THE HUMAN EXPANSION BY BOATS. PART 1 DRAFT FOR ADVANCE VIEWING Andres Pääbo

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1 THE HUMAN EXPANSION BY BOATS T oy of 2 nd wv of mn xpnon f bn of bo f I A PART 1 DRAFT FOR ADVANCE VIEWING And Pääbo 2014 T poy of mnknd wy bn pd n m of wndn of b on foo; b of foodd ondon ndn of I A, dvopd k fo mkn nd xpon bo do no ny nd nbd mnknd wo d, o v w y odn pvoy, nd mny m f o f n pob on foo f w od ond. T bo d ond wv of xpnon no j w op md fmy n, b o w mn jonyd o fwy p o n, nd n o p pofon dn, n w d bn mn bn kn wv fom popon dnon of v. UI-RA-LA xpo ond wv of mn xpnon nd oo, n nd n vdn n oy.

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3 PREFACE THE SECOND WAVE OF HUMAN EXPANSION BY WATER Tdon nkn bo y mn xpnon bn y w ny on foo, w om own fo by o fon omn f-k o o body of w nd p o do o. T v of y mn no No Am fo xmp v ony bn o o b v Bn S nd bd of y po m. T dvopmn of wf nd wy of f md v on w, bn o o b vy n nd o; nd y non Sndnv off ok vd m of kn bo no o nd w v bn dd o m 6000 y o. Gvn A pnd onno on, pob kn bo d on by foown d of nd nn mv by vn y wn. Fmo, bk n Eop, wn dn dvopd n on vzon, non bo-ond n w pfy p-dpd o y on on dn d on mjo v n no nd now nkn non ood k f nd mb o own vzon of o Eop. T nod oy bn w n of wf n foodd ndp bn mn of I A. W mny wy d n b o fon f o o ny w o om nd n dn, wn n nd of I A n non Eop wn mn f ndp foodd nd mny w fod o dvop nd n ffn wbon v o mov ond w ndp w fo mo p wkn w dff o mpob. Fomy d of mn p md mn w pdn nd bo w n oon dv d wn ndd. B n f wn bo w nvnd, d ond popon xpoon nd mon ond wod, m by bo, n

4 UIRALA: T Hmn Expnon by Bo on foo. T ond xpoon ppnd y fom bo 6000 y bfo pn, jdn fom dn of ok vd m of on kn bo n non Sndnv, w dn of f v of mn n no w of No Am. I d nd n of non Sndnvn bo pop ond wod, nd xpn n ondn. Foown ond xpoon w d on fo w bo pop w ponb dvopmn of ondn d. In nn Eop on dn d w nvby don by ppn n bo. W fom pofon dn my v bn w mkp n Bbyon,, bo pop wo nond m ook p no no, nd vdn pofon dn o non bn ond 6000 o 5000 y bfo pn. (Pofon d dd no mk ood mv, b mpy movd ood fom w y w p o w y w vb, vn off pof n dffn.) T oo n nxpod oy, ovd n P Two. W I v dvopd oy fom oo, op, n nd o don o I v dd ov p dd, I ny m o oy pp n Hmn Gn 116(4): n Jn 2005 nd "Sn of n o vn n Eopn Y-omoom STR poyp dbon" by Lz Row, P J.P Co, S Ww, Tm T. L, Mnfd Ky, Rüd L, P d Knjff, Mk A. Jobn, C Ty-Sm, nd M Kwzk. T wok don mmzd n ABSTRACT fo : Pvo d of mn Y-omoom nnod poymopm (Y-SNP ) bd nk bwn xn Y-SNP pop dbon nd po dmopy of Eop. By on o ny of vn pdy vovn Y-omoom o ndm p o (Y-STR) n ov 12,700 mp fom 91 dffn oon n Eop v n of mo n o vn, no pvoy dd by o n mk. C ny bd pon mo vn yd wo y dnfb b of Wn nd En Y-STR poyp, nd dv non zon n n Eop, 4

5 5 PREFACE w poyp p n mo pdy w ond n w d. T nd o obvd pn of Y-STR my my pby b d o p o ndn, ndn, fo xmp, xpnon of Fnonn nd Oomn Emp. W ond Y-STR my b pb of ovn m no o n npd d nd od fo povd f mn o dy o popon nd n dmo oy. T dy podd own m dn d by. T o o pzzn non zon n n Eop w poyp p n mo pdy w ond n w d T o od no xpn o n d k xpnon of Fnonn nd Oomn Emp Howv I mmdy w n n of, of mn xpnon n I A. T on ow p v m dn, m w f-nn nd, nd wn nw p w nd, w by op of m, wo wn y yd, ook o womn m (n do no ow p n fm DNA dn.) I dvopd onvon fo fo v of nd fond I od onv nmb o y bfo pn, nd fom o vy o mn o w ooy, dy bd fo om nfn dvopmn n m bnnn of do no n no o bnnn of mb d. I n ddd bnn fom mo n m bnn pzzd nd fond I od o m q y w dvopmn of d o n w d o down Dnb nd Vo o Dnp nd n dvon of d o d fmy p podd on wo movd wy o own d o nd fom no fom mn wo n p d bn d of n- bopop n y dnd fom n bo pop pnomnon (w w n dnfy w oo Mmo ) bd fyby 6000 y bfo pn. Af dovn oon, I d o dj my von of vn ony. B opondn

6 UIRALA: T Hmn Expnon by Bo w o ood, I v md Y-STR ow n mny bnn of mo n m po of on of nw dn o nd p, wo n pd on ommnd of dn o (nd nf ndn mkp) o on. I xpn wy p of n mo pd ondny b d o n Eop vy ond on. B nw popon n nvon nw, nd w od no m ny fo o npon of p. W m fnd o oy od n oo fnd of m, ndn mnfon k ok vn, oy op onfon, mn o nd dn bvo, oy od n n,,. T n nfomon ony ddon nw d o v oy. And dn of m mo nfomv n dn of fm n m of xpnon of mny of mo n m, b mn ndd o fom xpooy op nd wn oo f o n om on no wn o n om y md w o womn. T mdna of womn my v mjo mon of y po fmy op, b no v vy m bo mo n o dvopmn moy nd by m op. T foown pod Y-STR of dy, w my own no d n b n pnk. W ppn bow pnk oo ompx o ow py. No n b on, my onvon no K (1000) y bfo pn. T bnn dmnd py fom n d ompy w w oo dn bd. T nmb f ony o od n w I d dvopmn n x. T mjo dvopmn of no-o d fom dndn of bo pop by vyn ndn m no. 7. Dvopmn bow pnk n domnd by dvopmn n fom no o d. 6

7 PREFACE W mnn of UI-RA-LA? T nvnd wod m f fom f modn Fnn n b y own o v dndd fom bo-pop, nd fo w dw n npon fom domnn Fnn n ody Eonn nd Fnn. R of n nn Fnn n n Eop pp n non-indo-eopn w k Bq. T UI- npd f by Eonn/Fnn mn j- /- 'pnn o wmmn, fon'. Sondy f mjo b of Aqn n Romn m w d U w np v E/Fnn 'fon non' (d-). -RA- npd by ppn pn of "RA" mn n nn nm of mjo d v. Fo xmp Lo w L, Vo own by Pomy R (Romn "" mn d ""), nd ndd on nm of Rn nd Ron. In ddon Bq -RA ndn mnn 'dd owd', nd RA n nn p-indo-eopn n k Smn mnn 'o'. I x o n Fnno-Un, nopod no wod. In Eonn fo xmp d ', p'. Fny -LA ndn my n nn pn, o omm on -A. In E/Fnn ndn mnn 7

8 UIRALA: T Hmn Expnon by Bo 'p of, oy of' nd x n Bq o. Ov, onon "UI-RA" wod mn ' fon, n, wy' nd od b on of Bq wod fo 'w'. T f onon "UI-RA-LA" m bnd wod "U Monn" nd f o v of mnd djonn m py o. (B ppoon. I op omon n onfm.) L b no, UI onon pp n In n of Cndn ( In w n bo-pop) n on o bvo of w (xmp: jjqq 'w pn'). 8

9 PART 1: I A o 5000 Y Ao THE ORIGINS AND EXPANSIONS OF ANCIENT BOAT-ORIENTED WAY OF LIFE FROM OUT OF ICE AGE EUROPE Ao mn w m no o dv f o o bod of w w no by n w; voon of p of mny no f n bo nd n ond on w od no v od ponnoy j nyw. I d o v od n p w w no o nv w vv dpndd on. To n on o op wo dvd b wy of dn w wy nvonmn w on wo podd popon nd fod. T d of Eopn p nv bfo bn od, b dony o v fod on po mon of pdn n, o n ond 9000 y o on voon of fmn nd dny vzon py n Indo-Eopn don. P On d w y xpnon o of I A, p n ppn of fm w dny mn nd vzon podd nd fo d o onn dny pop o.

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11 1. T Gn P of On nd Expnon of Po-I-A Pop 1. 1 T Eopn Wo Lf: T Tdon Hn Wo Foown L Hoovd Mmm Gn T oy bn of I A, wn ovd n no p of Eop. In on Eop y mn vd n v nd nd bon, o, nd nd o nm fond n pnf nd. B wn I A m o n nd, m wmd, nd on p of Eop bm nny fod. Gnd vnd, nd bo n nd o d of mny of nm. Rnd d movd nowd kpn bov dvnn n, n y n no non nd od no o f nowd, o n owd w Pond ody, w nd d od onn no nd vny nd p n no G Eop. T Smoyd pop of ody wo dpnd on nd pobby dndd fom nd n, dvopn monood fom nv vn f ondon of I A. And nd n wo bm ppd n non onnn Eop vovd, w w db, no bo-ond bon, no nk m pop (Aonn ) n no qdn of No Am no oo on o. T Fnn nd U vv ody pobby dndd fom op. T Sm of non Sndnv wo nd o nd ody, v om ny fom nd n, b pp o v

12 UIRALA: T Hmn Expnon by Bo mxd w bo pop wo m, n of vy Fnn n. T pop Sndnvn oy d Fnn o ndd fo nd o bon, nd n b vwd dndn of y bo pop. Mnw, d of bon nd o movd wd o d p of Eop, wy fom pvn wnd nd n fom now. Tb ddd o d, foowd m wd. Tody om Eopn bon vv n n n Pond. Ho on omd pp no of Bk S, nd now of domd knd. T pop o f o Indo- Eopn, w pobby dndd fom o-n, b n nn oy, y nodd o o oon y nvdd nd onqd, w o d pvoy bn nknown. A Eop bm dn w fo, om of pdn nomd n foowd nm d o nw p; b ny om mnd bnd n on Eop w mnknd d pn dp of I A ddd n v of on Fn nd Spn. Ty d d o onnd w o of b fo d nm pnd on v w. T bon nd o nd nd w on, b w o bx nd o no of o nd, w dpd b o n n m nd ndp. I bv o mn mnd bnd nd non o nm, nd bn o m o vv. Aon k pomon mn nd b w on w dy d o domon nd bnnn of pom w nd o. I pd nvon no y Eop w dov vdn n o Eop of pom, nd pp dny f d o pom, bfo vdn of. I o pd w b dovd vovd fom po pomon ow of pn nd o kd, nd n dovn mn od oo f pnkny pn n. T domon of nm d o wop of po of b-on o Mo Godd, nd m fo w ymbozd by m o b ( n m wn p w domd, bo w ddd ymbo) 12

13 PART 1- I A o 5000 B.P.L F T I S ov no of Eop. Hmn wo foowd Rnd, Bon, Ho, nd o mn d w dbd odn o mon pn of d nd owd no on nd, nd bon nd o owd o on y pn. Mnw o wo d nd nm wo w moy nd ndd opn p o nd bx d w dnn popon by on dy d o domon nd pom ( nd o).. T nx p w bwn bon nd nd n nd o wo mnd bnd n non Eop, nd dpd o w ndp pod by mn. 13

14 UIRALA: T Hmn Expnon by Bo F B T ow n k n fom 1. o 2. onnon of don I A, of nn oovd mmm, mny nm of pn k bon, o, nd nd. A wod m wmd nd fo ook ov Eop, p of mny (3.) mnd n on Eop on Fn nd Spn w no p foowd bon, o, nd nd d y movd no nd o mn n vy opn ndp (2.) Ty bm nd n of A nd o n of dy nd of o G Eop, pp no of Bk S. Mnw om of on nd n, fond mv ppd n non onnn Eop md nd nd bm foodd w w. Rnd d, nb o op w b, nd bokd fom nowd mon by nd, dmnd nd pop (4.) w fod, ov v mnn, o dp o nny w ndp nd nw knd of nm nd pn o, w my d o opd wy of f y dpndn on bo nd v on wwy T Eopn wo Syd: Godd nd B Pop Gn (#3 n bov of F B) B o n n non w(bo) pop, w w ony 14

15 15 PART 1- I A o 5000 B.P.L knowdd op of pop wo mnd n ow Eop w nd, bon, nd o n f. T pop, o onn fo vv of nm y onmd of I A, fond o (wd ) nd bx (wd o) mo pb of vvn n n m nd von. C nd o dd no nd wd opn pn. Mody opn ndp w ffn fo pn nd. A nd o w domd, mn bm kny w of podv po. Ty nd ow o ono. Ind of vn m f o fo domnn, mn od m wo wod v fm, nd mnn m w n on o b onmd fo food, f of f o Mo Godd. T of f w, I bv, wy o n nm fo n, mo pb n od v o dmnon. A dvopd o wodvw nvovn wop of Mo Godd nd b nd m. T o wodvw pp o v vd o A Mno, oo v fond om w Mo Godd, b, nd m w ony pnd n f. Ow, ooy fond nmb of Mo Godd fn oo wn Eop. Tody Spnd b b n dn (fmno) nd po (bfn), nd w n vn fnd onn of Mo Godd n on dvoon n Ibn Pnn o Cny M. Wv Cny wn, w Godd w ony woppd, M w nodd pmn T Eopn Wo Syd: T W- Pop (o Bo-Pop) Gn (#4 n of f 1.1.1B) T W-pop o Bo-pop n bj of wn, nd w w dvo mo of m o on, dvopmn nd xpnon of pop. Ty pop, n no onnn Eop

16 UIRALA: T Hmn Expnon by Bo I A w ndn, fndn nd d oon dyn o w on nd ndp nn no bo, v, nd k. Hmn v wy d by o dv om mn o o body of w wn ndd- f. W no kn bo. W kn bo dvopn n n wy of f vovn ond v by bo, vn pn nd nm of wy nvonmn, nd ny fn vv n vy wmpy ndp. I popo ony p n wod w ndn p o pomo xd, w mn od no p, w n no of Eop bow mn, n of I A. T mn of nd n of w w vy d po nd dpon o nw nvonmn od v od o dy pop wn vn w y w nn. A pk of I A, dndd o n p of onnn Eop. A dvopd y dw w o of on nd owd v. Wn m bn o wm, wn I A dd, wn md, v dd no mmdy b mw f pd no nd nd nnd nd wod k om m fo w o fow o nd v. T w pod of m dn w nd bow w nndd, nd ny n fond wod v no o b o dvop wy o v on w. Gdy y dpd nd oon y d o bony of f, -mmm, nd wfow, no o mnon nm k w k "moo" (Amn En) o "k" (B En). Goo ddony I A dd ny owy, nd n d. Fo 10,000 y m n w by ppb, b n ond 10, BC wmn w vy f. T on fo wn mo of Eop w ovd w, w oo fd n' y bk no p. B mn pod nd dk oo of w xpod, n w fd bk no p, nd n of d, n o m n n n n vy vyw nd w wmn 16

17 PART 1- I A o 5000 B.P.L nd w dpon w. W w bn dmpd f mo qky n od dn o on. F T f mp ow (1) nd pop foown nd no ppox y o. Nx w m, nd d nd n n n non Sndnv (2) Mnw (4-5) ow n xpnon of bo pop. Nx w v (6) my of bo on, w d o on n on (8) w n B (7). Fny on n Sndnvn dov nd v bony of f Nowy w wm w of No An Df v. And (8) fom on An b dnd o B I nd o No An v Ind. T wod v od ond 5000 y o. (T nmbn md o opond o nmbn on ) 17

18 UIRALA: T Hmn Expnon by Bo I w vy w nd, b bo-n n-f fod, pobby mo n ny o pop. I n b d bo-pop bm domnn op n Eop. T pop dd no nnony oo wy wod nd dpon o, n mn by n pf o b on nd wkn on foo; b N v m no o. Ty w ony pop of no nd w onnn Eop wo pd nd p no B I nd poby no Sndnvn Pnn oo, n y m. B w wmn m md, o, nd nd mon w now bokd by pdo of No nd B S. No on b o n nd, nd fndn nd nny mpb on foo, y w fod o dp o nn nd n n m, bo, v, nd. Fony w on mmm omw k nd, fod n ndp nm n No Am d moo, n Bn k n Fnn v n Eonn põd. T nm no dob vd non bwn nd nd nm n wy nvonmn pop d nv nd nd n bfo. B m w wmn, mn dpd o foodd ndp, y o fond foodd ndp omn v w f. A w-ond pn nd nm w fon. T on mn d md of vn ond n nvonmn o n bony of wdf, popon bn xpodn w. W popon xpoon, b w oo o mn wo, o op bok off nd d nw b vn o v o no oy of o. A ow n popon onnd nd nw b w fomd, w n xpnon of n don bo od v w ny mn wd on o, nd p v fom o o. 18

19 PART 1- I A o 5000 B.P.L F 1.3.1B T Moo ( E k nb En ) p obb y nm vd non Eopn wn nd vnd. T nm w pfy d fo wmpy ondon nd of I A, nd pofd b of bn o w dpd. I pb of vn n dn fo, bond, w wm body of w, f n oppo d, nd b o no nd bow ndw pn. T popon w, bkwy bnd nd n b wod v o v dn o mov mv fom o nbd by pn bnd. If fm w vn dn, n bkwy b wod fom vy 50 y o, nd mov bo 500km wy. Ty od xpnd 1000km n vy ny. T mo n xmp of pd xpnon of bo-pop of Cndn "T" fom Ak o Gnnd n ony bo 500 y. I mpon o no xpnon of on popon w noppod. Aooy v bfo voon of bo-pop w-fd fo o of nd w nopd. T ony pop o b fond bfo xpnon of bo pop wod v bn nd-n. B nd n w bov n nd movd ond on foo, fo y w y 19

20 UIRALA: T Hmn Expnon by Bo fond n n no w bo-pop xpndd. In nn-- bo-pop w noppod! Ty dd no v o dp ny pop. Ty dd no v o b w pop dy. I mpon fo dm pn bj of y mn o ndnd mn od no m wv y pd. Hmn o nd w m nd dfnd onom oy. T f xpnon no vn oy, nd n o vy f noppod. B on mn, n nwom m ook fo pp nopd o nd o o m of oy w o nbo dy bd. T ony wy mon m b noppod by xn nbn f nwom v ompy dffn wy of f nd po no o. Fo xmp fm ompb w n of wd, fm ow own food; b fm m b f bo pn wd nm ndno n- p. (I nn, b o, ooy nd vn n fond n pop nd fm pop mnd n own n, nd dd no bnd o on m ny xp. E no ony fnd p n no yn b k o, b o n pz nd n d, bnfn wo b n f bo d d o do vyn.) E w dnfd dndn of po n d p op w o d y S moy dp op.w o mon modn pop ny nd y dndd fom w-pop? T obvo nw Fnn, FnnoU. Aodn o ooy nd mooy, n xpnon of bo pop od pp y o. Cny om n mnn n od noon Fnno-U n vovd n nd m w. B v of wo w on pop fn on bwn B nd U Monn?. I ny pob o v on bwn B nd U f p w y nomd b, nd n fo o v bn nn dvopmn mon m. I ny pob o v b Poo-Fnn bm bd ov n non Eop by 6000 y o, 20

21 PART 1- I A o 5000 B.P.L nd n n b nw movmn on op of b bm, w my nd -w movmn pp by d bn Vo d o, on om bn Bk S nd A Mno. (Bo ooy nd m n do on nfn by d bwn Vo nd Gf of Fnnd on.) Expnon n Sndnvn Swmpnd nd Ewd TB F nn L yf o m M mo on. T on bo pop o n wmpnd o of dn o monn of Nowy. T do bo my v ond fom n o o o bod of w. Bnn o no o o pn od kp dy wod v bn nx p. Tn d of o n w no o b mnd on od. T nd w nd oo, o mk mo omfob fo pn. A y oowd o o, y dovd boyny w vd by w dpmn, omn y pobby obvd fom fon m onn n w, nd w pob o mov ny wood nd v, n-wd, do no. A wy of f pddn dn o wmp nd on v o n o o mov fom on mp o no n nn ond of nomdm, dvopd. Aooy fond xpnon of w-pop fom Bn o U fom mp bn ond v nd on nd, nd pn of dz ndd y md do no. T dz, w k n x d mond dwy, w d o mk do n fon known o Hn of Ob Rv. F w d o bn wy wood. T dz w d o op wy o n don mk wnd bnn o pod. Unoppd p w o b p wod op bnn fo k of oxyn. T vn d on dz wod do mn oo w f. Aooy dnfd f b bo n Dnmk M mo, nd n of M mo bn dbd fom Jnd Pnn 21

22 UIRALA: T Hmn Expnon by Bo wd, no o B, w wmpnd n Od Rv bn pnf. Sn ooy dnf o d n o y p m oodf o nd,w n on nd o dp o o nvonmn ondon, vn no nm, vn o pop my n vy o p b ny dn n pn of bvo, n, o wy,. T M mo f o m of w -pop w dnd fo wmpy ndp nd m do no, no o mov fom on wwy o no. I ndd nnd ov mnn. T dndn w o pop of no of Sndnv nd o no on fom B o w oy d Fnn, Fnn, Fnn,. I bv wv oy d wod, y v fd o on pmv wy of f, nnd fo mnn mpy b w d fo mn vv n non wmpy ndp. Ony, wn nvonmn nd onom n of v, k, m, bo, wmp w nnbd by ny mn, xpnon fom on w v od vy f. W n m ow f od b. In wmn ndp, f md op d dn nd of wo, wod b nw b fomd vy 50 y wo wod mov f no wy o opy nw wy oy. A f w owd bo 8 p, n xpnon fom Bn o U wod k 400 y. W ow on xpnon n mp of F bow. Af wod b ddon wv n nw b on joy wo wod now b b on b of mjo wwy, opyn o p own y mpy n mp on bov nd bow Vo, no owd W S, pp Ob. Evny m wmn wod op nd dynm qbm wod dvop w w no nw wv nd xn pop bm bd n o nd vd nfomy fom n on dn on. Sn bo ndd o b onfnd wn w ym, w ndny fo on bwn pop o b onfnd w, fon dvopmn of d od w w ym, nd w ody 22

23 PART 1- I A o 5000 B.P.L mnf dn Fnno-U n fm (Ob, Km, Vo, Gf of Fnnd, Gf of R, ) F T mp ow ow ny bo-n n wod v md n wy v v, yn m f, vy f. L w nw wv of xpnon, nwom wod v o mk om o n ondy p. A bqn wv of xpnon w mo d, ndn o d w b dy. ( do pn nd pop, no of Smoyd, Sm) Expnon Sowd p Rv of Connn Eop W nno no f xpnon of y M mo v nd w mp no on y xp nd d wd owd Vo,, b owd w. Bkwy b d oppon of on p mjo v k Od nd V, nd, o w of Jnd Pnn, p Eb nd Rn. I w pob fo M mo op o d f o, w on md. 23

24 UIRALA: T Hmn Expnon by Bo T M mo w bo nd, nd do w m nd pob, qd n no w ofn bo d o b pod. T w no ob, nd f b mnd wn w ym, wod b fom onvnn; b f b w oo, bkwy od po no no w ym, nd ny non n Dnb. Wn no y nbd, w nobody o v m f fo ndn on md nn oy. L f of f o v d n of o w d xpnon. No d on o of Mmo nd Knd zon on B o nd o. I n nnd bo pop b bd mv n pp of Od, V nd Nmn v. T pop w obvoy kn o Mmo nd Knd. Ty md on n mo of V ( d ow I v ddd). I bv Od-V b v n yb m V n d f o y d d fom B bo owd Bk S nd Dnb. Pp d pomod Dnp bopop (k n nd no) No ow Dnp m Knd n no pp of Dv Rv (fomy d Dvn, n Ln Dn, n Lvonn Vn) T v w down o m mjo o fo d on o on Dnp. T pp Vn nd Dnp d v m. T Fnn wo df o w n d mp o y d m n- ( n E. nk w ) nd w n v wo df o o, n d on nm fo Dnp w N. o nf om w n d.t m p m o w om d on on bwn Knd nd Dnp, nd ood w on o Bk S v Dnp w. I n n o M mo x p n on w n owd bm o pm ndd fo vovn boond nomdm no on dn d dny fm dvopd nd podd n n n v. 24

25 PART 1- I A o 5000 B.P.L F ARCHEOLOGICAL MAPPING OF PREHISTORIC BOAT-USING HUNTERGATHERERS (w ddd d nd b ovy nfomon) bk b mp fom f 18 of E Ej Jn T mp dmnd fom ooy ow dffn ovd by m of bo-n n- Snfn 1 Knd, 2 Fnn k, 3 Upp Vo, 4, 5 Dnp, 6 Od, V w ym; 7 Mmo, 8,9 - bo pop (Kom, Fon) 10- Eb, Rn, bo pop. 25

26 UIRALA: T Hmn Expnon by Bo Look nnoww o f M mo.w v o onz ony bo-n n w no nd n nn. T w d of Jnd Pnn vd pvn wnd, nd wod v dod nyon dvopn on f fom Jnd on. Fmo, wod v o b f o v o pomo on o no. I m o m nx mo nn oon fo dndn of bo wod v bn o on ond Rn mo. W n y mn bo pop vnd p Rn nd md ood f of nn nd fn n Rn w ym. Soon fmn pop vd nd n fmn pop pd dffn wy of f wod v bn no onf bwn vn fm (wo bvd m p Dnb vy) nd ndno bo-ond n-. Ty wod v ppo d o x n, nd v n x p o dw podd onomy n d. T Rn bo-ond n bn mob wod v bom v p of d v, nd o of od v n vy y pofon d, bo w w w pk mo. Rny n nnon op of n (Bmn. 2009) ookd mn of fm v n n Eop, nd w vy vdn. T op nvd oo fndn of mn bon n Cn Eop (n Gmny, A, Hny, Pond, Ln nd R. T of bon dy bn dmnd by vo nq B now n ookd moond DNA (w pd down v fm dn) fom 4,000 15,000 y od bon of n- w o of f fm wo d vd n Cn Eop 7,000 7,500 y o. Tn y ompd nn mdna o of onmpoy Eopn. T w n of fm of nn fm, nn n- nd onmpoy Eopn w dbon of n bwn w dffn. In ov 80% of, mn DNA n of n- bond o yp w mon onmpoy Eopn womn (ony bo 10%, ony 20% mon Non Eopn) T nn n mn DNA dd no n fm ommn. Hn- m, n 26

27 PART 1- I A o 5000 B.P.L o wod dd no m w fm fm. T dy fond o b p; b I d, wn wo pop foow dffn wy of f, no mov o m, nd n f n dvn n n f o n o d f f n w yof f, nd n o d fo w on kd. I pmpo o nk fm wy of f w o wondf n- wod v nvd fm nd wnd o bom fm oo. B y fmn w vy dff, nd n no, w wmp nd od m, n- wy of f, monzn w nd, w y b (w wy n- n wod b n no) T, owv, ookd ony mn n. I bv wn pn n dd, w b dffn. In no dy, "Sn of n o vn n Eopn Y-omoom STR poyp dbon" Hmn Gn 116(4):279-91, Jn 2005) (Lz Row, 2005). pn n pp fom my npon of o dnd fom non bo pop. W w ook my npon of of dy,. B n y wod m w pdy wmn, non bo-n n- of non Eop d wy of f n bo w o f, I bv y pd no j wd wy o U, b o down no Eop f o w y d by nowd fown v k Rn n p Rn. And w w owd fown v, y wn vn f pp nodn bo, nd d, o on Eop. B dp fom ondon of n- movn o v vo v k Rn, Od, V, Dnb, Dnp, nd onn o foow voon of bo pop f o Vo, Km, nd Ob; nd m m no on. 27

28 UIRALA: T Hmn Expnon by Bo Expnon no n Rv (Vo, Km, Ob) W w k bo xpnon o xm v Vo n mo d, b bf mnon of. W fn o F, G, H, of f w od of of mp of f Ao y pn dp fom B S Bn y n xnon of M mo b n b y v -pop w m pob do. In f mkn of m do ndd n mo Ob Rv o dy ( d j n m,d v df o m f mofl nn M fm bo Hn.) T xm n of xpnon fom M mo o n on n d n p n on,b wn y wn p Km Rv no no, nd n no Ob Rv, y m no on w nd n, on y d no n now fo om 5000 y, nd d n om nmnn of n nd n, w ky dffn wy of f mnd n (fo m on dd bov n on w Eopn fm nd n- mnd p) T w n dvn o f w pzon of onom vy w d, nd of on op yn o foow onom v pob Expnon no S T mp pnd o f dy w n xp n on o f o n M mo n o v n n B.A M mo w -pop xpndd wd dbd n mp of f 1.3.2, om bkwy b nvd o of, nd w vy nd n wdf, nd n p nd pobby w k B w f o n pb. On B o (oon C n f 1.3.2) b of pvn wnd, vy m y m o w 28

29 PART 1- I A o 5000 B.P.L w opn owd now, y wod ofn fnd wv q mpob o v w on onpon no. I nk w py b of xpo o pvn wnd bkwy op md do o of on, dp, pb of yn mo pop. Bo d nd ddon pop o pdd, md m b o op w pvn wnd nd wv b no nd o wnd wy o d nnd w. A m, n B o w ondby mo dpd n now, nd m of o w ody w nd w. Hvn md opn w, pop w now o b o n nm nbn opn w. Aooy fond q poon d w od ony v bn d o n n opn. T, own o dpon o pdo of B S, b n d Knd f oon n no Eon w w f dnfd. T wod v od bo 7000 BC. A poon d fo nn, nd n dz d fo mk n o ndo,f om Knd W my wond f -on bo-pop ppd w n Kn d y m?to dmn, ooy y nd o fnd oo fo vn nm of poon d w. T wod o nd o b vdn of pop 29

30 UIRALA: T Hmn Expnon by Bo mpn on nd bd, nd no j on v bnk. ( To n Knd w n n n nd, od yd o n of nd, ). If pob w wn o o ook fo bo, pb of wndn wv of. Pop wo d dvopd k nvn on nd vn f wod nd o wn o mn n wy of f n o bk o wmp-o n d M mo wy of f. And fo on, xpnon of bopop wd, dbd n mp of F 1.3.2, wo dno v n d d Knd d n d n.t Kn d -vn w mo ky o b on fo Lk Lod, Lk On, W S nd ny on -pop wo o nx. B w w n foow on no no, w m mmb o n K nd on n d oo, nd on k wod v xpndd no B nd pp No S oo n d o. Fo xmp w n oo fnd bo dd o of woy do fd fo odn o, obvoy d fo n own do nd -vn w dvopn mo oy oo f M mo m -bo w Expnon no A fom B A b n non onx, fom No Amn nfomon, bo 5-7 xndd fm o n, wo om ndpndny o y, b on now nd n, y nny, oon qy b o, nd w w ppo m o fo mon of o. T m w wmn nd b xdd d mon w pop, nd vy fw non no f b dvopd wo, b pn b opd oy of w ym, o v ondb dn o fnd vn oy y od ny own. And bkwy op fomn nw op of n fomn b, wod b nnd o foow m wy of f o w b d dpd. W I mn bkwy fom pop w m do movn ond m, wod wn o fnd nw m, nd onn wy of f, w bkwy fom pop wo d now 30

31 PART 1- I A o 5000 B.P.L nd nd w own poon, wod wn o fnd nw nnbd w m -f. I od b obvo no nd fo on vdn f Knd p, bkwy op, now w dvopd n vn of f, wod b mo nd n movn o no body of w o, n -qn mv w on Mmon wmpnd f. T on m v om fom Knd! B k w y f om Kn d p ob b yb n kn of own oy by xpon w n nn B, nd n don o o wo fond ddn on bo o w B, w bo pop d p now ony d m bo nd kp off. B w mpon f w. W nd w w no vyw, f w, nd ny on fmn vovd n B. B w o don bkwy od o: no Gf of Fnnd, vn f o y foodd on of Lk Lod nd Lk On, b noby nowd o foodd ndp of Fnnd nd non Sndnv, o W S nd o of Nowy. T dndn of Knd, dy known ow o n nd B w, o o nw oon w mmm k nd w o n. Ty wod ny v dd owd Lk Lod nd On nd n no o W S. T y wod v nond nd pop (pnd by do n mp). B bn vy dffn n wy of f y dd no nf w o. 31

32 UIRALA: T Hmn Expnon by Bo F A&B THE DIVISION IN THE WATER PEOPLES MARSHLAND v SEAGOING 9,000-7,000 y o T mp ow j ow y w, n foodd ndp, o W S. Pop dy w wy of f vn opn fo nd w fond mv om, nd f bnd pny of vdn of vy n ok vn. T bov, w onn fom #4 on pvo, foow dn of W Pop. T k n 4. o 5. ow onnon of don on m no no wmpnd d on o o fom Rn, n Jnd Pnn, n Sndnv (p no ovd w ), n Od nd V w ym, n no of B, n Fnn knd, wd no Vo nd on f U. T offoo dpd n bnn bd 6. pp o v n on no pop dvopn woy do nd nn w nd n B.A o o d Knd. B mwnon,b kwy f om Knd, omd o nn nd w, o o fnd nw o onn wy of f, nd fond W S, nd ny S. T nx w ow dvon of on. 32

33 PART 1- I A o 5000 B.P.L T mo dm dvopmn fom B S on pop on no w f no yo wn m bm, o do bm m nd m. B o nd opn on do md fom ok n B w ndd. T w o nbn Lk On b kn o o no W S o n nd w, mbkd on mkn wd, -woy, bo fom kn of moo. T bn n ny nw dvopmn n w kn bo w no on ny o dnd o o B o fnd m o mk bo. I w no o o f moo ony. A dd moo wod b opnd p on bk, nd nd movd, b vn b. Addn om wood o p no bo, wo n wod b mok-dd. T d w kp d pobby fo p on. T my bf, fom dyn ok vn Lk On w owd z of d v o mn n bo nd z of b bo f, ompb o bo vn bn md fom n moo. F C An m fom Lk On vn. To vn od pn vy n n mm, nd no Lk On. T pn of on bo pop n no, domnd moy by ok vn pop md. S ok vn fond Lk On nd ond W S.. T foown ow mo dvopd on bo odd Lk On ok vn. T oo ow mood pow b obvoy mny kn wn o b d pnon, pp now vd of wood, onod nm fom w kn w obnd.. 33

34 UIRALA: T Hmn Expnon by Bo F D B now, no foown ok vn, on fom o of W S. T m on bo own, b y pn w, n mod w d by Gnnd In n 19 ny. F E A w w d n mo d, vdn on ony pop fom mo oy, vd no n mm w v o b n mnd n wn nd w dk nd nd n f. 34

35 PART 1- I A o 5000 B.P.L T nobody ony yd n Sndnvn n wn. (Ad fom nd pop, b y md o w nd) T nx w on b no vn nn o o moo ony, b yn n no, pp mn nd pop. T mn, owv y wod v o mk kn bo fom omn o n moo. T vn A Nowy ow m of bo w nm d on pow, w q no, y nd Expnon no A Nowy T f mood bo pp md fom mood poof pop wnd owd o w w moo, b no m n w kn bo n pop ovn dn of movmn. T f mood bo m fond bo Lk On vn nd Nowy vn, ndn A, mn my v bn on b md nn jony no pp fom f Lk On, b poby o fom w now non Fnnd. Byond f dn m of mood bo v bn fond n ok vn bo Lk On nd Nowy, w no moo m of ok vn do no ow m w n. Sn m moo ow n o mm, nd dop m n f, pop wo md bo fom moo d nv w m n mm f poof y mmd n nd wnd n on on n moo ony. Sn w dk n wn, w w no o y. 35

36 UIRALA: T Hmn Expnon by Bo F A THE ORIGINS OF OCEANIC HUNTING PROBABLY FROM BALTIC SEAHUNTING (KUNDA) VIA LAKE ONEGA AND WHITE SEA FC. A pnon of m m fond on Nowy' nd of Søøy w nn vo ppd o v bn nn -f of wm w of No An Df. T vn ( bow) o dp m nd n do. Bo pop m fom p w moo (B. "k", E. "põd") nd m fo m do.. F A. A pnon of n m fond ok vn R' Lk On. T bo dpd b w nd n m von pp o b b o od mxmm of mn, nd moo d z v o mn moo d. F B. T poo fom w bov on md. I kn fom fm of fm "Kv" by Lnn M,md n 1980 F D T poo of Søøy ok fom w mood bo m bov w kn. No o on-mn do no w od b md fom m n b. 36

37 PART 1- I A o 5000 B.P.L Wy dd pop o f Nowy? W wo x wk jony? T fom Lofon Ind nowd w w f on on of No An Df ndn oon. T foown mp ow No An df p. F B T mp o wy An On bo-pop dvopd n Nowy nd no f o n No S. T bony of f w fond w No An df m o o ow w. Yo n b p B I no nd, w bn on o non p Okny owd Nown o. W vo o w ny m ony fo mm, vny om yd o wn, dnf b o o Kom.On w bo pop wo w pmnn n no, non Nowy bm n fo f xpnon, o o non of Bn, nd Fo, nd wwd owd Ind, Gnnd nd No Am w k nown Do d v o p d. 37

38 UIRALA: T Hmn Expnon by Bo F B THE 2nd DIVISION IN THE SEAGOING WATER PEOPLES THAT CREATED THE OCEANIC SKIN BOAT PEOPLES y o T mp onn o foow voy of on n ov op of Sndnv o Nowy w w of No An Df vd fd w f. Aow f xpnon owd non Bn nd owd Ind. T on w do onnd of o w (7=on; 5=wmpnd). T do, pnn nd pop, oo, of o, nd wod b d nd o non bwn wo dn o Sm of ody. T bov, w onn fom #6 on pvo, mkn xpnon of on bo pop no vn. T k n 6. o 7. ow onnon of on bo (yn bo vn mn) nd vn of, b w nd f, fom B. Mnw, #8 f bkwy fom B vn n W S nd A On nd vn o dvop -woy bo fom nm kn. T on kn bo bn on ovn jony o fnd f, nd fond pny Nowy. Mnw bk n B nd pmby No S, woodn bo onnd dvopmn, oon o bn xpod fo on dn d. 38

39 1.3.8 Syn n A W v o b n mnd w w ppnn, I A w mn,. m w wmn pdy, nd wdf popon own. Hmn nn wdf n non nd fd fom p of I A, obvoy popd w. If vy op d dn, b wod oow n z nd wod b bkwy. A bkwy op of b, no wn o n o no o of pn b, od dd o mn n no. Aooy fond o vy op of Nowy, w b mnd o dk wn, nd b n d Kom. Obv o y Kom dd n w nd pop p v, nd pp o no onf w m f nyon kd ny of nd. Fo nd pop, oy w wd nd d y foowd. A dd, fo o-xn, wo op d o b q dn n wy of f no o b n o onf. If w nm, wf fom on d d o jon fom o d. A on p w foowd, wod b ppy on y m o dn fo w o kd. A vdn pop bn o y, w n pon o vn mpv ok vn A, Nowy, w w fnd kn bo now md fom nd d, w bn nod d on bo, ndv of nd kn bn d. Rnd, nbn, mn w no on ny o wn f o. B A vn ow vy n y of vn, w onn fo nmb of b, ndn o vn fom no.

40 UIRALA: T Hmn Expnon by Bo F A A ok vn, Wod H S. Rd oon bn nodd no ov o mk m mo vb o vo. (poo fom nn) F B A ok vn, xmp on w oyn m of bo nd nm T mp of F C ow ow b A oon w fom no. 40

41 PART 1- I A o 5000 B.P.L F C T bov m ow ow on vo o o od v y d A fom no wmp nd wwy, nd no j ov op of Nowy Expnon o A No Am T mp of no An n (f B) ow ow wod b pob fo n npd -n op o foow n nd nd p n of No Am. Aoo v fond pop w n of No Am y bo 6000 y o. T o, fom Eop foown Gnnd o wy owd v oppony o v fo food, nd o nd, vn f o nd on. Ty nd no b o of of ndn p mo n fw n n on. To wo m w pop wo d md dn wv n kn bo, nd nvn wy ond No An Df o oon w onnon of f, nvby om wod xpo fn of n n o o w o nd o n,m n y n don of n. A on n fom mp of No An n, nyon foown w n 41

42 UIRALA: T Hmn Expnon by Bo on owd nn p n Ind, od nd p foown o of Gnnd o w of No Am, nd n pob o on Lbdo o, m o w domnd by No ond 1000AD. W m no fo v of No An bon f, o md of kn, w no woy n No v, nd bon f w pobby vn mo knowdb n nvon by. (W wy nyon wo mn No w f o d ov Am no n,od m n bon o non-indo-eopn pop f y w vn (w pon of vw) I mpon o no nd ppn wn w ook F B w pn mp on ob dn n w m, ompd o dn q o.( T om n wdon z w n ook n mp onnn n on o p on f p). T w kn bo mnvn on o obvo, on wond wy db bo w o no w po on by bwn no Eop nd No Am. T no qon on bn oon f pop of Sndnv d my, nd wod v onnd now nd n fo mnn, on by No fom Ind bn ony n on n on of bo on. No onfon of n od pm No Amn bo o o o Eop by foown No An Df, o qo n, b w on No Amn wo vd on foo fom Bn S, v dvopd bo-ond wy of f. Ao pny of vdn n No Am of y mn vn on foo ov Bn S bd, no vdn of bo- dvopn n No Am, no of on opn An fom w o n pvn wnd nd No An n, n ( wn mnnm o wo) wn w on v w v ppd fo on jony. Evn f w y wf n No Am, w omn wokd n w-o- on. T n mp (f B) o ow voy wod k mny wk ov opn on. T v wod no fnd food 42

43 PART 1- I A o 5000 B.P.L no f w, nd n y w ppd w pny of food nd f w on bod, wod p bfo ompn on. Unk Nowy, no y ok vn dpn bo. Y n No Am, ok vn nd pnn, b y q yon, ompd o ok vn n Sndnv nd ok pnn n Fnnd. Rok pnn n Fnnd o od, mo d o mk o, w n No Am ok pnn on wwy, n md by bo pop, nno b mo n y od. T ddon vdn ok vn nd ok pnn, o md by bo-pop on wwy, w mpod by pop wo od no An fom Nowy. T m of nm d by pop nd o v y o m, fon of ow p vw nm. T A ok vn dmon y w md by vy of pop pobby onn, nd no by n pop nbn. On of o pop wo fqnd A, obvoy omn fom no y dp moo, owd n y vy m o y of d n ok vn on ff ond G Lk. No my n y of n m of moo fom A Nowy, ompd o n ok pnn of Lk Spo n Cnd. Lf: Im of moo A Nowy R: Im of moo Lk Spo n Lk Spo Non Pk n No Am I vy nn m of moo n Sndnv k n m b xpnd by f vo o Nowy dd no moo dn mm wn y w own n. 43

44 UIRALA: T Hmn Expnon by Bo If w An on, wo ody pn dndn? T Aonqn pkn pop nd o ony. T oon wn Eopn f w m om n o, w xy o oon w y wod v on, f y d vd p v fown o no An o. T Aonqn w bo n n-, nd owd no p G Lk w bn, y md kn bo, xp n b bk kn, nd owd o p v o of Gf of Sn Lwn, w w no b, y md do. I nvd Aonqn n, nd y k o mm nd o wod wod dy nk m o Fnn n don; nd y om wod on w Fnn my onon Aonqn mn o, w w ony, nd n nwom pop vd nd nodd bo. W m no fo vn f w no bo-ond wy of f n No Am ny, w nomd nn pop w wom ny nw v by d o onnd w. Fo on ndf of v my mxd nd n no bd on of on pdn woodnd n. T no of bo pop fo xmp, w w fnd pny n n nd d nk o Eop - w mk n. W w woodnd pop owd o n fo mmn d o d w, wn No An kn bo pop vd n No Am, w no bo pop. T on w fnd In n mb Fnn n n vy b wy. Wod fo fmy on wod no y movd, nd In pod mo mkb ondn: In n 'bo of womn', omp w on 'n' n Eonn, b n Fnn no mn xy n In, 'mo' bo'!!!. A m wod o x n Bq (n = 'bo') n Bq onnon o nn An -on pop w (W w w d wn w ook mo oy on pop) In ddon, In kk f o 'pn n'. In Eonn ody on 44

45 PART 1- I A o 5000 B.P.L n, b Fnn w dn bwn mn nd pn n, y kä 'pn n'. A f nd mo nn wod of fmy on nd o pov In n onnon o no Eopn Fnn bopop don In wod k mnn 'f, mo, n o n-n-w'. In Eonn nd Fnn /k mn 'kn, xndd fmy' nd ommony d n fo xmp p 'fmy '. W w xpo In n ondn w Fnn mo xnvy. O ppo ony o dmon vdn of on fom Eop o No Am vy Expnon o B I T B I wy d nd bo on P w k nbo n non nd ond An d. Ho fn o m o bk o v n BC, nd don of kn bo now ox d dov w k d o m n d nd w nm d n 18 n yof w di nonof bo.td w n do no ook p n ny wy yp pn m bo w, n w no n oxd, pobby k on pow. No do bo don n B I w on of od, nd w ppnd, ond 5000 y o w B I bm n nn mx of wo bo dndn of on on 45

46 UIRALA: T Hmn Expnon by Bo dvopd no on dn d, mny od on d of Bn, nd dndn of kn bo d vd f mkn wd oop o B, W S, nd Nowy bfo vn n B I o nb o nd b mp, o v No An Df. I fo ow w wod f f n P o dy v n ppy n n kn bo, nd o wo w vy vb o pop n mnnd Bn, d pop wo d on on dn d o of non Eop. Ao on, y d dfd p ondb bfo nonn o n m nvonmn of B I. Pp on kn bo P n wod v bn m k In n ody, j d P n wod v bn m k Eonn ody. W n on d n o f n o P w v o mk o dn bwn wo. A ood fn o d-p w md by Ano-Sxon monk-ob d,wow o P d o mfom Sy n onbo.s n S y w on b n w B o, w obvoy pkn of d P vn bwn n Bn nd B o. Ho fn o kn-bo bon P ny dbd m n kn bo, nd bn o pop wo md ndond dwn ( dwn md of ok nd k oo nd n d w od). T on pobby m fom on of. :Lon dn v ov md, nd o nd on pp m wod v bn pomod n n on po. Sn y ndd o nb o o of w nd no of B I, no qon y w npon fo I don of pn. Indd, pop vny vovd no w n 18 ny B k n w w di.t o n own nf dnf k nbo of y p dby w di. Obvoy ov m n of on dppd w nm o o pop mpy dd o. T vv w po o bn w. 46

47 PART 1- I A o 5000 B.P.L Expnon F So on An. If on kn bo pop m o f B I, nd n nn m w n f o Sy Ind of ow on of Bn (nod n Ponn od), n ny y wod v vnd f o w, IF w on o do o. T mn on wod b w w mn f o v. A w v n o f, mn non oon fqnd by on kn bo pop w o, nd, o bd by No An Df now d of B I, non B I, now owd Fo nd Ind, nd no owd Lofon Ind, f no o o w A ody od, nd Nown nd nd of Søøy. B pop w on-on kn bo wod v nvd n don n ny vn, py f popon w own. Bn f on bo pop y wod v fond n An o nnbd nd bn b o nd nd mp wo oppoon ny. W known fo n fom bo 7000 y o, omon b m onon on o n o Po, o of Bny, p I S w om onon, nd vny bo 4000 y o, n non of Bn nd poby o o no nd of Jnd Pnn. Dd pop my on w Nown on pop? Dd n y owd voy o n w voy fond wm m v nd nv nd no, nd y w dwn o no w don of oo? T n my v bn d o xpon mv mon on An fom So S nd fnnn o S of Gb, En Cnn, nd nn Jnd Pnn, bn oon w m onon v bn fond. S pop wod o vny know mdd An w, nd vn od, vn o pymd-bdn of n Am ndn om b fo pon o. 47

48 UIRALA: T Hmn Expnon by Bo W no An on fo An m bd m b ok. T m omb omw m o m-bd mn fond n Okny. Cmpn on bk nd w non b ok nd, ndd mod of mn onon w o n ok n dom-k fon (k oo) nd n ov w od. M omb: I d nm obon k ndofod ovd m-bd dwn md by An f wo mpd on nd w ony ok nd od bdn m Fmo, n d o on nmn, on pop kd n o dy nd onmp, o y onmpd ky. Ty o ndd ky o nv. Ty nd bo movmn n ky, nd ond on nmn by w yy y od b nod. T on nmn of Sonn m mo n b m v bn d by dndn of An f, wo pd ondb non o ky nd my v vd n kn bo. L b no, wn pop n p wy of f, y ky o y n, f wok fo n. If w popo on on fo pop wo d p nd down An, n w v o k w w p fod m no, vn mn by n nd? In my vw ony nd oon w mn w fod o dp o f n wy nvonmn w bn mn w v dd n. No od m onon bd v 48

49 PART 1- I A o 5000 B.P.L omd yf om M mo,b w non o fo do pop o no opn. T bony of -f w o o No An df. T w no o w on Jnd Pnn o, nd ow o of Nowy w d n bnnn. T ony nd p fon o nvn mn no w n Nowy. T An o on pop of m vny bm d vn pop nnd fom o. W v o b n mnd nnd w nbd fom I A, f no y by op fm, n ny by m-d po dndn fom o Eopn wo mnd f I A nd mpd o pv om of nm of I A by domon mny nd o. Aoo y op fm m p Dnb vy fom Bk S on. T x oy, ppod by om vdn, Bk S w no ony onnd o Mdnn, nd w ow, nd wn nd bwn m w bd, Mdnn fowd no Bk S, n w nd foodn vzon on o, fon nbn o k nw p o nd p. T f An m bd bm d n b nfd fom f no v dpyd o oo nfomy n ony om fom d pdn p v. T w dbon of o wn Eop md o b (fom fn vdn) Godd. I d ov b nd o of y p-indo-eopn ooy Expnon Ino Mdnn Obvoy, An on pop wo d on Po nd S of Gb wod no v oppd, b xpod Mdnn w. W v o z o bo pop d do nd w fo mo p no omd o wd opn. If w bo dndn mjo v o Mdnn, y wod v vodd opn 49

50 UIRALA: T Hmn Expnon by Bo Mdnn o yd o o o. B dndn of kn bo pop wod v bn f, nd d no pobm nvn opn w of Mdnn. T on of An (fom Po) w my m fom Eypn p y d Ann d xpndd f I Pnn. T ny of p no Mdnn wod v od, o f ondd, y 5000 y o. T b vdn fo on n on kn bo pop ppn of n nm d on pow. T p, w w ond fom onon nm fom w kn bo w md, nd w w ow ndd vn no modn w oxd on pow of kn ovd bo of w di.ev n y,w nf mb o w d w wood pnk, onnon bwn kn of bo nd nm on pow w bokn, b don of nm d on pow onnd ( don-bo don of bo Nowy nd Jpn). W n mnd, I w vy pny pd o dov n m, I bv on Gk v, owd p w bo d v n on p ow. A bo onn fom do bo don wod no v nd d on pow: on p n Mdnn, d An on, nd, w n bk o mb moo d bo Pop wo f: Rnd, Bon nd Ho Hn Gn: Smmy of C In bov on w v povdd o ow bnn of vo pop, b w non o bo pop mo of modn Eop dndd fom m d o xnv pofon. To mmz, w bn o no on o v ov p. 50

51 PART 1- I A o 5000 B.P.L F In bov dnf dvon of mny (3.) o wo mnd n on Eop nd domd nd o, (1.-2.) o wo foowd pn o nd oovd nm owd no (f nd) o owd onnn dy pn (f bon o o), nd (4.) d dvon bn on n w w nd o wo dvopd bo nd xpndd vyw bo wod k m, of w w v mjo op (5.) v do pop, (6.-7.) on do pop, nd (8.) kn bo pop. Cop fmn w of o dvopn n A Mno, nd xpndd p Dnb, b o pop w pobby bop of o wo mnd n Eop, bn mkd 3. b w n o of m pop fom mon on bo pop jonn m. W knowd o Eopn wo yd n on 1.2 wo bon vy m on m, n ppo of poj o n po on non pop wo dvopd bo nd xpndd wdy by wwy b of. Fo ompn w od o knowd d on po-i-a op o wo foowd nm d o d fd o n 51

52 UIRALA: T Hmn Expnon by Bo pon o dvnn fo nmy nd d fn o y by y n no don ( no w bokd by ), nd bon nd o d fn o y by y n n don w d nd pv opn nd nm qd. (No w pkn of pon o n n m nd von I A m o n nd. T w of o mon o of Eop dn I A pop wo foowd Wooy Mmmo w od bfo m pod of dy.) T Evoon of Hmny To Domn I A Anm. E n o don w pnd vw modn no of nd n w Smoyd nd nd Sm, mny b y onn o nd o nd ody. T zy o o domon of nd ony od n n m f boown d fom f o. T n non noon. T domon of n nm o q ny fom bomn fm nd dpndn on. Ano non noon, dy pond o, po n- wndd ond my my of N. I v mpd o ow boy f. T po mn w nn nd f-vn ny o, nd n m f nn q vn po o o of vzon wo, dpvd of vy of xpn nd npdb vn, w now by ompon. J pop of on Eop fond mv ndn o ono v of oofd nm y on nd n wd, nd fond o nd bx bn mo dpb o mn nvnon, o oo nd n vny fond mv ndn o ono v of nd d w y foowd. W know bo ow nd pop nd w nd d n wd on, fom obvon md n No Am.T w w d nd ( b o )n pn don wy of f md 1900.C n, x nd df m,m y p ndmo o f m ndpndn of on no, b p m of y, 52

53 PART 1- I A o 5000 B.P.L wn nd w mn, n of b wod om o o v mny nd pob y pd. (T nd w oo f fo nd n o p m- y d o b npd n mon) Nd o y, fo nd n onp of oy w mob. I w p nd d. T wod v bn mny b nd d. Cny f ny p b wo d own nd p on z p wd d. T b wod bom q fm w d vn dnfyn p ndvd, pnn, nw v. No dob b nd vv of nw v w bd. Sn b ny ndood own w dpndn on nd d, py o of onn nd kndn, vyon wod n wy pomod of d, vn wn n fy wd. Sn om on pnd ddon wok fo b, on ndd o b md n bnnn, b f mn popon w f n d, db d on w nny kn, dy kn d owd m-domon. Aodny n of domon wod v bn vy m ny nono on n k no kn down pnn fm o vn on m o ow m o bd. B n ny o wo mn ono of d bvo nd. Mon nd pn oon m-onod, pfo m zd o f o b onmd, p non o mn, pnn, v. Domon,, no om o of o non po on pp o do no ppy, b py mn nn f-vn on bn ppd o wd nm. T mn nvovmn now mk nm m wd; b n y nm m mn v mpy nd mv no wo po. Obvoy, modn d of nd domon x ony b ony bom ny o n domon n n n. T py b of n n mn popon, nd f nd n w o b mo d y no on nomd n. By on, n po Spn od vy 53

54 UIRALA: T Hmn Expnon by Bo on m o. I w ny fo mn o bom nmy nvovd n f-y of o nd bx dy y 10,000 y o. T no nm bo d om on, n d pp o o. Mny pop bv op fmn w f fom of fmn, nd w mkb dovy, b I d. I nk mo n fo mn o nf n v of nm fomy nd, nd bom po ndn o m d, n o nf n v of!!! How ky fo p o p op o nk w n pn nd d!!! No!!!I mo k y,mo n f o p o p op o nk fw p o p od mo v, nww v mo m. T m mo o b nd by ddon, n doy m d!! Cy mn v o bn n m d bfo y v. B w wod mn o nv m d nfn food o? Cny f w nm vb n m d wod b jok. I bv w bypod of domon of. T mo on d, mo y wod p n ; omon zd on od fo ow of o n. T f n pn, I bv, w own o povd fodd fo. On w d ond o fo ow of mo. And n nd ony n dd pop dov mn od d of fodd d-d o k. Aodny, noon bn n A Mno, f. I pobby bn n Spn bypod of own fodd fo nd o, nd w d wd on w /o mon pop dnfb w wopp of Godd, B, nd Rm. B ow dd A Mno om o b od w? I nk w ppnd w A Mno w o dy, n w nd own of fodd bm mjo popon. Ty xpod vy nnovon wod mk pob o ow fodd n dy nd vn mpoyn on. In d o A Mno vzon dvod o own fodd dvopd, w mn xd wv y od, bfo vn mn o domd 54

55 PART 1- I A o 5000 B.P.L nm. A poof of, ooy fond n vzon n A Mno, wop of Godd, B, nd Rm. By oy, dd no vn nd o dvop n on p nd m o no. A od v n ny py onqn of own fodd fo nd o. I od vn v vovd ndpndny n no of Eop ond fmn. Ey Eopn fmn nq, w no, w ndb n pp o, w b w on f nd op pnd n. B ndb n n q o d v o n d o v fmn pop wod v obvd f fo f doyd fo, nd o pn o, bon, nd o od, pod fom. I nk dy y n po-i-a pod, mn dby fo on f o v food nd p fo ony wd, bon, o, nd o oovd nm.. Yo n on f, nd n yo knw oovd nm yo nd wod bnf. I bv mny bnd n v bn npd by oo. A ny bn wn mn y pn op fo mn o. If n mpy b on f nd n onnd on w nom nn w no y. I w, k on of domon, n ny bono nfn of mn on v of nm on w y dpndd. T bn o f of bon. W know nd vvd n, vny, popon of mn w, n n, o b nny domd; b w ppnd o bon? Obvoy domon of bon dd no o n y m. Hmn domd o nm o dom. T o, wd, w o dom n bon, nd mn n on od ppo bon, w w o m n n n wd ov bon. T Eopn bon,, mnd wd, nd ody ony m nmb vv n pv n Pond. Ho pn no oy. T f of o d obvo. T o n obvoy vny domd o y pd, nd nd o xpo m no j fo food, b npoon. 55

56 UIRALA: T Hmn Expnon by Bo Lk nd n, ky n n o-n b wod vw o d oy, poon, vn wn n wd ; nd wod b mny b of o-n w wd o d. B nk nd, o dd no v ym mon pn. I w dff o np m. B y w oo f fo mn o p. Hnn m w dff y d o b kd. B ow do yo k omn n n opn nvonmn? Pp nw w o m fw o, nd d on bk no md of wd o. T n nnovon dopd by Pn Indn of No Am oy f o w nodd n 17 ny o No Amn Pn by Spnd. Eopn wnd Pn Indn nn bon fom obk. I y o mn y o n oo n o fom obk. T m o w no nn no o ndnd w ppn n njy o own wd onp. Wn w kd ov w ppnd o nd n, nw w y n ody w fnd nd nd of Smoyd pop of Tm Pnn nd nd Sm of Sndnv. B wn w k ov w ppnd o o n, nw no, n domd o pd ov wod dy n nn m. B w n mk n dd Sn wd o nd y pn, o d wod v ony ndd p n pp no of Bk S. Domn o n od o d o n o, w obvoy f p. F domon foowd, nd domd o w p no v of mny, mny fo npoon, vyw w nodd. Wo w dndn of o-n? Hoy pk of Indo-Eopn nvon of A Mno on obk. Aooy o fnd vdn of Indo-Eopn woppn o. T pop d no n n Godd, B, nd Rm. Convy vzon of Eop wo w onnd w Godd, B, nd Rm;wo dd d Bo o Godd m n m,n v d d d S on o Godd m nm! Two ompy dffn don. 56

57 PART 1- I A o 5000 B.P.L T q nfn n xpnn vy dffn of Indo-Eopn pop, ompd o on Ano-Eopn. W Ano-Eopn don woppd Godd o m, o o wn, Indo-Eopn, Pop of Ho, vd mond, nd bd m d, n p wo-god, w o Gk w d A, b w d od o nm ompnyn pd of mwoppn mny mkd Indo-Eopn xpnon. Nd o y m-ond pop w voy n wop of fm B. W no, odn o Hodo, Sy wo w xmy m ond w pob, ov o Godd woppn on vyw y fond. How domon of o nd bx wod d o Godd on nd don, w domon of o wod d o m ond on nd don? T nw mp. T domo of wd (o) nd wd o (bx), w onnd bo b mo b, mo v, mo mn wod bnf. T y domo of nd o, nd p, w vy nv o my of b, nd n b w domn of fm, Godd d o b fy odd. A mon w o py o Godd fm nm wod pod on y offpn, nd n qny. B, f my ny of o domon o, on w no onnd w b. Ty ony domd o o d m, nd f m vy of nn d nm fom obk. T objv of o domon w ony no o pomo b, b o f nn!!! Sn nn w fom m, m domn, m o of n w nd. T o w md no fo podn b, b fo pd npoon o f nn o d (nd poby bon d oo). T don ndd fo mnn, nd d pv n mny o v bn d fo dn nd pn won, nd no fo m. Hvn n md of mn o o n wd o, oon o-n, on Indo-Eopn, 57

58 UIRALA: T Hmn Expnon by Bo fond mv p-dpd o n o nm, ndn ownk nd. T y d o o n d n y pop n A Mno. Sn Godd dd no mb n p o opyof f, y b m vm, o m omponn n Godd d o qky dp nd n knd. Evyon now d o po o nd dd vy o my. T on popd m-ond w-ovn wy of f o vzon d fomy bn q fmnn nd pf. An Indo-Eopn pdoy mny now pd o mn vzon, n n A Mno nd podn wwd. I mnd n Romn Emp Sbqn Rnon Amon Vo Pop Gn W v dy dd non bwn m ond don fod by dndn of Wo God -Ho pop, nd dndn of Godd-BRm-Bo pop. In nd, dd no pn ny n mon, b domno-ff of n n n on o on nvon by pdoy God pop wo md Godd pop vm. A wn d pk n Romn Emp, vy fw wo d o d ny n onnn m w on n o pop of pp. Tn f Romn Emp d bn bd nd on Eopn ood n od Godd don d bn onvd o nw mny, ny w no vdn n n. C n n d v nom konon n.l n oo no n, nd oo n n wn fw non. T ony wy w n w no NONIndo-Eopn n o n n mnn of. O non wod nd Godd pop w W pop, nd W pop w Rnd pop. A bf ook non mpon y bo bo 58

59 PART 1- I A o 5000 B.P.L ybd v d mp down o pn m Ho (God)- Pop Pop > WAR & POLITICS In w Godd W v dy dd bov, nd on of mo dm dvopmn n mny. Eny n b zd n fom Fm Cvzon o M Cvzon. I bj of n ody, womn n mo fvo ody, nd poby now nw v bk o fm vzon. Evoon dvopd dffn n mn m nd fm y bd on fm o vn b n d nd n oy on.i n n y o o n o d bo,b v d n n m n o p v, mpnz. In n n n n, f m o n podon bn opmzd by mnn mo ood, mo onnd w o nv onm n, n n ndo d of nf n nv onm n,. T, kn n mn pmv n n wd, fm ndd o nd o mp, mkn food, ndn dn, on n nd b,. T m ndd o b nvovd n m, dfnd bnd n nm o nd on n of oy, nd ny n o n nvonmn mo dn fom mp. T n ow n m v fm o d wn mn nny dn own onom nd nvonmn. If mn oy mov n don of domd pn nd nm, nfo fm o no j n m of nvovmn n podv po, b n dvopmn of pmv mp no pmnn v. W dvopmn, on mp dvop no pmnn bn nvonmn, w, nd fm nd o b n n nd ody. T fm, py fm o of vn b nd n yon, bd n on. T on of fm odd pnd n ooy of y Eop pmp, f, mo fn. A f my v bn bd w 59

60 UIRALA: T Hmn Expnon by Bo nm mn w dpndn on w n mwd, b mn ook mo nd mo ono ov n m p o d v p o n p oon m nd fm wo od m m nm o n podv po w n mpon, nd wy nm bdn dvopd m p of nm podv po w pnd ymboy n p nd m by b, m, nd bo. A I d bov, m o w nv ndd, nd o domon vd w Indo-Eopn o n voon fvod m o. Fmn nd dny f,, nny fm n n, nd ooy vn v y vzon n Eop, ny po o Indo-Eopn xpnon, w q fm n. W know fo xmp Eyp w ony d by qn, nd n Eyp dpd o p xd by Indo-Eopn wk nvon. A I dbd, wy Indo-Eopn wod fo m o wod b f domon of o w no don o y domd o, b o domd o ony o f nn, n w nn down wd o o pp oo wd bon. T nfod m o n. T nn of wd o o pvd nomd wy of f, w w no pob o down n pmnn v n fo fm n oy. A I d bov, nn on obk pdpd pop o nn dny fm vzon of A Mno, nbn m o woop down ny nd. T qon yo my v wy dd mn oy mn m ond wn wo o d? T on n f d f n d non o yw m o bm vy mpon wn Indo-Eopn m bn nvdn. T m of fm-ond vzon w d on o n o dfnd mv. M w now md no mo nd wpon. Ho oo w md fo w ppo. Add o of mn vzon md nd nd, nd bj of nd o w. W w od y o y no omp p of mn p, b oy of o w ov 60

61 PART 1- I A o 5000 B.P.L vd by nd po pop. A w w, o y x m yon -dd. I py xd o ompon n wod of d. T f ody f oo mny mn v o on n nvonmn fo w mn n dvopd. Mnw on mn o onnd n non wdn ndp py n o on w poo fo o po. T m, d, o, nd, nd mn n on bn bwn m nd fm o. Of o dpndn on o ondon, m o fm o od b nnd o wknd. Fo xmp w m n w vy mpon, m d mo pow. T nomd n of non fo nd p no, ony vd m d. T o w pn nof pd down -mpon nn oy fom f o m offpn. In Aonqn pop of non No Am, w. A m m w n on Ono nd f o Ioqon fmn pop wo bd v, nd n b of v n d by m mp d pmnny, w ndn o ondn fd of on/mz. Hoy dmon pon v of Eopn, m o w n mpon (o dfnd n m-ond Eopn o), pn nn fm-onon of Ioqon no bkond. (Exy w od wn Indo-Eopn m o f xpndd no on fm-ond vzon.) W I db o obvo wn on d nfomon fom oy nd ooy, y non o. Hmn oy WILL nd mo pow o nd wo nn, voon-nd, f v o d n o y m n bo n nd fy dvopd. Wn fm vzon woppd podv odd nd m ymbo, nond m n-wo o, wod b ompom fvod m o fm d odn o w fo nd mn pvd. Fo xmp pvon of 61

62 UIRALA: T Hmn Expnon by Bo bn nvonmn, pf dmo po, w onqn of fm omponn, w p of w nd po w onqn of m omponn. Umy, owv ov of vzon nd on wy o no. Tody w o o bn n vy bfo, n Wn Cvzon; owv w n ook dffn p of wod o fnd mnn of nny m o pm womn no pow Godd Pop In w W (Bo) Pop > TRADE T Ho (God) Pop non w Godd Pop w q vo nd dm m o pn fm o b poop dffn w b m v fm. T b of dffn bwn o ombnon of pop w no nn, nd no von bwn Godd Pop (on nm bd) nd W Pop (bo-n non nomd n-). W pop bn o n w Godd pop vy y n Eopn oy. No bn ompv n wy of f, mn bwn wo op w y. E d fond o o oo, nd w ny nd n dn pzd m wy of f podd. A n No Amn xpn dmon, mob n pop wod nny ow p of dny pop vy mmobzd by nd o nd o o o. If bnd of m vd v v f p y wod dov y od o b n n fo movn ood obnd on v o no v f wy. If w dffn vn of m m n dffn p, y od dby mov ood nxpnv n on oon o no oon w y w y vd, nd x pof n dffn. T d wy of f n f dy w bon. Wn md w/bo pop n ddd o don m, pofon d w bon. Bn y nomd bo-, y xpod k o y pzd ood dn. If w w nq o on, movn m omw w y w nknown, md m 62

63 PART 1- I A o 5000 B.P.L vb n o o oon. T w n p w mb. Nd o y, on dn d d no mov o mov n w ommon vyw. B fo ym of on dn pofon d o dvop n m of w/bo pop, d o b vy dny pop pop wo d n don o v fo wk on nd n bo, no od y ffod o f p mn o do o. T wod wy b o mk fo dny pop, b on dn d ndd o f no nd of w/bo pop w on n fn of ndd o b n of non pop my dvd fom M mo. A pofon on dn d ym v y Eop f n of ny, w. Wn n o of m on fm Godd vzon of Eop w nd o m wo-god vzon, ony n o d w d by nw m-ond pow nfon vo nd w fom on. B vdn ow d w by n o mpon o onomy, mn w wy vn p p. T mny xmp, H own Ayn n of Ayn d ym o pv n A Mno, o Romn own n mn pop f nfd movmn o Eop (Fo xmp, Hmond, mnond by T n Gmn) T non bwn W Pop nd Godd Pop o God Pop, o d o mp. Noby bo pop wo bm nvovd w dny pop v d, ndd o b nomd, nd y o om of p of dny pop, kpn om, o nd/o p bnd d o fn mn. To wo bm mo nvovd n d nd non w vzon, bm mo k, vn y mnnd don v m n my of bo nd on dn v o mpon fo on dn d. W w no d f, w w p xpnon of d by W (Bo) pop xnvy. 63

64 UIRALA: T Hmn Expnon by Bo W Pop In w Rnd Pop > I n Gn nd Ln!! A w v n, w non bwn W Pop nd Rnd Pop m wo mn wn on bo pop dd o W S nd Nowy o v, nd wn on m do v bo pop dd no fom Vo, p Km nd b. Ao non nd onqn f mpon n mjo dvopmn n non bwn Ho (God) Pop nd Godd Pop, o Godd Pop nd W Pop, mpon fo bo ompn nd o dd n db o onp bwn pk of Fnno-U (bo pop) nd Smoyd (nd pop) n. I obvo Smoyd/Sm nd Fnno-U v dffn on fom v n nd nd nd o nd, w (Fnno-U) po n foko, n, ooy, nd oy, mn nk m o nn bo pop. My oy, vn, pon bwn nd pop nd o wo bm bo pop dy od bo 15,000 y o, n No Eopn Pn. B n v fond on bwn n of wo op n mo n ommon pn. To b pf, ov ny o, n ddd w n o n U n n U Monn, n p no Smoyd nd Fnno-U bn, nd dd o q ny. Indd ny dd no ook k p od 15,000 y o. Do ndmn oy pnd? No y, b on xpnon of bo pop od v bn omp y 8, 000 y o, nd on of n U xpnon bkwd by m v (Km nd Vo) o B ny pob, pp m popd by d vy. W pob, ony nw o wy Smoyd nd Fnno-U n m no o v dvd oo m? T mjo pobm, I, n m n wy dvn popon 64

65 PART 1- I A o 5000 B.P.L onny own nd d op bk wy fom pn op, w n of d op, b of pon, dvn fom pn n nd o. B w know n o onv bk owd on no, wn n my of m oo, dvd fom k of on, m on n. J dvn d by wo op fom m n on on on w on no, o oo onvn o wn wo op om no on w on no, o dy omn n fqn on o dvn mp onny ondd by onvn mp. T mon wo op m o dffn o on no dpndn on n oy of on o k of on. In on of f nn nomd n-, on of n ov on wod dpnd on ow fqny n nd b of pop non on no, by n, o by db onn fom m o m. If pop v dn n bo, n nfomy w dvop ov q. Convy f n nd b down nd bom mo ozd nd dny, n nfomy on odny. T dmond by F A&B bow. T dm dp on bwn Sndnv, U Monn, A On nd on pp no of Bk S, n, nd wo-ndd ow dp n vy nzd p wy, mon of movmn of bo pop wn on. T m n dm n dmnn m fm of n dvn, w no kn bo on wy po b wo wy po. If onvn d o on n dvn d o k of on, wo po of n n owd down, nd on ov w owd down dpnd on of on. T mon y mob bo pop w. 65

66 UIRALA: T Hmn Expnon by Bo F A&B LINGUISTIC UNIFORMITY RELATIVE TO NOMADISM AND DISTANCES COVERED IN THE FINNO-UGRIC WORLD ) EARLY HUNTER STAGE: T op p pn dn n vd n nn nomdm, n wod v bn pny of on bwn vyon, no o mnn o nfomy n n of wo on. b) LATER TRADER-FARMER VILLAGE LIFE STAGES: T boom p pn don of nomdm nd dn n fom dppn of on wy of f m w dn, fmn, nd v f. T o dn now mk mo dff o mnn nfomy of n ov nd on d dvop no n n no n fm, w pvo d bomn n, odn o pn of nfn fom vzon. 66