Q201 Separate Physics only Which nuclei undergo fission in nuclear power plants? Q202Separate Physics only. Does fission happen by itself?

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1 Q201 Separate Physics only Which nuclei undergo fission in nuclear power plants? Q202Separate Physics only Does fission happen by itself? Q203 Separate Physics only What happens to the neutrons released in fission? Q204 Separate Physics only What is this an example of? Where does this happen? Q205 Separate Physics only What is this an example of? Where does this happen? Q206 Separate Physics only Both nuclear weapons and nuclear power stations use chain reactions. What causes them to behave so differently? Q207 Separate Physics only What happens during Nuclear fusion Q208 How can radiation cause cancers? Q209 How are cancers treated with radiation Q210 What is the difference between a scalar quantity and a vector quantity?

2 A202 Very, very rarely. Fission normally has to start by firing a neutron at a nucleus that then absorbs it. A201 Plutonium or uranium A204 A CONTROLLED chain reaction. This happens in nuclear reactors A203 They can go on and split other atoms this is called a chain reaction A206 In a controlled Chain reaction only one of the neutrons splits another nucleus. The other neutrons are prevented from splitting nuclei by being absorbed by other materials In an uncontrolled reaction all released neutrons split other nuclei A205 An UNCONTROLLED chain reaction These happen in nuclear weapons A208 A207 Two light nuclei are joined together to make a heavier nucleus. Some mass is changed into lots of thermal energy A210 Vectors have magnitude and direction Scalars have magnitude only. A209 large localised doses kills tumours

3 Q211 Give examples of contact forces Q212 give examples non contact forces Q213 What is a force? Q215 What is weight? What do you measure it in? Q214 For the following say if they are vectors or scalars a) Force b) Speed c) Mass d) Temperature e) Velocity f) Energy Q216 What determines the weight of an object? Q217 What is the formula for weight? Triangle and units Q218 What do we mean by the term centre of mass? Q219 What is a resultant force? What is the value here? Q220 HIGHER ONLY What does it mean to resolve a force?

4 A212 Gravity Electrostatic magnetic A211 Friction Tension in ropes Normal contact force Air resistance A214 a) Vector b) Scalar c) Scalar d) Scalar e) Vector f) Scalar A216 The mass of the object The strength of gravity in that point of the gravitational field A213 A push or a pull A215 The force of gravity acting on the matter of an object Newtons A218 A point in an object at which the weight appears to act. A217 A220 It means splitting a single force into vertical and horizontal components A219 If several forces are activng on an object, they can be replaced by a single force which has the same effect as all the other forces added together. This is called the resultant force

5 Q221 HIGHER Explain what we mean by equilibrium Q222 HIGHER ONLY - how would you know if this is in equilibrium? Is it? Q223 What does work done mean? Q224 HIGHER TIER ONLY What is a free body diagram? Q225 What is the formula for work done? Units? Triangle? Q226 How can work done against friction raise the temperature of an object? Q227 Convert the following into Joules 120 Nm 300 Nm Q228 Convert the following into newton-metres 12J 50J 20KJ Q229 How many forces do you need to cause things to change shape? Q230 What do we call it when an object can change shape and then return to it s original shape and length? What sort of material is it?

6 A222 Resolve each force into horizontal & vertical components and then add the horizontals together. Then add the verticals together. If they both equal zero it is in equilibrium. Alternatively draw each force using the Tip to Tail rule and see if it ends where it starts This example is NOT in equilibrium A224 A Free Force diagram shows all the forces acting on an object A221 When all the forces are balanced OR when the resultant is Zero A223 Work Done is the energy transferred when a force moves an object through a distance A226 When you push against a rough surface you are doing work against friction. Energy is transferred to the Kinetic energy store of the object, raising it s temperature A225 A Nm 50 Nm 20,000 Nm (Kilojoules!) A J 300J A230 Elastically deformed It is an elastic material A229 You need 2 or more forces to cause an object to change shape. One force on an object would cause the object to move

7 Q231 What is inelastic deformation? Q232 What happens to the extension as Force is Applied (load) Q233 What is the spring constant a measure of? Q234 A spring has a load of 12 N applied to it. The spring constant is 96 N/m. Calculate the extension? Q235 What is the limit of proportionality? Q236 How do you calculate the elastic potential energy stored in a spring using a formula? Q237 How can you calculate the elastic potential energy stored in a spring using a graph? What are the axes labels? Q238 A spring has a spring constant of 1.2 N/m. The spring deforms elastically. What is the elastic potential energy transferred to the spring if its extension is 0.2m? Q239 Which letter shows the limit of proportionality? Q240 Required Practical What is the method? What are the Dangers?

8 A232 As you increase the force the extension increases. Force and extension are directly proportional ie the graph is a straight line going through 0,0 A231 When a spring is permanently deformed i.e. it does not return to it s original shape &/or length A234 A233 the stiffness of the spring. The higher the value the stiffer the spring A236 A235 The point that once a spring has been stretched past, will not return it to its original length A238 A237 A240 Measure the original length with no masses on the spring Add mass record new length, calculate the extension Repeat for 5 more masses Plot a graph of Force v extension it should be a straight line going through 0,0 A239 B Danger spring snapping, wear goggles, heavy masses, suitable footwear

9 Q241 What do these results show? Q242What will the gradient in the initial part of the graph equal? Q243 What is this point called? Q244 PO Give examples of a force or system of forces causing an object to rotate? Q245 PO A. What is a moment? B. What is the equation for a moment? C. What are the units of moments? Q246 PO What do we mean by the line of action of a force? Q248 PO What moment does this have? Q247 Q249PO What moment does this have? Q250 PO What moment does this have?

10 A242 The gradient here will be equal to the spring constant F= ke therefore k=f/e A244 Pushing a door open Pedalling Using a lever Using a spanner A241 As you increase the extension the force increases. It is initially a linear relationship After a while the force does not increase as quickly as before A243 The limit of proportionality A246 A245 A. A moment is the turning effect of a force B. Moment = Force x distance C. Units of moments are Nm A248 1 Nm A247 i) A ii) B iii) C A250 1 Nm A249 2 Nm

11 Q251 PO What is the principle of moments? Q252 PO Which is the clockwise moment & Which is the anticlockwise moment? Q253 PO Q254 PO which gears would turn clockwise? Q255 PO What do we mean by a force multiplier? Q256 PO Give examples of a force multiplier Q257 PO What is a fluid? Why do they cause pressure? Q258 PO What is the formula for pressure? Units Q259 PO In which direction does the force from pressure in a fluid act? Q260 PO Calculate the pressure here

12 A252 A251 The sum of clockwise moments = the sum of anticlockwise moments A254 BDE A253 a) 4 x 0.35 = 1.4Nm b) 2 x 0.2 +(2x 0.4) = 1.2Nm c) No. The A/C moment is larger than the C/W moment A256 A255 They reduce the amount of force needed in order to get the same moment. A258 Note 1 Newton/m 2 = 1 Pascal A257 Fluids are substances that can flow. They include gases and liquids Their particles have mass and are free to move so when they hit a surface they exert a force on the surface at RIGHT ANGLES to the area A260 A259 Always at right angles to the surface

13 Q261 POH What is the formula for calculating the pressure in a column of liquid? Q262 POH Complete the diagram to show what would happen if you drilled in holes at the heights shown in this container holding liquid? Q263 POH Explain why the pressure increases with depth in a fluid? Q264 PO What happens to atmospheric pressure as altitude increases and why? Q265 a) How many cm 2 in a 1m 2? b) What is 300cm 2 in m 2? Q266 PO Calculate the pressure in Pascals when a force of 1000N is applied on 10 cm 2 Q267 a. Why do objects experience Upthrust in liquids? b. What does the size of the upthrust depend on? Q268 Why does an apple float? Q269 Why do potatoes sink? Q270 What determines if an object will float or sink?

14 A262 A261 A264 Atmospheric pressure decreases Because there are less particles above you adding to the pressure of the particles at that point. A263 As the depth increases the number of particles above this point add their weight to the pressure at that point. A266 A=10 cm 2 = 10/10,000 = 0.001m 2 P= F/A 1000/ Pa Remember that if you are going to use Pascals you must convert the area into m 2. This is done by dividing the cm 2 by 10,000 A265 10,000cm 2 300/10,000 = 0.03m 2 If you are going to use Pascals you must convert the area into m 2. This is done by dividing the cm 2 by 10,000 A268 A267 a. Upthrust is caused by the pressure of liquids. The pressure on the bottom of an object in liquid is less than the force caused by the pressure of liquid on top of an object b. The size of the upthrust is equal to the weight of the water displaced by the object. A270 If the density of the object is less than the density of the liquid it is in, it will float. If it s density is greater it will sink. A269

15 Q272 What is the distance between distance and displacement? What do they have in common? Q271 POH Q273 What are the speeds of the following? a) A person walking b) A person running c) A person cycling d) A car e) A train f) A plane Q274 H Explain how something travelling in a circle can travel with constant speed but changing velocity Q275 What is the formula for Speed? Q276 What is the formula for acceleration? Units? Q277 Use the formula below to solve this problem. A ball has been dropped from the top of a building. The velocity of the ball when it is 2.25m from the ground is 6m/s Calculate the velocity of the ball when it reaches the ground Q278 What is the value of the acceleration due to gravity? Q279 An apple falls from a tree and hits the ground at 6 m/s. Calculate the height the apple fell from. Q280 a) What does the gradient of a distance time graph tell us? b) What does the area beneath the line tell us?

16 A272 Displacement is a vector (Magnitude and direction) Distance is a scalar quantity. Both have metres as a unit A271 It will sink in oil as the density of the block is greater than that of oil. A274 Because it is changing direction as it moves in a circle it s velocity changes though the speed stays the same. Velocity is a vector quantity A273 a) 1.5 m/s b) 3 m/s c) 6 m/s d) 25 m/s e) 55 m/s f) 250 m/s A276 m/s 2 A275 Speed = distance/ time A278 A m/s 2 A280 a) Speed b) nothing A279 u = 0m/s, v = 6 m/s a = 9.8 m/s 2 v 2 = u 2 + 2as can be re-arranged to make s = (v 2 - u 2 )/2a S = ( )/2 x 9.8 S= -36 / 19.6 = 1.8 to 2 s.f.

17 Q281 Calculate the speed of each of the letters Displacement (m) Q282 Higher How would you work out the speed at a given point in time in this dvt graph? Q283 Q284 a) What does the gradient of a velocity-time graph tell us? b) HIGHER - What does the area beneath the line tell us? Q285 Q286 Q287 How do you calculate the distance in a velocity time graph if the lines are not straight? Q288 What dos it mean if an acceleration has a negative value? Q289 Physics Only What is drag? What is the relationship between an object s speed and the drag it experiences? Q290 If an object is travelling at constant velocity what can you say about the resistive forces acting on the object?

18 A282 Draw a tangent at the right time. Calculate the gradient of the tangent A281 a) 15m/5s = 3m/s b) 5m/10s = 0.5m/s c) 0m/s d) 20m/10s = 2m/s A284 a) The Acceleration b) The Distance travelled A283 a) Accelerating b) Constant speed c) Decelerating d) Stationary A286 a) 4m/s b) Last 20 seconds c) Acceleration = Change in Speed time taken a = 4/20 = 0.2 m/s 2 d) Area of triangle + the rectangle = 200m A285 A. Accelerating B. Constant velocity C. Aceleration increasing D. Deceleration A288 It is decelerating A287 A290 The resistive forces and the driving forces must be OPPOSITE and EQUAL A289 This is the resistive force better known as air resistance The faster the object, the higher the drag.

19 Q291 How do you increase the top speed of a vehicle? Q292 What do we call the maximum (constant) speed that an object when falling a great height? Q293 Sketch a Velocity v time of an object reaching terminal velocity Q294 Explain why a parachute reduces a skydiver s terminal velocity. Q295 What is Newton s First Law of motion? Q296 What will the object do if there is no resultant force acting on a stationary object? Q297 What will the object do if there is a resultant force acting on a stationary object? Q298 What will the object do if there is no resultant force acting on a moving object? Q299 What will an object do if there is a resultant force acting in the same direction as a moving object? Q300 What will an object do if there is a resultant force acting in the opposite direction as a moving object?

20 A292 Terminal Velocity A291 Reduce the drag by making the vehicle more streamlined Increase the power of the engine A294 Because the parachute increases the amount of drag (at any given speed). You need a lower speed to reach a value of drag equal to the weight of the skydiver A293 A296 it will stay still A295 A resultant force is needed to make something start moving, speed up, slow down or change direction A298 The object will keep on moving with constant velocity A297 The object will speed up in the direction of the force A300 The object will decelerate A299 The object will accelerate in the direction of the force

21 Q301 What is Newton s 2 nd Law? Q302 Write down the formula for calculating the resultant force acting on and object from its mass and acceleration. Give units Q303 Higher What is inertial mass? Q304 Higher What is inertia? Q305 What equipment would you use to investigate Newton s 2 nd Law? Q306 In the F=ma investigation how could you reduce the effects of friction? Q307 What is Newton s 3 rd law? Q308 What does it mean when we say an object is in equilibrium? Q309 What is the total stopping distance of a vehicle? Q310 What do we mean by thinking distance?

22 A302 Force = Mass x acceleration Newtons = Kg x m/s 2 A301 When a resultant force is applied the acceleration is directly proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the mass A304 Inertia is the tendency of an object to stay at a constant velocity A306 Bu making the trolley roll on a gentle slope Or using an air track A303 Inertial mass of an object is a measure of how difficult it is to change it s velocity. It is given as a ratio of force over acceleration A305 A308 If an object is in equilibrium all the forces are balanced. There is zero resultant force. They are opposite and equal A307 When two objects interact, they will exert an equal and opposite force on each other A310 The DISTANCE TRAVELLED in the time it takes the driver to react A309 Stopping = thinking + braking distance distance distance

23 Q311 What do we mean by braking distance Q312 Other than speed what factors affect braking distance? Q313 Other than speed what factors affect thinking distance? Q314 A driver in a car has a thinking distance of 15m and a stopping distance of 38m. What is the stopping distance of the car? Q315 What happens to the thinking distance if you double the speed? Q316 What happens to the braking distance if you double the speed? Q317 What is the reaction time of a typical human? Q318 What happens to the kinetic energy of a car when the brakes are applied? Q319 What are the dangers of large decelerations such as too large a braking force? Q320 What equations can you use to work out the size of the braking forces?

24 A312 Weather Road conditions Tyre conditions Brake conditions A311 The distance travelled whilst the braking force is applied A314 53m A313 Tiredness Drugs or alcohol Distractions such as using a phone A316 Braking distance increases by a factor of 4 A315 Thinking distance doubles ie 2 2 A318 It is transferred into the thermal energy store of the wheels & Brakes and raise their temperature A317 Between seconds A320 Force = mass x acceleration Force = work x distance A319 You may lose control of the vehicle or the brakes may overheat.

25 Q321 Higher only Define momentum. Give units. Q322 Higher only A rugby player has a mass of 100Kg his velocity is 8 m/s. What is his momentum? Q323 A rock has a mass of 50Kg. Its momentum is 750Kgm/s Q324 Higher only What is meant by The conservation of momentum Q325 Higher only Is momentum a scalar quantity or vector quantity? Q326 Higher only Calculate the velocity of the truck after the collision Q327 Higher only At what speed does the gun recoil after firing? Q328 Physics Higher only Which is the positive direction when considering vectors? Q329 Physics Higher only A ball of mass 400g is kicked as shown below. The kick lasts 0.1 seconds.what force is needed? Q330 Physics Higher only In order to minimise injuries in car accidents what do designers try to do? What features do they add?

26 A322 Momentum = mass x velocity = 100 x 8 = 800Kgm/s A321 Momentum = mass x velocity kgm/s Kg m/s A324 In a closed system, The total momentum before an event = the total momentum after an event A323 v =p/m = 750 / 50 = 15 m/s A326 p is the symbol for momentum Momentum before = p of truck + p of car = 3000 x x 0 Momentum after A328 =30 000kgm/s =30 000kgm/s = p of truck + p of car = 3000 x? x = 3000 x? ? = 5m/s A325 A vector quantity A327 Moving to the right is positive Moving to the left is negative Up is positive Down is negative A330 Engineers design features that increase the TIME over which momentum is changed Eg Air bags, crumple Zones, seat belts A329

27 Q331 Physics Only How do crash mats, cycle helmets & cushioned playground surfaces reduce injuries? Q332 What is a wave? Q333 What is meant by a transverse wave? Q334 What is meant by a longitudinal wave? Q335 Show on a diagram what is meant by areas of compression and rarefaction? Q336 Draw a wave and label, rest position, crests and troughs Q337 Draw a wave and label the amplitude & wavelength Q338 Define what is meant by frequency Q339 What does 5 Hz mean? What is the Time period of a 5Hz wave? Q340

28 A332 A wave is an oscillation (vibration) that transfers energy without transferring any matter. A331 They work by increasing the time over which a body part slows down. Thereby reducing the force applied to the body part. Make t big, it reduces F A334 A333 A336 A335 A338 Frequency is the number of waves passing a certain point in one second. It is measured in Hertz. A337 A340 Amplitude is 1cm Time period is 4 seconds Frequency is 0.25Hz A339 5 waves passing a point every second T=1/f = 1/5 = 0.2 seconds

29 Q341 What does 3KHz mean? What does 3MHz mean? Q342 What is the wave equation? Include Units. Q343 Give examples of transverse waves Q344 Give examples of longitudinal waves Q345 Frequency is 5 Hz. Wavelength is 2m. What is the wave speed? Q346 The frequency is 2KHz, the wavelength is 3m. What is the wave speed? Q347 What equipment do we use to determine the wave speed of water ripples? Diagram. Q348 What is the method for working out the wave speed of water ripples? Q349 What equipment do you use to work out the speed of wave on a string? Q350 What method do you use to work out the speed of wave on a string?

30 A342 A341 3KHz = Hz 3MHz = Hz A344 Sound P waves (earthquake waves) A343 Water ripples All electromagnetic waves eg light S Waves (earthquake waves) A346 v = 5 x 2 = 10 m/s A345 Note 2Khz = 2000 Hz v = 2000 x 3 = 6000 m/s A348 Measure the distance across 10 wavelengths. Divide by 10 to get the wavelength Read the frequency off the signal generator Use the wave equations to calculate the wave speed A347 A350 Adjust the frequency until you get a standing wave. Measure the wavelength. Repeat for other frequencies and wavelengths Use wave speed equation. A349

31 Q351 Q352 A radio wave has a wavelength of 100m. The wave speed is 3 x 10 8 m/s. What is the frequency? Q353 What does absorption mean? Q354 What does transmission mean? Q355 When a ray meets the boundary between 2 materials what might happen to it? Q356 Label the boxes Q357 What happens to a ray of light that travels along the normal as it enters a new substance? Q358 Why does light refract when it enters a different medium? Q359 What is a wavefront? Q360 Describe what happens to wavefronts as it enters a substance where it travels more slowly?

32 A352 f = v / λ f = 3 x 10 8 /100 F = 3 x 10 6 Hz A351 Wavelength = 0.1cm = 0.001m Frequency = 100Hz Wave Speed = x 100 = 0.1m/s A354 Transmission means the waves carry on travelling through the new material A353 This is when the energy is absorbed into the new material and raises energy stores A356 A355 When entering a new medium a wave may be 1. Transmitted 2. Absorbed 3. reflected A358 Because light may change speed when entering another substance A357 A360 Wavefronts bunch up as they slow down. A359 A wavefront is an imaginary line showing the position of a crest of a wave

33 Q361 What happens to a ray or wave front as they enter an optically denser medium? Q362 What happens to a ray or wave front as they enter an optically less dense medium? Q363 Physics only. What is the law of reflection. Draw and label a diagram demonstrating it. Q364 Physics only. What are the two types of reflection? Q365 Physics only. Draw specular reflection Q366 Physics only. Draw diffuse reflection Q367 Physics only. Draw the equipment you would use for the Required practical to investigate refraction Q368 Physics only. Show what the drawing on the paper would look like for investigating refraction Q369 Physics only. Why do rays refract? Q370 Physics only. Do all materials refract the same amount?

34 A362 A361 A364 Specular & Diffuse A363 Angle of incidence = angle of reflection OR i=r A366 A365 A368 A367 A370 No. The more the rays slow down the more the light refracts / bends. A369 Because light travels at different speeds in different materials

35 Q371 Physics only. Explain why this diagram is incorrect? Q372 What can sound travel through? What can t sound travel through? Q373 What is the range of human hearing? Q374 Explain how we hear? Q375 Why can we only hear over a narrow range of vibrations? Q376 What do all electromagnetic waves do? Q377 Recall the order of the Electromagnetic Spectrum and the wavelengths of each part Q378 How are Electromagnetic waves produced? Q379 How are gamma rays produced? Q380 How are most Electromagnetic waves produced (not X-rays nor Gamma rays)

36 A372 Solids, liquids and gases A371 each ray is not obeying i=r Sound cannot pass through a vacuum A374 Vibrations in the air cause the ear drum to vibrate. Vibrations pass from gas to solids ( ear drum, ear bones) This causes liquid inside the cochlea to vibrate. These vibrations are turned into electrical signals A Hz to 20 KHz (20 20,000 Hertz) A376 Transfer energy at the speed of light. A375 Because of the small size of the eardrum and difficulties in Transmitting across solid, gas & liquid boundaries A378 By either electrons changing Electron shells OR by the Nucleus changing and becoming more stable A377 A380 By electrons orbiting the nucleus losing energy by falling to a closer orbit. A379 By The nucleus changing and becoming a bit more stable

37 Q381 What happens to any wave when it meets any boundary? Q382 HIGHER. a) How are radio waves produced? b) What determines the frequency of the radio wave? Q383 Give 2 uses of Radio waves Q384 Describe what is unique about how long-wave radio waves travel. Q385 Describe what is unique about how short-wave radio waves travel. Q386 What is the wavelength of Radio waves? Q387 Describe what is unique about how FM & TV waves travel. Q388 What are microwaves used for? Q389 What devices use infrared? Q390 Apart from seeing things what else can you use visible light for?

38 A382 a) By an alternating current a.c in a circuit. As the electrons oscillate they produce oscillations in the electric and magnetic fields. b) The frequency of the radio wave will be that of the ac A381 it is either Reflected Transmitted ( Goes through) Refracted Absorbed A384 The can diffract (Spread) around hills, Tunnels and the curvature of the earth A383 For radio signals For TV signals (also for bluetooth) A386 10cm to 10 Km A385 They don t diffract around the earth s curvature They can bounce off a layer of the atmosphere called the ionosphere A388 Mobile phones Cook food Satellite TV signals A387 They do not travel long distances To get reception, you need to be in direct line of sight of the transmitter. A390 Fibre optic communications A389 Electric heaters Cooking Food Infrared cameras

39 Q391 What do we use ultra violet for? Q392 What do we use X-rays & gamma rays for? Q393 What are the dangers of UV? Q394 What are the dangers of X- Rays and Gamma rays? Q395 What do we measure in Sv & msv? (Sieverts and milli Sieverts) Q396 What determines the radiation dose received? Q397 What is 1 nm? Q398 What is wavelength of red light? Q399 What is wavelength of violet light? Q400 SEPARATE PHYSICS. Why do red objects appear red?

40 A392 Medical imaging & radiotherapy A391 Sun tanning Energy efficient lamps (They give off UV. This is absorbed by the white coating on the inside of the bulb, which then gives out visible light A394 They are ionising radiation so can cause cancer A393 UV damages surface cells, causing sunburn and cause skin to age prematurely. UV can cause skin cancer and cataracts A396 The total amount of radiation absorbed. The Type of radiation The type of body tissue that absorbed it A395 Radiation dose A398 Around 650nm A m Or 10-9 m A 400 White light made of the 7 Colours hits the object. All the colours except red are absorbed. Red is reflected R R o Y G B I v A399 Around 400nm

41 Q401 SEPARATE PHYSICS. What do mean by an opaque object? Q402 SEPARATE PHYSICS. What colour does an object appear if all the colours are absorbed? Q403 SEPARATE PHYSICS. What determines the colour of a wave of visible light? Q404 SEPARATE PHYSICS. What effect does a coloured filter have on visible light? Q405 SEPARATE PHYSICS. What colour would a red object look like when looking at it with a green filter? Why? Q406 SEPARATE PHYSICS. What causes the warmth you can feel shining on you on a sunny day? Q407 SEPARATE PHYSICS. What determines how much infra red radiation an object emits? Q408 SEPARATE PHYSICS. True or false. An object emits and absorbs Infra red radiation at the same time. Q409 SEPARATE PHYSICS. Which colour is the best absorber and emitter of IR radiation? Q410 SEPARATE PHYSICS. Which colour is the worst absorber and emitter of IR radiation?

42 A402 Black A401 An object that does not transmit light (does not allow light through) A404 It absorbs all the colours except the colour of the filter which it allows through. i.e. a blue filter will absorb all the colours except blue which will pass through A406 Infra red radiation A403 its wavelength. Each colour has its own wavelength A405 Black - because a red object will only give off red light. Red cannot go through green filter. It is absorbed. A408 True. A407 How hot the object is compared to its surroundings. The hotter it is the more IR it gives out A410 Light or shiny white colours A409 Dark or Matt Black colours

43 Q411 SEPARATE PHYSICS ONLY. Draw the apparatus used to investigate the effect of colour on IR emission. Required practical Q413 SEPARATE PHYSICS ONLY. What features of the Earth reflect IR from the sun? Q412 SEPARATE PHYSICS ONLY. Draw the apparatus used to investigate the effect of colour on IR absorbtion. Required practical Q414 SEPARATE PHYSICS ONLY. Why does the Earth s temperature at a point generally get colder at night? Q415 SEPARATE PHYSICS ONLY. What effect do clouds have on IR radiation? Q416 SEPARATE PHYSICS ONLY. What is a perfect black body? Q417 SEPARATE PHYSICS ONLY. What do we mean by intensity? Q418 SEPARATE PHYSICS ONLY. Describe the intensity and distribution of emitted wavelengths of a hot object Q419 SEPARATE PHYSICS ONLY. What happens the the intensity and distribution of wavelengths if an object gets hotter? Q420 SEPARATE PHYSICS ONLY. Star A has a peak wavelength at 450nm Star B has a peak wavelength at 700nm. Which is hotter?

44 A412 A411 A414 Because the earth radiates more IR back into space than it receives A413 Clouds, & Snow A416 An object that absorbs all the electromagnetic radiation that hits it A415 They reflect IR. During the day this can stop the IR reaching the surface of the earth keeping it cooler. Sometimes it can prevent IR escaping keeping it warmer A418 A417 The power per m 2 i.e. how much energy is transferred to a given area in a certain amount of time A420 Star A is hotter it has the smaller peak wavelength. A419 The intensities of all the wavelengths increase and the peak wavelength value decreases

45 Q421 SEPARATE PHYSICS ONLY. What are the two types of lenses. Draw them Q422 SEPARATE PHYSICS ONLY. Show the effect of a convex lens on parallel rays. Label what we mean by axis, focal length and principal focus. Q423 SEPARATE PHYSICS ONLY. What are the 3 important rules to know when drawing rays passing through a convex lens? Q424 SEPARATE PHYSICS ONLY. What are the 3 important rules to know when drawing rays passing through a concave lens? Q425 SEPARATE PHYSICS ONLY. What is the difference between translucent objects and transparent objects? Q426 SEPARATE PHYSICS ONLY. What is the difference between a real image and a virtual image? Q427 SEPARATE PHYSICS ONLY. When describing an image what 3 points must you cover? Q428 SEPARATE PHYSICS ONLY. When drawing a ray diagram what two rays must you draw Q429 SEPARATE PHYSICS ONLY. Describe the image and lens Q430 SEPARATE PHYSICS ONLY. Describe the image and lens

46 A422 A421 A424 A423 A426 A real image can be projected on to a screen Virtual images cannot. They are formed when rays have diverged from a lens and appear to have come from a different place than the object A425 Both allow light through You can see through a transparent object clearly. Translucent objects scatter the light like frosted glass so you cannot see things through them clearly A A ray from the object through the middle of the lens. It will be straight 2. A ray from the object, parallel to the axis which when it goes through the lens will go through the principal focus A427 Whether the image is virtual or real Upright or inverted Magnified or diminished A430 Concave lens Upright Virtual because you can see that the rays don t meet. They only meet if you draw imaginary lines from where the rays appear to come A429 Convex Inverted Real because the rays meet at point.

47 Q431 SEPARATE PHYSICS ONLY. What sort of lens is this? Q432 SEPARATE PHYSICS ONLY. What sort of lens is this? Q433 SEPARATE PHYSICS ONLY. What is the formula for magnification? What are the units? Q434 SEPARATE PHYSICS ONLY. Higher only. What effect do sound waves have on the ear drum & ear? Q435 SEPARATE PHYSICS ONLY. Higher tier only What happens to sound waves when they hit a solid Q436 SEPARATE PHYSICS ONLY. HT only What is ultrasound? What is ultrasound used for? Q437 SEPARATE PHYSICS ONLY. HT only. How can ultrasound produce a picture of a foetus Q438 SEPARATE PHYSICS ONLY. HT only What are the two types of seismic wave. Q439 SEPARATE PHYSICS ONLY. HT only What are the properties of P waves? Q440 SEPARATE PHYSICS ONLY. HT only What are the properties of S waves?

48 A432 Convex A431 Concave A434 The ear drum vibrates. These vibrations are passed onto the bones in the ear A433 Magnification = No units. (length/length =1) A436 Sound above 20 KHz Medical ( Pregnancy) imaging and Industrial imaging (finding cracks in materials) Sonar on boats and submarines A435 Some are reflected so cause the solid to vibrate. Not all frequencies will cause the sold to vibrate. A438 P or primary waves S or secondary waves A437 Sound is partially reflected off boundaries. The computer is able to work out how far the boundary is by timing how long it takes the reflected sounds to comeback A440 Transverse waves Can travel in solids but not liquids. A439 Longitudinal waves Can travel in solids and liquids They travel faster is solids than in liquids Faster than S waves

49 Q441 SEPARATE PHYSICS ONLY. HT only Q442 SEPARATE PHYSICS ONLY. HT only Explain these kinks Why do P& S waves follow a curved path as they travel through the Earth? Q443 SEPARATE PHYSICS ONLY. HT only Why are no S waves detected here? Q444 SEPARATE PHYSICS ONLY. HT only Why are no P waves detected here? Q445 SEPARATE PHYSICS ONLY. HT only Describe the Structure of the Earth Q446 What is a magnetic field? Q447 Which way do magnetic field lines point? Q448 a. What does it mean when the field lines are close together? b. Where are they closest together? Q449 Draw the field lines around a bar magnet Q450 Draw the magnetic field between two North poles of a magnet.

50 A442 The waves are refracting at a boundary. There is a rapid change in velocity A441 They are refracting. The deeper you go into the Earth the faster the waves travel A444 P waves are refracted by the outer core creating a shadow zone A443 S - waves heading for this point would travel through the outer core. S waves cannot travel through it as it is liquid. A446 An area where magnetic materials would experience a force A445 Tip - the distance from the surface to the Outer core is halfway to the centre of the earth A448 a. The magnetic field is strong there b. At the Poles A447 Magnetic field lines go from North to South A450 A449

51 Q451 Draw the magnetic field between a North Pole and a South pole of different magnets Q452 What is the difference between a permanent magnet and an induced magnet? Q453 What rule do we use when trying to predict or draw the magnetic field around a wire carrying a current? Q454 What is a solenoid? Draw a magnetic field around a solenoid Q455 Which way does an electric current flow? Q456 Which way do electrons flow? Q457 How can you make a solenoid stronger? Q458 What is the difference between iron & soft iron Q459 What should the north pole of a magnet really be called? Q460 Separate physics only Give three uses of electromagnets

52 A452 Permanent magnets create their own magnetic field. An unmagnetized material that becomes a magnet when in a magnetic field is an INDUCED magnet A451 A454 A coil of wire A453 Right hand Grip(thumb) rule A456 From (minus) to + A455 From + to (minus) A458 iron will become a permanent magnet if placed in a solenoid Soft iron will lose it magnetism once the current in the solenoid has been turned off A By adding more oils 2. By increasing the current 3. Putting in a block of soft iron in it A460 In scrap yards Relays Electric bells A459 North Seeking

53 Q461 Separate physics only What are the advantages of an electromagnet over a permanent magnet? Q462 Separate physics only What is this & How does it work? Contacts Q463 Separate physics What is this? How does it work? Q464 Higher tier only What is the motor effect? Q465 Higher tier only What do you use to determine the outcome of the motor effect? Q466 Higher tier only. What are the units of this formula? F = BIl Q467 Higher tier only What do we mean by Magnetic Flux density? Q468 Higher tier only Predict which way the wire will move Q469 Higher Tier Only. Predict the direction the wire goes Q470 Higher Tier Only. Predict the direction the wire goes

54 A462 A relay. 1. The low current circuit is turned on when the switch. 2. This turns on the electromagnet. 3. This pulls the iron contact towards the electromagnet. 4. The insulating rocker pushes the two contacts together to start the high current circuit A461 You can control how strong the electromagnet is. You can also turn it off and switch of its magnetic effect A464 When a wire carrying a current is in a magnetic field and experiences a force. A463 A doorbell. When the switch is closed, the electromagnet pulls the spring arm to the electromagnet and the bell gets hit. Because the spring arm has moved away the contacts open and the circuit is broken. The electromagnet stops working and releases the spring arm to start the whole thing all over again A466 F = Force in Newtons B Magnetic flux density Teslas I Current in amps L length in metres A465 Fleming s Left Hand Rule A A467 The tightly packed the field lines are. ie how strong the magnetic field is at that point. A470 Away from you A469 Out towards you

55 Q471. Higher tier only Will this spin clockwise or Anticlockwise? Q472 Q473. Separate Physics Higher tier only. How does this work? Q474. HT only What is a split ring commutator? Q475. Separate physics higher tier only. What is the generator effect? Q476. Separate physics higher tier only. Give 2 ways in which the generator effect can be used to generate a potential difference across a wire Q477. Separate physics higher tier only. How can you produce a stronger generator effect Q478. Separate physics higher tier only. Sketch an oscilloscope trace of an alternating PD Q479. Separate physics higher tier only. Sketch an oscilloscope of a dc potential difference created in a generator Q480. Separate physics higher tier only. What sort of PD is created here ac or dc?

56 A472 a) Anticlockwise b) It will spin faster c) It will spin in a clockwise direction A471 Clockwise A474 A device that is able to reverse the current every half turn to keep the motor spinning in the same direction A473 Alternating current creates a changing magnetic field This interacts with the permanent magnetic field and the coil vibrates causing the paper cone to vibrate A476 By either moving a magnet next to a coil of wire Or moving a coil of wire in a magnetic field A475 In the induction of a potential difference caused by a changing external magnetic field across a conductor A478 A Use a stronger magnetic field 2. Coil more turns of wire 3. Move the wire faster in the magnetic field A480 A479 Alternating current

57 Q481 Separate physics higher tier only. Draw / Describe the structure of a microphone Q482 Separate physics higher tier only. How does a microphone work? Q483Separate physics higher tier only. Q484 Separate physics higher tier only. Label A, B & C What do transformers do? Q485Separate physics higher tier only. How does a transformer work? Q486Separate physics higher tier only. What happens to the potential difference and current in a step up transformer? Q487 Separate physics higher tier only. What is the transformer equation? Q488 Separate physics higher tier only. If transformers were 100% efficient what equation could you use to work out the power of a transformer? Q489 Separate physics higher tier only. Calculate the output voltage on a transformer with an input voltage of 1000V and 40 turns on the primary if there are 800 turns on the secondary Q490 Separate physics only. What do we call a cloud of dust and gas that stars form from?

58 A482 A481 Sound causes the diaphragm to vibrate. The coil vibrates in the magnetic field and a potential difference is induced in the coil A484 A483 Transformers raise or lower the voltages of AC electricity A486 In a step up transformer, the PD increases and the current drops A485 AC in the primary coil causes a changing magnetic field in the secondary coil This changing magnetic field induces an ac EMF if in the secondary coil A488 A487 A490 A489 A Nebula

59 Q491 Separate physics only. List the stages of the life cycle of a star the size of our Sun? Q492 Separate physics only. List the stages of the life cycle of star much much bigger than our sun? Q493 Separate physics only. Draw (describe the flow diagrams of the life cycles of stars) Q494 Separate physics only. What determines wether a star ends up as a black dwarf, neutron star or balck hole? Q495 Separate physics only. How are nearly all the elements made? Q496 Separate physics only. What elements are made in a star the size of our sun? Q497 Separate physics only. What elements are made in a supernova? Q498 Separate physics only. Which element was made in the big bang? Q499 Separate physics only. What is a star? Q500 Separate physics only. What is a planet?

60 A492 Nebula Protostar Main sequence star (millions of years) Red Super Giant Supernova Neutron star OR black hole A491 Nebula Protostar Main Sequence Star ( billions of years) Red Giant White Dwarf Black Dwarf A494 A star the mass of the sun will end up as a black dwarf A star between 5 and 25 x the mass of the Sun ends up as a neutron star A star over 25 times of the mass of the Sun will end up as the black hole A493 A496 The lighter elements in the periodic table. A495 The elements are made in stars A498 Hydrogen was the only element made in the big bang A497 Elements heavier than Iron are made in supernovae A500 A planet is a large body that orbits a star A499 A star is a body that gives out its own heat and light

61 Q501 Separate physics only. What is a supernova? Q502 Separate physics only. What is a moon? Q503 Separate physics only. Why do massive stars have short lives compared to stars the size of our Sun? Q504Separate physics only. Why do red giants form? Q505 Separate physics only. When does a supernova happen? Q506 Separate physics only. What is a satellite? Q507 Separate physics only. What is our galaxy called? Q508 Separate physics only. What is a galaxy? Q509 Separate physics only. What is a natural satellite? Give an example Q510 Separate physics only. What is a neutron star?

62 A502 A moon is a natural satellite of a planet A504 When a star has fused all of its Hydrogen to make Helium, it collapses a bit. The temperature rises and helium fusion starts. This pushes out the outer layers of the star which expand and cool A501 When a Super Red Giant Explodes. This happen when it has fused all the lighter elements and made iron. At this point Fusion stops. The star collapses and then explodes A503 Massive stars have short lives because they have much, much higher temperatures and higher pressures than stars the size of our sun A506 Any object that orbits a planet A505 When a super Red giant has fused all the fuel elements it can. A508 A collection of millions of stars orbiting a central point A507 The Milky Way A510 A Star made of nothing but neutrons. It is very dense. A509 A natural satellite is a natural object that orbits a planet eg the moon ( A teaspoon full of a neutron star would have the mass of a billion tonnes)

63 Q511 Separate physics only. a) How are the elements made in stars? b) What conditions are needed? Q512 Separate physics only. Give the order of the planets Q513 Separate physics only. a) What do we mean by dwarf planets? b) Give an example Q514 Separate physics only. What keeps planets in orbit around the Sun? Q515 Separate physics only. Higher Tier a) In what direction does the force acting on a planet in orbit act? b) In which direction is the instantaneous velocity? Q516 Separate physics only. Higher Tier. An object orbiting is accelerating but not gaining speed. How? Q517 Separate physics only. Higher Tier. What determines the speed of a satellite orbiting a planet? Q518 Separate physics only. Higher Tier. Does the mass of the satellite affect the orbital speed? Q519 Separate physics only. Higher Tier If the Earth moved closer to the sun, what would happen to its speed in its new orbit compared to the old orbital speed? Q520 Separate physics only. Higher Tier. What do we mean by red shift?

64 A512 My Very Easy Method just speeds up naming (Planets) Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune and Uranus (pluto no longer counts) A511 a) By Nuclear Fusion b) 100s on millions of degrees Celsius and very high pressure A514 Gravity A513 a) One of thousand small space objects orbiting the Sun beyond Uranus b) Pluto A516 Any object that experiences a force accelerates. Planets experience the force of gravity from the Sun. The force acts at 90 degrees to the direction it moves. The speed stays constant but the direction of the speed changes therefore the velocity is changing ( ie accelerating) A515 A518 No, The only thing that affects the speed of a satellite is the distance it is at above the planet A517 The closer it is to the planet the faster it moves. The further away it is the slower its speed A520 When the light from a distance galaxy has had its wavelength stretched because it is moving away from us A519 The Earth would move faster in the closer orbit

65 Q521 Separate physics only. Which galaxies are moving the fastest away from us? Q522 Separate physics only. How do we know the Universe is getting bigger? Q523 Separate physics only. What is the Big Bang Theory Q524 Separate physics only. What is the evidence for the Big Bang? Q525 Separate physics only. What will scientists do if new observations are made that do not fit our theories? Q526 Separate physics only. What recent observations have been made that scientists do not fully understand? Q527 Separate physics only. What theories have been made to try to explain the acceleration of the expansion of the Universe and galaxies seeming more massive than the mass of stars that make them up? Q528 Separate physics only. What is dark matter? Q529 Separate physics only. What is a parallax error? Q530 Separate physics only. What do we mean by variables that are directly proportional?

66 A % of the galaxies are moving away from us. We can tell this by the red shift they all have A521 The galaxies that are furthest away are travelling the furthest away from us A524 Red Shift from galaxies (Other evidence not needed for GCSE includes the high amounts of Helium in Universe suggesting the Universe was once very hot to make that much helium & Cosmic Microwave background radiation Research it yourself! + there s more) A526 The Universe expansion is accelerating. We were expecting it to slow down due to gravity! A523 The idea that the Universe once started as a very very small volume, v.v.hot and v.v. dense. This exploded and has been expanding ever since A525 Scientists will always change their minds if new evidence comes along that others repeat. They will change theories and create new ones A528 Dark matter is an unknown substance that does not give out any radiation. Most of the Universe is made of it, yet we cannot see it! Weird!! A527 The existence of dark matter and dark energy A530 The plots of the 2 variables is a straight line that goes through 0,0 A529 when a measurement appears to change depending on where you are looking from.

67 Q531 What does the command word Evaluate mean? Q532 What does the command word suggest mean? Q533 What does the command word Explain mean? Q534 What does the command word Compare mean? Q535 What does the command word Sketch mean? Q536 what is an independent variable? Q537 What is a control variable? Q538 When describing a graph what should you do? Q539 When answering a six mark question what should you do? Q540 What does repeatable mean?

68 A532 Use scientific knowledge and words to work out what the answer might be. A531 Evalute means describe the advantages and disadvantages. Tip draw a line down the page A534 Give similarities and then differences Tip - draw a vertical line and list them A533 Make something clear or give reasons why. Tip use words like because and therefore A536 A variable that you are deliberately changing in an investigation. Eg Does temperature affect the bounce of a ball. Temperature would be the independent variable A535 Draw without a lot of detail. Draw a general trend and label the axes A538 Describe the general trend Write As X goes up Y (increases/ decreases etc) Describe any changes in gradient eg it is steeper at the beginning, it plateaus at the end Point out any anomalies Say if it directly proportional or not A537 A variable you keep the same to make sure the investigation is VALID ( Saying to make it a fair test is not good enough) A540 That you can do the experiment again and get the same results A539 Plan the answer first Put it in a logical order Use correct scientific language and facts (3 or 4 key points) Answer the question with evidence You can bullet point

69 Q541 What does reproducible mean? Q542 How do you know if an investigation is valid? Q543 What is a hypothesis? Q544 What do we mean by reliable? Q545 What do we mean by peer review? Q546 Why would you do a trial run? Q547 What is a zero error? Q548 What is systematic error? Give an example. Q549 What do we mean by the range? Q550 How do you calculate the uncertainty?

70 A542 If the results are repeatable, reproducible and answer the original question, the experiment is valid. A541 reproducible means that someone else does the experiment or uses a different method but gets similar results A544 Results are reliable if they are always the same. They are repeatable and reproducible A543 It is an idea that can be tested A546 To find out what range of independent variables to use to make sure you can test the hypothesis A545 Unpredictable changes in measurement caused by things like human errors A548 A measurement that is always wrong by the same amount Eg a clock running 5 minutes too slow A547 A zero error is a type of systematic error. For example when a meter should read zero but it reads That is a zero error A550 To work out the uncertainty calculate the range and divide by two. The uncertainty is shown as ± the uncertainty A549 The range is calculated by subtracting the smallest number from the biggest number.

71 Q551 What are random errors? Q552 Calculate a) The mean b) The range c) The uncertainty of these results 3, 6, 5, 10 Q553 a) What are categoric variables b) Give examples Q554 a) What are continuous variables? b) Give examples Q555 When do you draw line graphs and when do you draw bar charts? Q556 Q557 Q558 Q559 Q560