e l i s t e n e r ; i n f l u enced by a r t i c u l a t i o n, r a t e, flu e n c y, v o c a l q u a l ity, and i n t e n s i t y. " (N ic o lo s i, Harrym an, & K resheck, 1978, p. 105). A ssessm ent o f a s p e a k e r 's i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y i s ' a common g o a l in a c l i n i c a l e v a lu a tio n o f speech b u t i s hampered by th e m u ltitu d e o f v a r ia b le s t h a t e f f e c t i t. Judgment o f o v e r a l l i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y i s based t y p i c a l l y on a speech sam ple o b ta in e d d u rin g an e v a lu a tiv e s e s s io n. The sp eech sam ple i s g a th e re d th ro u g h e v e n ts such a s spontan eo u s sp eech, prom pted sp eech, and c o n tr o lle d re sp o n ses from re a d in g m a te r ia l o r an a r t i c u la tio n t e s t. The c l i n i c a l d e s c r ip tio n o f sp eech i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y commonly in c lu d e s one o r more o f a number o f s u b je c tiv e a d j e c tiv e s. The ab sen ce o f a c o n s is te n t s ta n d a rd f o r d e s c rib in g i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y r e s u l t s in u n r e lia b le m ethods o f m easurem ent. W ithout in t e r s u b je c t and 1

11 in te re x a m in e r r e l i a b i l i t y, i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y m easurem ent c o n trib u te s l i t t l e. A ttem pts to in c re a s e th e o b j e c t i v i t y o f i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y a s s e s s ment le d to p e rc e n ta g e q u a n t if ic a tio n. A c l i e n t would be d e s c rib e d a s 80% i n t e l l i g i b l e when th e e v a lu a to r co u ld u n d e rsta n d ap p ro x im ate ly 80% o f th e c l i e n t 's sp eech. T h is system p ro v id e s f o r in c re a s e d d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n among s p e a k e rs, b u t la c k s a s ta n d a rd o f com parison and r e s u l t s in l i t t l e u s e f u l in fo rm a tio n re g a rd in g a s p e a k e r 's i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y. Wood (1946, 1949) a tte m p te d to q u a n tify a r t i c u l a t i o n e r r o r s, c o n s id e rin g f o r th e f i r s t tim e th e r e l a t i v e fre q u e n c y o f th e d i f f e r e n t speech sounds a s th e y o ccu r in sp eech and th e d i f f e r e n t p o s itio n s in w hich th e y o ccu r in w ords. He d ev elo p ed an 'a r t i c u l a t i o n in d e x ' b ased on th e 25 co n so n an ts o f th e p h o n e tic a lp h a b e t, co u n tin g th e p o s itio n s o f each co n so n an t a s a s e p a r a te sound. Each co nsonant was w eighted based on i t s freq u en cy o f o c c u rre n c e a s re p o rte d by T ra v is ( ). The w e ig h tin g f o r each co n so n an t was d i s t r i b u t e d among th e p o s itio n s in w hich i t o c c u rs and th e t o t a l w e ig h tin g f o r a l l sounds in th e index was 100. The developm ent o f t h i s in v e n to ry i s b ased on th e p rem ise th a t m i s a r tic u l a tio n o f f r e q u e n tly o c c u rrin g sounds dec re a s e s i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y to a g r e a t e r d e g re e th a n m i s a r tic u l a tio n o f sounds w hich o ccu r l e s s o f te n in sp eech. H endrikson (1948) o b je c te d to W ood's p r o r a tin g o f each conson a n t 's w eight e q u a lly among th e p o s itio n s, on th e b a s is th a t sounds do n o t o ccu r in each p o s itio n e q u a lly. A m o d ific a tio n o f Wood's te c h n iq u e, developed by P e t t i t ( ), allo w ed f o r an in c re a s e d

12 d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n o f a r t i c u l a t o r y s k i l l s. Snow and M ilise n (,1954b) u t i l i z e d a s c o rin g system w hich a s s ig n s d i f f e r e n t v a lu e s to th e v a rio u s ty p e s o f re s p o n s e s ; c o r r e c t, m ild ly d i s t o r t e d, s e v e re ly d i s t o r t e d, s u b s t i t u t i o n, o m issio n. The mean of th e s e v a lu e s f o r a l l sounds in a l l p o s itio n s p ro d u ces th e a r t i c u l a tio n s c o re. F u rth e r a tte m p ts a t q u a n tify in g a r t i c u l a t i o n have been made th ro u g h d e v elo p in g a r t i c u l a t i o n t e s t s w hich p ro v id e a q u a n t i t a t i v e m easure o f a r t i c u l a t i o n a b i l i t y in term s o f number o f c o r r e c t r e sp o n ses (B ark er & E ngland, 1962; Tem plin & D a rle y, 1960). T hese v a rio u s m ethods, developed to d e s c r ib e and q u a n tif y an in d i v i d u a l 's sp eech, o v e rs im p lify th e i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y o f a sp e a k e r. They f a i l to account f o r s i g n i f i c a n t v a r ia b le s in v o lv e d in m easuring i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y. A p ro c e d u re w hich i d e n t i f i e s th e f a c t o r s a f f e c t in g a s p e a k e r 's i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y n eed s to be d ev elo p ed. The o v e r a l l g o a l e s ta b lis h e d when w orking w ith many speech d is o rd e re d c l i e n t s i s th e improvement o f th e s p e a k e r 's a b i l i t y to be u n d e rsto o d by l i s t e n e r s. I d e n tif y in g th e com ponents o f i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y and s p e c if i c f a c t o r s w hich r e s u l t in a re d u c tio n in i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y le a d s th e c l i n i c i a n and th e re s e a r c h e r to v a lu a b le in fo rm a tio n u s e f u l in changing th e c l i e n t 's speech b e h a v io r. I n t e l l i g i b i l i t y i s th e p r o f ic ie n c y o f a l i s t e n e r in p e rc e iv in g a sound. In th e p ro c e s s o f speech com m unication th e r e a r e a number o f v a r ia b le s w hich can a f f e c t th e d eg ree o f i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y. These v a r ia b le s, such a s, f a m i l i a r i t y w ith th e sp e a k e r, p re sen c e o f v is u a l c u e s, and th e c o n te x t o f th e sp eech in t e r a c t i o n c o n tin u a lly change a s

13 th e s itu a tio n, and l i s t e n e r a r e a l t e r e d. O ther f a c t o r s w hich v a r ia b ly a f f e c t i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y in c lu d e a c o u s tic a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f th e s e t t i n g, h e a rin g s t a t u s o f th e l i s t e n e r, th e s p o n ta n e ity o f th e sp eech, th e amount o f sp eech, and th e a r t i c u l a t i o n p r o f ic ie n c y o f th e s p e a k e r. I n t e l l i g i b i l i t y T e s tin g I n t e l l i g i b i l i t y t e s t i n g sh o u ld le a d th e re s e a r c h e r and th e c l i n ic ia n to in fo rm a tio n re g a rd in g th e v a r ia b le s a f f e c t in g i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y, and th e p ro c e d u re u sed sh o u ld a llo w i d e n t i f i c a t i o n and a n a ly s is o f f a c t o r s c o n tr ib u tin g to a re d u c tio n in i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y. E lem ents r e l a t i n g to i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y t e s t i n g in c lu d e ty p e o f sp eech sam ple, th e p r e s e n ta tio n and s p e c i f i c a t i o n o f th e sp eech sam ple, o rg a n iz a tio n o f th e r e s u l t s, and m ethod o f a n a l y s i s. Each o f th e s e com ponents m ust be c o n sid e re d in o rd e r to dev elo p an e f f e c t i v e t e s t i n g p ro c e d u re. Type o f Speech Sam ple. To c o n tr ib u te to e f f i c i e n t t e s t i n g th e ty p e o f sp eech sam ple u t i l i z e d m ust av o id le n g th y and d i f f i c u l t c o l le c t i o n tim e and e f f e c t i v e l y le n d i t s e l f to a n a l y s i s. P re v io u s s tu d ie s re s e a rc h in g i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y a tte m p te d to s im u la te th e norm al sp eak in g s i t u a t i o n th ro u g h u s e o f co n tin u o u s d is c o u rs e o r co n n ected sp eech (J o rd a n, 1960; M o rriso n, 1955; P r a th e r, 1960; Sherman & C u llin a n, 1960; VanDemark, 1964). A s u b s t a n tia l amount o f tim e and e f f o r t o f te n i s r e q u ir e d b e fo re an a d e q u a te sam ple i s o b ta in e d, and i t i s d i f f i c u l t a t b e s t to g a th e r t h i s ty p e o f sp eech sam ple from s u b je c ts such a s th e m e n ta lly im p aired and p re sc h o o l c h ild r e n. A lso,

14 c o l le c t io n o f co n tin u o u s d is c o u rs e and co n n ected sp eech does n o t m a in ta in c o n s is te n c y o v e r a number o f sam ples. T h is c o n trib u te s to th e d i f f i c u l t y in a n a ly z in g re sp o n se s to th e s e ty p e s o f sam p les. To av o id th e s e problem s a number o f s tu d ie s have u t i l i z e d v a r io u s word l i s t s f o r th e c o l le c t io n o f sp eech sam ples (B la ck, 1957; B la c k, 1963; F a irb a n k s, 1958; H ouse, W illia m s, H ecker, & K ry te r, 1965; P rin s & Bloom er, 1965; P rin s & Bloom er, 1968; Snow, 1964). P r e s e n ta tio n and S p e c ific a tio n o f th e Speech Sam ple. I s s u e s r e le v a n t to th e ty p e o f sp eech sam ple in c lu d e method o f sam ple c o l l e c tio n and re sp o n se s p e c i f i c a t i o n. The ty p i c a l c o l le c t io n method used w ith word l i s t s r e q u ir e s th a t th e sp e a k e rs u sed have a d e q u a te re a d in g s k i l l s. O b tain in g sp eech sam ples from p re sc h o o l c h ild r e n w ith o u t u s in g m odeling a s a f a c i l i t a t o r r e q u ir e s a word l i s t r e p r e s e n te d by p i c tu r e s. Snow (1963, 1964), in h e r s tu d y o f norm al f i r s t g ra d e a r t i c u l a t i o n, d em o n strated th e e f f e c tiv e n e s s o f a p ic tu r e d word l i s t in g a th e rin g a speech sam ple from u n s k ille d r e a d e rs. The a b i l i t y o f an i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y t e s t i n g p ro c e d u re to e f f e c t i v e ly o rg a n iz e and a n a ly z e r e s u l t s i s dependent on th e re sp o n se form. P re v io u s s tu d ie s have used p s y c h o lo g ic a l s c a lin g (J o rd a n, 1960; M o rriso n, 1955; P r a th e r, 1960; Sherman & C u llin a n, 1960; VanDemark, 1964) and m ethods o f dichotom y (B la ck, 1957; C a rte r & Buck, 1958, Grimm, 1966; Irw in, 1962; Irw in, 1963; P r in s & Bloom er, 1965). The p s y c h o lo g ic a l s c a lin g m ethods used r e q u ir e a ra n k o rd e rin g o f speech sam ples based on a v a r ie ty o f te c h n iq u e s. These m ethods p ro v id e o n ly a com parison and do n o t f u r n is h in fo rm a tio n re g a rd in g in d iv id u a l sp e a k e rs. The dichotom ous re sp o n se form does p e rm it an a n a ly s is o f

15 in d iv id u a l s p e a k e rs, b u t r e v e a ls o n ly c o r r e c t o r in c o r r e c t i d e n t i f i c a tio n by th e l i s t e n e r. W ith t h i s ty p e o f re sp o n s e a d d itio n a l i n f o r m atio n p e rta in in g, to in c o r r e c t i d e n t i f i c a t i o n i s n o t a v a i la b l e. P h o n e tic t r a n s c r i p t i o n o f th e s tim u li, a symbol f o r sound d e s ig n a tio n, a llo w s th e a n a ly s is o f a l l in fo rm a tio n r e l a t i n g to th e l i s t e n e r 's p e rc e p tio n. An account o f th e s p e c if ie d re s p o n s e, when an in c o r r e c t p e rc e p tio n i s made, i s a v a i la b l e f o r a n a l y s i s. T h is method p ro v id e s f o r q u a n t if ic a tio n o f th e speech sam ple and f u r th e r a n a ly s is o f th e e r r o r d a ta. O rg a n iz a tio n o f th e R e s u lts. The co n fu sio n m a trix p e rm its th e codin g o f r e s u l t s in o rd e r to d is p la y in fo rm a tio n. T h is method f o r o rg a n iz in g th e r e s u l t s p ro v id e s a l l in fo rm a tio n re g a rd in g th e s tim u li and re s p o n s e s and f a c i l i t a t e s t h e i r q u a n t if ic a tio n. Use o f th e confu s io n m a trix y ie ld s th e p e rc e n ta g e o f sounds i d e n t i f i e d c o r r e c t ly by a l i s t e n e r, and, s i g n i f i c a n t to i t s u s e, makes a v a i la b l e f o r a n a ly s is th e s p e c i f i c sounds p e rc e iv e d by th e l i s t e n e r when an in c o r r e c t r e sp onse was made to th e s tim u lu s sound. These e r r o r d a ta and th e in fo rm a tio n o b ta in e d from t h e i r a n a ly s e s can r e s u l t in a u s e f u l account o f an i n d i v i d u a l 's sp eech i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y based on l i s t e n e r ju dgm ents. M ille r and N ic e ly (1955) in v e s tig a te d th e e f f e c t s o f n o is e and fre q u e n c y d i s t o r t i o n on th e a v e ra g e i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y o f human sp eech. They u t i l i z e d c o n fu sio n m a tric e s to code th e co n so n an t sound re sp o n ses o f f i v e fem ale s u b je c ts s e rv in g a s b o th sp e a k e rs and l i s t e n e r s. From th e m a trix d a ta th e y g e n e ra te d su b m a tric e s th a t allo w ed th e i s o l a t i o n o f l i n g u i s t i c f e a t u r e s in o rd e r to a n a ly z e th e re sp o n se c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s.

16 In h e r s tu d ie s o f f i r s t g ra d e c h i l d r e n 's a r t i c u l a t i o n a b i l i t i e s Snow (.1963, 1964) was in t e r e s t e d in p ro v id in g s p e c if i c in fo rm a tio n on th e m i s a r tic u la te d sounds. In th e f i r s t s tu d y th e d a ta was re p o rte d by ty p e o f e r r o r. The l a t t e r stu d y u t i l i z e d c o n fu sio n m a tric e s to code th e s p e c if i c re s p o n s e s made by th e s u b je c ts p ro v id in g more in fo rm a tio n th a n a v a i la b l e th ro u g h e r r o r c a te g o r iz a tio n. Method o f A n a ly s is. A p ro c e d u re m easu rin g i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y r e q u ir e s an a n a ly s is w hich a llo w s f o r s o p h is tic a te d a p p r a is a l o f th e d a ta r e l a t e d to f a c t o r s o f e tio lo g y, tr e a tm e n t, norm al developm ent, s p e c if i c d is o rd e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s, and o th e r f a c t o r s p e r tin e n t to sp eech i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y. Computer a n a ly s is i s an e f f i c i e n t and s y s te m a tic method o f a c c o m p lish in g th e s e com plex and s o p h is tic a te d ta s k s. A v a ila b ility o f com puters f o r r e s e a r c h and p r o f e s s io n a l ta s k s a llo w s th e sp eech e v a lu a to r to a s s e s s la r g e am ounts o f d a ta w ith l e s s e f f o r t th a n p re v io u s ly re q u ire d. T elag e (1980) dev elo p ed a p ro c e d u re to a n a ly z e m i s a r tic u l a tio n s th ro u g h u se o f a b in a ry p ro d u c tio n f e a t u r e m a trix and a com puterized place-m an n er d i s t i n c t i v e f e a t u r e program. The d a ta, g a th e re d from a sta n d a rd a r t i c u l a t i o n t e s t, w ere coded on a m a trix b ased on a r e v is io n o f th e Chomsky and H a lle (1968) f e a t u r e system a s used by McReynolds and Engmann ( ). T h is p ro c e d u re allo w ed T elag e to a n a ly z e i n d i v i d u a lly tw elv e f e a t u r e s o f sound p ro d u c tio n in term s o f th e p re se n c e o r ab sen ce o f a f e a t u r e in th e sounds produced by th e sp e a k e r. I n d i v id u a l and combined a n a ly s e s c a r r i e d o u t on th e com puter r e s u lte d in a c o n s id e ra b le amount o f in fo rm a tio n r e l a t i n g to th e e r r o r d a ta.

17 8 P urpose o f th e Study The p u rp o se o f t h i s stu d y i s to dev elo p and exam ine a p ro c e d u re f o r t e s t i n g and a n a ly z in g th e sp eech i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y o f p re sc h o o l c h ild r e n th ro u g h u se o f a p ic tu r e d word l i s t, c o n fu sio n m a tr ic e s, and com puter a n a ly s is. Many p re v io u s s tu d ie s have in v e s tig a te d c o r r e c t sound p ro d u c tio n o f sp e a k e rs w ith o u t re g a rd f o r th e in fo rm a tio n a v a ila b le th ro u g h th e m is a r tic u la te d sounds. Use o f c o n fu sio n m a tric e s and com puter a n a ly s i s a llo w s s o p h is tic a te d and com plex e v a lu a tio n o f sound p ro d u c tio n th ro u g h e r r o r d a ta and th e in v e s tig a tio n o f p a ra m e te rs and f e a tu r e s o f sp eech i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y. T h is stu d y in v e s t ig a t e s s p e c i f i c a l l y th e fo llo w in g q u e s tio n s : 1) Can th e p ro c e d u re d i f f e r e n t i a t e th e sp eech o f norm al and d e v ia n t sp e a k e rs? 2) Through t h i s p ro c e d u re can a s e le c te d p aram eter o f sound p ro d u c t i o n, such a s manner o f p ro d u c tio n, be e f f e c t iv e l y an aly zed?

18 CHAPTER II P ro ced u re S u b je c ts The s u b je c ts w ere fo u r m ales who ranged in ag e from 4 ;1 to 4 ;1 1, w ith a mean age o f 4 ;4, a t th e tim e th e sp eech sam ples w ere ta p e d. A ll s u b je c ts w ere g iv e n a s ta n d a rd iz e d a r t i c u l a t i o n t e s t w ith in one month o f ta p in g t h e i r speech sam p les. T hree a r t i c u l a t i o n t e s t s w ere u t i l i z e d and a l l in c o r r e c t sounds w ere re c o rd e d by ty p e o f e r r o r. The form at f o r each t e s t c o n s is te d o f stim u lu s p ic tu r e s shown to th e s u b je c t to e l i c i t re s p o n s e s. Any a r t i c u l a t i o n e r r o r in a s u b j e c t 's re sp o n se was re c o rd e d. When th e s u b je c t d id n o t resp o n d to a p ic tu r e, a model was p ro v id ed by th e exam in er, th e p ic tu r e was p re s e n te d ag a in and th e s u b j e c t 's unprom pted re sp o n se was re c o rd e d. Two s u b je c ts w ere i d e n t i f i e d a s n o rm a lly d e v e lo p in g sp e a k e rs based on r e s u l t s o f th e G o ld m an-f risto e A r tic u la tio n T est (Goldman & F r is to e, 1969). A ccording to S an d ers (.1972) th e age le v e l a t w hich n in e ty p e rc e n t o f a l l c h ild r e n a r e c u s to m a rily p ro d u cin g c o r r e c t ly th e s in g le consonant sounds l i s t e d a s e r r o r s f o r s u b je c t one i s 6 to 8 y e a rs o f age. S u b je c t one made a t o t a l o f f i v e e r r o r s in c lu d in g two s u b s t itu t io n s and th r e e d i s t o r t i o n s. S u b je c t two made no e r r o r s on th e t e s t. S u b je c ts th r e e and fo u r w ere i d e n t i f i e d a s h aving d is o rd e re d a r t i c u l a t i o n based on th e r e s u l t s o f th e a r t i c u l a t i o n t e s t s and t h e i r 9

19 e n ro llm e n t f o r sp eech s e r v ic e s. The Fisher-Logem ann T est o f A r tic u la tio n Competence (F is h e r & Logemann, 1970) was a d m in is te re d to s u b je c t th r e e. He made a t o t a l o f 34 e r r o r s, w hich in c lu d e d 27 s u b s t i t u t i o n s on 14 sounds and seven o m issio n s. S u b je c t th r e e was e n r o lle d f o r sp eech s e r v ic e s one month p r i o r to ta p in g th e sp eech sam ples. The T em piin-d arley T est o f A r tic u la tio n (Tem plin & D a rle y, 1968) was a d m in is te re d to s u b je c t f o u r. H is e r r o r s t o t a l e d 26 and in c lu d e d 14 s u b s t itu t io n s on 10 sounds, s ix o m issio n s, two d i s t o r t i o n s, and fo u r o m issio n s on b le n d s. S u b je c t fo u r had re c e iv e d speech s e r v ic e s f o r seven months when th e sp eech sam ples w ere ta p e d. A r tic u la tio n t e s t r e s u l t s a r e g iv e n in T ab le 1. S tim u lu s M a te ria ls The 5 0 -item stim u lu s l i s t was d ev eloped by F le tc h e r and W illis ( ). I t i s based on a l i s t re p o rte d by K atz and E l l i o t (1978) d e sig n ed to be r e p r e s e n ta tiv e o f s ta n d a rd American phoneme o c c u rre n c e in spoken E n g lish e l i c i t e d th ro u g h p i c tu r e s. The o r ig i n a l l i s t by Katz and E l l i o t in c lu d e d phonemic c l u s t e r s and made no a tte m p t to c o n tro l phonemic o rd e r. th e fo llo w in g c r i t e r i a : F le tc h e r and W illis m o d ified th e l i s t to m eet (1) a l l s tim u li co u ld be d e p ic te d and w ere w ith in th e g e n e ra l v o c a b u la ry o f a f o u r - y e a r - o ld, (2) a l l s tim u li w ere co n so n an t-v o w el-co n so n ant (CVC) u tte r a n c e s, and (3) co nsonant c l u s t e r s w ere e lim in a te d. The word l i s t i s p re s e n te d in T able 2. In so f a r a s th e above c r i t e r i a a llo w, th e f i n a l l i s t i s cons id e re d r e p r e s e n ta tiv e o f th e sta n d a rd American phonemes in spoken

20 11 T ab le 1. S ta n d a rd iz e d a r t i c u l a t i o n t e s t r e s u l t s f o r s u b je c ts one th ro u g h fo u r. E rro rs Subj e c t C.A. T e st S u b s titu tio n O m ission D is to r tio n 1 4; 11 G-F s /S kw /kr z r s 2 4 ;3 G-F none 3 4 ;1 F-L g /b b/w b / f t / f b /v g /9 t / 9 d/if w/1 g / 1 d /s t / s d /z w/z d/i" t/i" g /ts d / 1 t / t d /3 t / r 7 /r g /s g / r g /d 3 d /d ; l T-D w /r b /v d/if t / t 5 d /d 3 t / k d /g b /3 h /d 3 v /d 3 t s / t j p /b w/ 1 v /i f J z j r s z j 9 h J s r s i T ab le 2. C onsonant-vow el-consonant p h o n e tic a lly b a la n c e d stim u lu s l i s t. 1. dog 1 1. sh o es 2 1. b o a t 31. c o a t 41. k n if e 2. p u rse 1 2. h a i r 2 2. duck 32. mouth 42. sock 3. n o se 13. to n g u e 23. ham 33. man 43. mop 4. w atch 14. w itc h 24. l i g h t 34. cup 44. h a t 5. fo o t 15. m eat 25. s h i r t 35. gun 45. c a t 6, door 16. gum 26. j u i c e 36. n in e 46. bed 7. house 17. food 27. b e a r 37. lamb 47. f e e t 8. b ik e 18. soap 28. g i r l 38. rin g 48. n u t 9. head 19. b ir d 29. one 39. p in 4 9. v a se 1 0. bus 2 0. b a l l 30. comb 40. p ig 50. te e t h

21 E n g lis h. R e la tiv e o c c u rre n c e o f phonemes was com pared to th e c l a s s i 12 c a l fre q u e n c ie s re p o rte d by F ren ch, C a r te r, and K oenig (1930) a s upd a te d by T obias (1959). For th e com parison fo u r p a i r s o f phonemes in c lu d in g /a / and / 9 /, / / and / 9 /, /w / and M i and /3*/ and /*3*/ w ere com bined. T able 3 shows th e co m p a ra tiv e d a ta. The word l i s t was d e p ic te d on seven in c h by n in e in c h c a r d s. A ll p ic tu r e s w ere c o lo re d, and th e s m a lle s t a c t u a l p ic tu r e s iz e was th r e e in c h e s by fo u r in c h e s. T h ir ty n in e o f th e 50 p ic tu r e s w ere ta k e n from th e Peabody Language Developm ent K it: L ev el 1 (Dunn & S m ith, 1965). The rem ain in g 11 w ere hand drawn u s in g p i c t u r e s a s m odels and w ere c o n s is te n t in c o lo r and s iz e w ith th e Peabody c a rd s. The o rd e r o f th e word l i s t was random ized f o r each sp eech sam ple. T ra in in g S e ssio n s Two tr a i n in g s e s s io n s w ere p ro v id e d f o r each s u b je c t. The f i n a l o b je c tiv e was fo r each s u b je c t to p ro d u ce th e s tim u lu s word upon p re s e n ta tio n o f th e p ic tu r e w ith o u t a model b ein g p ro v id ed by th e t r a i n e r. T h is was th e c r i t e r i o n f o r an a c c e p ta b le re s p o n s e. D uring th e tr a i n in g s e s s io n s, s u b je c ts w ere g iv e n prom pts o n ly when th e y responded in a p p r o p r ia te ly by say in g an in c o r r e c t word o r making no re sp o n se. When an in a p p ro p r ia te re s p o n se o c c u rre d th e f o l low ing prom pting sequence was u sed : (1) a g e s tu r a l prom pt, i f a p p l i c a b le to th e word, (2) a v o c a l prom pt n o t in c lu d in g th e s tim u lu s word, and (3) a model o f th e stim u lu s word. I f a t any tim e d u rin g th e prom pting sequence th e s u b je c t gave th e a p p r o p r ia te re s p o n se no f u r t h e r prom pts were g iv e n. The p ic tu r e was p re s e n te d a g a in u n t i l an

22 13 T ab le 3. R e la tiv e o c c u rre n c e o f phonemes in th e F le tc h e r and W illis stim u lu s l i s t and co m p arativ e d a ta to T o b ia s ' e x p ected fre q u e n c y. Phoneme T obias ex p e c te d f r e q. F le t c h e r/w ill i s fre q u e n c y d if f e r e n c e t I n A» *, d s r m k w,m j e ax z V D a at e o i IT h f b S P o u a v s t j d t o t a l phonemes 150

23 14 unprom pted re sp o n se was made. Each tr a i n i n g s e s s io n was ended when th e s u b je c t had a p p r o p r ia te ly i d e n t i f i e d each p ic tu r e a t l e a s t two tim es w ith o u t any v o c a l p ro m p tin g. A ll a s p e c ts o f i n c o r r e c t sound p ro d u c tio n w ere ig n o re d by th e t r a i n e r. The s tim u lu s w ords w ere s a id by th e t r a i n e r o n ly d u rin g th e f i n a l s te p o f th e prom pting seq u en ce. Taping S e ssio n s The speech sam ple f o r each s u b je c t was re c o rd e d in d iv id u a lly in an I.A.C. sound t r e a t e d a u d io m e tric t e s t i n g room on S cotch H ig h la n d er low n o is e ta p e. A f r e e - s ta n d in g E le c tro v o ic e //664 m icrophone was p la c e d ap p ro x im ate ly s i x in c h e s from th e s u b j e c t 's m outh. P r io r to th e a c tu a l re c o rd in g, a t r i a l p r e s e n ta tio n o f th e p ic tu r e s was made u n t i l th e s u b je c t gave one a c c e p ta b le re sp o n se f o r each p i c t u r e. I f an in a p p ro p r ia te re sp o n se was made d u rin g th e ta p in g th e t r a i n e r f o l lowed th e prom pting sequence u n t i l th e s u b je c t made an a c c e p ta b le r e sp o n se, a re sp o n se w ith o u t a m odel from th e t r a i n e r. E d ite d Tape The o r ig i n a l ta p e s w ere e d ite d w ith Sony TC650 and Revox B77 ta p e re c o rd e rs and a JVC JA-S55 a m p lif ie r. The e d ite d ta p e was s e c tio n e d in to fo u r speech sam p les, and each s u b j e c t 's speech sam ple in c lu d e d one a c c e p ta b le re sp o n se to each p i c t u r e. When a s u b je c t had g iv e n two o r more re sp o n se s to a p ic tu r e d u rin g th e ta p in g th e f i r s t a c c e p ta b le re sp o n se was e d ite d o n to th e f i n a l ta p e. Ten second i n t e r v a l s w ere p la c e d betw een each re s p o n s e, and a l l

24 re s p o n s e s peaked a t.5 on th e VU m e ter A s u b je c t number i d e n t i f i c a t i o n cue was p la c e d on th e ta p e te n seconds p r i o r to each speech sam ple to s ig n a l th e o n s e t o f each subj e c t. R esponse number i d e n t i f i c a t i o n c u e s, u sed to s ig n a l th e number o f th e n e x t re sp o n se, w ere random ly in s e r te d tw ic e in each speech sam ple ap p ro x im a te ly one t h i r d and two t h i r d s th ro u g h th e sam ple. They w ere added to th e ta p e to r e f e r th e l i s t e n e r to th e c o r r e c t r e sponse number in th e e v en t th a t a re sp o n s e had been m issed. To a c q u a in t th e l i s t e n e r s w ith th e ta s k a re s p o n s e sequence id e n t i c a l to th e s u b j e c t s ' re sp o n se s in i n t e r v a l d u r a tio n and i n t e n s i t y was added to th e ta p e p r io r to s u b je c t o n e 's sp eech sam ple. T h is sequence was th e f i r s t s e t o f re sp o n s e s h e a rd by th e l i s t e n e r s and in clu d ed f iv e co n so n an t-v o w el-co n so n a n t u tte r a n c e s n o t on th e word l i s t u sed f o r th e s u b je c ts. The w ords w ere s a id by a f iv e - y e a r - o ld boy re c e iv in g sp eech s e r v ic e s f o r d e v ia n t a r t i c u l a t i o n in re sp o n se to p ic tu r e s. The o rd e r o f sp eech sam ple placem ent on th e ta p e was (1) t r i a l re sp o n se seq u en ce, (2) s u b je c t one - norm al a r t i c u l a t i o n, (3) s u b je c t th r e e - d e v ia n t a r t i c u l a t i o n, (4) s u b je c t two - norm al a r t i c u l a t i o n, and (5) s u b je c t fo u r - d e v ia n t a r t i c u l a t i o n. T h is o rd e r rem ained c o n s ta n t f o r a l l l i s t e n i n g s e s s io n s. P i l o t L is te n in g S e ssio n A p i l o t l i s t e n i n g s e s s io n was c a r r ie d o u t w ith th r e e g ra d u a te s tu d e n ts in speech p ath o lo g y e n ro lle d in an a r t i c u l a t i o n d is o r d e r s c o u rs e. T h is s e s s io n was used to a n a ly z e th e l i s t e n i n g p ro c e d u re in

25 16 o rd e r to make n e c e s s a ry changes in th e a c tu a l l i s t e n i n g s e s s io n. The o n ly change made was th e e x c lu sio n o f th e g l o t t a l s to p /?/ a s a poss i b l e re s p o n se due to i t s in c o n s is te n t u se among th e l i s t e n e r s d u rin g th e p i l o t l i s t e n i n g s e s s io n s. L is te n e r s F if te e n u n d e rg ra d u a te s tu d e n ts from th e D epartm ent o f Speech P ath o lo g y and A udiology a t W estern M ichigan U n iv e rs ity se rv e d a s l i s te n e r s. A ll o f th e s e s tu d e n ts w ere e n r o lle d in a p h o n e tic s c o u rse te a c h in g phonemic t r a n s c r i p t i o n based on th e I n te r n a tio n a l P h o n e tic A lphabet (.IPA). T hese s tu d e n ts had been u s in g phonemic t r a n s c r i p t i o n in coursew ork assig n m e n ts f o r one and a h a l f m onths. L is te n e r s e le c tio n was b ased on an o r a l t r a n s c r i p t i o n exam ta k e n one to two weeks p r i o r to th e l i s t e n i n g s e s s io n. The exam fo rm at r e q u ire d th e s tu d e n ts to t r a n s c r i b e words g iv en o r a l l y by th e in s t r u c t o r. The s e le c te d l i s t e n e r s ' s c o re s ranged from 91-98, w ith a mean of 9 4.2, f o r th e 100 p o in t exam. L is te n in g S e ssio n s D ata w ere c o lle c te d from two l i s t e n i n g s e s s io n s w hich w ere id e n t i c a l in p ro ced u re and s e t t i n g. The s e s s io n s w ere a d m in is te re d in a 16' by 16' custom sound t r e a t e d room fo rm e rly used a s a b ro a d c a st s tu d io. The speech sam ple ta p e s w ere p la y ed from a Sony TC-650 ta p e deck th ro u g h a JVC JA-S55 a m p lif ie r and a 10" sp eak er o f th e ty p e so ld w ith th e B e lto n e a u d io m e te r. The l i s t e n e r s w ere s e a te d in d esk s a rra n g e d in th r e e row s. They

26 17 fa c e d th e sp eak er a t th e f r o n t c e n te r o f th e room. The d is ta n c e to th e sp e a k e r ranged from th r e e to seven f e e t. Speech sam ples w ere p la y e d a t a c o m fo rta b le lo u d n e ss le v e l o f 78dB SPL, a s r e g is t e r e d on a sound le v e l m e te r. T he l i s t e n e r s w e re g iv e n a p a c k e t o f f i v e r e s p o n s e s h e e t s i n c l u d in g o n e f o r t h e t r i a l r e s p o n s e s e q u e n c e a n d o n e f o r e a c h s u b j e c t. They w ere in s tr u c te d to p u t one phoneme in each sp ace on th e re sp o n se s h e e ts. A sam ple re s p o n s e s h e e t i s p ro v id e d in A ppendix A. The fo llo w in g i n s t r u c t i o n s w ere re a d to th e l i s t e n e r s : P le a s e l i s t e n to th e i n s t r u c t i o n s c a r e f u l l y. You w i l l h e a r fo u r sp e a k e rs betw een th e ag e s o f fo u r and f i v e w ith v a ry in g d e g re e s o f sp eech i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y. Some w i l l be easy to und e rs ta n d, some w i l l b e d i f f i c u l t to u n d e rs ta n d. Each s u b je c t w i l l say 50 co n so n a n t-v o w e l-c o n so n a n t w ords. Try to i d e n tif y each re s p o n s e. I f you a r e n o t s u re o f any o f th e phonem es, g u e ss. Try to le a v e no b la n k s p a c e s. Try to u s e phonemic t r a n s c r i p t i o n w henever p o s s ib le. At v a r ie d i n t e r v a l s th e number o f th e n e x t re s p o n s e w i l l b e p re s e n te d on th e ta p e to i d e n tif y th e c o r r e c t p la c e on your re s p o n se s h e e t. I f your n e x t number does n o t c o rre sp o n d to th e ta p e number f in d th e ta p e number and s t a r t th e r e. To s t a r t, we w i l l have a t r i a l s u b je c t sa y in g f i v e co n so n an t-v o w el-co n so n a n t words to a c q u a in t you w ith th e re s p o n s e le v e l and i n t e r v a l tim e. Would anyone l i k e any p a r t o f th e in s t r u c t i o n s re a d a g a in? Are th e r e any q u e s tio n s? The l i s t e n i n g t a s k c o n s is te d o f th e fo llo w in g seq u en ce: (1) th e t r i a l re sp o n se sequence and th e f i r s t two sp eech sam p les, (2) a f iv e m inute b re a k w ith o u t any d is c u s s io n o f th e s e s s io n e v e n ts, and (3) th e f i n a l two speech sam ples. C onfusion M a tric e s U se o f a m a t r i x a l l o w s i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f e a c h s t i m u l u s / r e s p o n s e s e t by p a i r i n g e a c h s t i m u l u s w i t h a l l o t h e r s t i m u l i a s p o s s i b l e

27 re s p o n s e s. S tim u li a r e i d e n t i f i e d alo n g th e o r d in a te o f th e m a trix 18 and re sp o n se s a r e re c o rd e d alo n g th e a b s c is s a. Each s tim u lu s /re s p o n s e s e t c r e a te s a c e l l. D ata a r e e n te re d in to th e c e l l s by th e number o f o c c u rre n c e s o f each s tim u lu s /re s p o n s e c o m b in atio n. The c e l l s w hich in c lu d e an i d e n t i c a l stim u lu s and re s p o n s e, such a s t / t, form th e n e g a tiv e d ia g o n a l o f th e m a trix and a r e c o r r e c t re s p o n s e c e l l s. The c e l l s c o n ta in in g a re sp o n se d i f f e r e n t from th e s tim u lu s, such a s t / n, a r e in c o r r e c t re sp o n se c e l l s and h o ld th e e r r o r d a ta. The p e rc e n ta g e o f c o r r e c t re sp o n s e s in a d a ta s e t on a m a trix i s o b ta in e d by c a lc u la tin g th e mean o f th e d ia g o n a l (MD)-l, addin g a l l re sp o n se o c c u rre n c e s in th e n e g a tiv e d ia g o n a l c e l l s and d iv id in g by th e t o t a l number o f re sp o n se o c c u rre n c e s. A su b m atrix i s c r e a te d by renam ing th e s tim u li and re s p o n s e s to in c lu d e groups o f s tim u li and re sp o n ses from th e o r i g i n a l m a trix. C re a tin g a su b m atrix a llo w s a n a ly s is o f th e e r r o r d a ta on th e o r i g i n a l m a trix by com bining s tim u lu s /re s p o n s e s e t s to form a new s tim u lu s /r e sponse s e t on th e su b m a trix. Coding th e d a ta by n o v e l s tim u lu s /r e - sponse co m b in atio n s r e d e f in e s th e c r i t e r i a f o r a c o r r e c t re sp o n se. A su b m atrix c o n ta in s a l l d a ta from th e o r i g i n a l m a trix. The m a trix form was c re a te d from 21 co n so n an t so u n d s, n o t in c lu ding / j / and /$ /. These sounds w ere e lim in a te d b e c a u se o f t h e i r low o c c u rre n c e in spoken E n g lis h. The re sp o n se s e t in c lu d e d an o t h e r ' c a te g o ry, d e s ig n a te d by 0, w hich was used to code any ^The MD m easure i s used in f i e l d s such a s a c o u s tic s, p sy ch o lo g y, speech p a th o lo g y, and o th e r d i s c i p l i n e s and i s r e f e r r e d to in th e l i t e r a t u r e a s a r t i c u l a t i o n s c o re, A ', and mean o f th e d ia g o n a l.

28 re sp o n s e s n o t in c lu d e d in th e s tim u lu s s e t, such a s, v o w els, b le n d s, no re sp o n se, and / j /. T h is r e s u lte d in a 21 by 22 m a trix h aving a t o t a l o f 462 c e l l s. A sam ple m a trix form i s p ro v id e d in F ig u re 1. The l i s t e n e r s co n so n an t re sp o n se s w ere coded o n to m a tric e s from th e re sp o n se s h e e ts. The re sp o n ses from each s u b j e c t / l i s t e n e r combin a tio n w ere coded o n to one m a trix, r e s u l t i n g in 60 in d iv id u a l m a tric e s and 15 m a tric e s p e r s u b je c t. The su b m atrix form was c re a te d u s in g th e fo llo w in g manner o f p ro d u c tio n c a te g o r ie s : p lo s iv e s, f r i c a t i v e s, a f f r i c a t e s, n a s a ls, and sem i-vow els. T h is allo w ed a n a ly s is o f th e e f f e c t o f manner o f p roductio n on th e s u b je c t s ' sp eech i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y. The su b m a tric e s w ere c re a te d a f t e r th e d a ta from th e o r i g i n a l m a tric e s w ere e n te re d in to th e com puter. A sam ple su b m atrix form and a d e s c r ip tio n o f th e c e l l co m p o sitio n i s p ro v id ed in F ig u re 2. Computer A n a ly sis A m a ste r m a trix was g e n e ra te d w hich a s s ig n e d a number to each o f th e 462 c e l l s. th e s e num bers. F ig u re 1 i d e n t i f i e s th e c e l l s o f th e m a trix form by They w ere used to l a b e l th e s tim u lu s /re s p o n s e s e t s f o r com puter a n a ly s is. F or exam ple, th e s tim u lu s /re s p o n s e s e t n / s was a s s ig n e d th e number 27 and a l l re sp o n se o c c u rre n c e s in t h i s c e l l on each m a trix w ere e n te re d in to th e com puter under t h i s num ber. M atrix d a ta w ere e n te re d u sin g a d a ta management package from W estern M ichigan U n iv e rs ity e n t i t l e d BANK. T h is system allo w ed f o r la r g e am ounts o f d a ta to b e e n te re d and s to r e d, and f a c i l i t a t e d

29 F ig u re 1. Sample m a trix form w ith th e c e l l num bers used f o r c r e a tin g th e com puter f i l e. 20 St 22 1 <r <r K O r CM - i CO < * O eg eg gr o OH CO <r 00 CO < OH H H CO vr c * "S 00 f ( a r 4 so 00 CO msr <r r»» m «d- vo m sr m sr sr m «T w o OH CO SO 00 CO in «-4 r - CO >4-1 H SO CO VO sr O vo tf OV m sr eg so -d- co m cn i 4 CO m sr > eg i g o CO CM tn sr N H CO CO m sr o 3 i-h eg o CO \ m sr X OH f 4 CO S 00 M n* O CO OH eg i 1 so 00 eg CO m eg 'O k u 4J ai «a» ft CO m eg r* s r c eg o \ sr sr 00 sr 'T rs *dsr vo sr sr m sr sr so 00 sr eg 'O sr cn 'dsr *d* eg 4J H CO eg U <u M <4-1 so <r m r 4 -d1 sr eg H OH eg r*< <r 00 CO CM i 4 tn -d' m so eg eg eg H 4J c o T3 W H U B ^ 9 N > U ^3 M a o t '-O to «' 4 J ' O Vo CM sr sr

30 F ig u re 2. Sample su b m a trix form w ith d e s c r ip tio n o f c e l l co m p o sitio n. f r e e PLO FRIC AFFR NASAL SEMI-VO SEMI-VO NASAL AFFR FRIC PLO C e ll number V a ria b le name S tim u lu s/r esp o n se 1 PLO p lo s iv e /p lo s iv e 2 PF p l o s i v e / f r i c a t i v e 3 PA p l o s i v e / a f f r i c a t e 4 PN p lo s iv e /n a s a l 5 PSV p lo siv e /se m i-v o w e l 6 FP f r i c a t i v e / p l o s i v e 7 FRI f r i c a t i v e / f r i c a t i v e 8 FA f r i c a t i v e / a f f r i c a t e 9 FN f r i c a t iv e /n a s a l 10 FSV f r i c a t iv e /sem i-v o w el 11 AP a f f r i c a t e / p l o s i v e 12 AF a f f r i c a t e / f r i c a t i v e 13 AFFR a f f r i c a t e / a f f r i c a t e 14 AN a f f r i c a t e / n a s a l 15 ASV a ffric a te /s e m i- v o w e l e t c

31 f u r th e r s t a t i s t i c a l a n a ly s is o f th e d a ta by th e u s e r. BANK system, 22 d e sig n ed by Houchard (1974) f o r i n t e r a c t i v e te rm in a l u s e, was used in com b in atio n w ith th e D ig ita l Equipm ent C o rp o ra tio n PDP-10 (Dec System 10) com puter a t W estern M ichigan U n iv e rs ity. A com puter f i l e was c r e a te d w hich c o n ta in e d a l l th e d a ta e n te re d from th e o r ig i n a l m a tr ic e s. M atrix d a ta was i d e n t i f i e d by o b serv a t i o n s. For exam ple, o b s e rv a tio n one in c lu d e d a l l re sp o n se s from th e f i r s t m a trix, s u b je c t o n e / l i s t e n e r one. One o b s e rv a tio n was e n te re d f o r each m a trix r e s u l t i n g in 60 o b s e rv a tio n s. Each o b s e rv a tio n was composed o f 464 v a r ia b le s. The v a r ia b le s d e s ig n a te d s u b je c t num ber, l i s t e n e r num ber, and each c e l l number in th e m a trix ( e. g., v a r ia b le l= s u b je c t num ber, V 2 = lis te n e r num ber, V3= C e ll 1, V4=C2, V5=C3,... V464=C462). For exam ple, o b s e rv a tio n seven c o n ta in e d re sp o n ses from th e s u b je c t o n e / l i s t e n e r seven co m b in atio n and th e r e w ere e ig h t re sp o n se o c c u rre n c e s from th e m/m s tim u lu s /r e - sponse s e t. T his was e n te re d a s s u b je c t number = 1, l i s t e n e r number = 7, and C162 = 8. In o rd e r to f a c i l i t a t e a n a ly s is o f th e d a ta new v a r ia b le s w ere added to th e f i l e. The MD v a r ia b le was c re a te d by ad d in g to g e th e r th e c e l l num bers o f th e n e g a tiv e d ia g o n a l and d iv id in g by th e number o f re sp o n s e o c c u rre n c e s ( e. g., CCell 1 + C24 + C47 + C C 4623/100). An i n s tr u c tio n to p r i n t v a r ia b le MD f o r a s p e c if i c o b s e rv a tio n p ro duced a p e rc e n ta g e o f c o r r e c t re sp o n se s f o r th e s p e c if ie d s u b je c t and l i s t e n e r co m b in atio n. The manner o f p ro d u c tio n su b m a tric e s w ere c re a te d by addin g a new v a r ia b le f o r each s tim u lu s /re s p o n s e s e t, o r c e l l, o f th e su b m atrix

32 form. The 25 c e l l s in. th e su b m atrix form each c o n ta in e d a group o f c e l l s from th e co n so n an t m a trix. The p lo s iv e /p lo s iv e c e l l c o n ta in s a l l th e c e l l num bers from th e o r i g i n a l m a trix w ith a p lo s iv e a s a s tim u lu s and a p lo s iv e a s a re s p o n se. The o rg a n iz a tio n o f s tim u lu s / re sp o n s e s e t s from th e o r i g i n a l m a trix w hich compose th e su b m a trix c e l l s i s g iv e n in F ig u re 3. The mean o f th e d ia g o n a l o f th e su b m atrix (MDs) v a r ia b le was c r e a te d by adding to g e th e r th e v a r ia b le names o f th e n e g a tiv e d ia g o n a l and d iv id in g by th e number o f re s p o n se o c c u rre n c e s ( e. g., [PLO + FRI + AFFR + NASA + SE M l]/100). To c a l c u la te th e number o f re sp o n se o c c u rre n c e s f o r a s tim u lu s / re sp o n se s e t in a su b m a trix a p r i n t i n s tr u c tio n was made f o r th e v a r i a b le name and th e s p e c if ie d o b s e rv a tio n ( e. g., P r i n t PA [ p l o s i v e / a f f r i c a t e ], o b s e rv a tio n s ix [s u b je c t o n e / l i s t e n e r s i x ] ). The e n t i r e re sp o n s e o c c u rre n c e co m p o sitio n f o r a su b m atrix was p r in te d by r e q u e s tin g a l l 25 v a r ia b le s f o r a s p e c if ie d o b s e rv a tio n. The C o rre la tio n Program (CORRL), B asic S t a t i s t i c Program (BSTAT), and Advanced A n a ly sis o f V arian ce Program (ADVAOV) from W estern Michig a n U n iv e rs ity w ere used to c a r r y o u t s t a t i s t i c a l a n a ly s e s o f th e d a ta e n te re d in to th e com puter. CORRL was used to com pile th e d a ta from th e 15 l i s t e n e r m a tric e s f o r each s u b je c t by p r in t in g th e MD and MDs from each l i s t e n e r, comb in e d s c o re s from a l l l i s t e n e r s, and th e v a ria n c e and s ta n d a rd d e v ia tio n o f th e l i s t e n e r s ' MD and MDs v a lu e s f o r each s u b je c t. T h is in fo rm a tio n was used to ru n an a n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e and m u ltip le com paris o n s t e s t.