Activity 1: Investigating Temperature

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1 Contents Activity Overview... 5 Quick Start Guide... 5 Software Installation... 5 Hardware Setup... 6 mytemp Getting Started Program General Tips and Tricks Activity 1: Investigating Temperature Objective Time Required Materials (per team) Safety Tips & Tricks Background Activity Results Suggested Extension Activity Lab Report Assessment Key Activity 2: Exploring Radiation Objective Time Required Materials (per team) Safety Tips & Tricks Background Construction Activity Results Lab Report Assessment Key Activity 3: Testing Heat Capacity Objective Time Required Materials (per team) Safety Tips & Tricks Background Construction

2 Activity Results Lab Report Assessment Key Activity 4: Solar Water Heater Objective Time Required Materials (per team) Safety Tips & Tricks Background Construction Activity Results Lab Report Assessment Key Vocabulary Standards Addressed by Activity Investigating Temperature CC Math NCTM NSTA Exploring Radiation CC Math NCTM NSTA ITEEA Testing Heat Capacity CC Math NCTM NSTA ITEEA Solar Water Heater CC Math NCTM NSTA ITEEA Specifications Thermistor Requirements

3 Activity 1: Investigating Temperature Objective In this activity, you will learn about temperature. You will set up and calibrate your temperature measurement system. By the end of the activity, you will take measurements using temperature sensors. Time Required minutes Materials (per team) mytemp/mydaq system with three labeled thermistors and USB cable attached (This should be prepared in advance so that activities can be completed in the allotted time.) Thermometer that can measure temperatures between 0 and 100 degrees Celsius (one per team) Two cups per team Ice water source Hot water source Safety Discuss safety precautions for using water near computer equipment with your students. Make sure to warn your students to be cautious with the hot water during the experiment. Depending on the temperature of the hot water source used, you may want to provide gloves or hot pads to the students. Tips & Tricks Under the Activity tab, on the Calibrate tab, there is a blue indicator light; it should light up to show that the mytemp is connected and that a signal is being received by the computer. If this indicator is not lighting up, take the following steps: o Ensure that the hardware is configured properly (see the Quick Start Guide Section of this guide). o Unplug and replug the USB connection between the mydaq and the computer. o Select the Construction tab. Then, reselect the Activity tab and navigate back to where you left off. o If none of the above solutions work, you will need to unplug the mydaq USB cable from the computer and restart the computer. If the thermistors are not reading (if the display shows NaN instead of a number), try the following: o Click the Background tab and then reselect the Activity tab (this will reinitialize the system). o Unplug the USB and plug it into a different USB port on the computer if possible. o If none of the above solutions work, you will need to unplug the mydaq from the computer and restart the computer. 11

4 Background Temperature is the property of matter that tells us how much the particles that make up that matter are moving. The higher the temperature, the more the particles are vibrating and running into one another. There are several scales used to measure temperature, including Fahrenheit (abbreviated F), Celsius (abbreviated C), and Kelvin (abbreviated K). They all measure the same fundamental property. The students can use the thermometers in the activity to see how these three temperature scales relate to each other. Temperature can be measured in many ways. One common way that engineers measure temperature is with thermistors. A thermistor is a special type of resistor whose resistance varies with temperature (for a refresher on resistance, see the Resources tab). They are used in many electronic devices such as toasters and electric cookware to measure and control the temperature of the device. Thermistors respond to changes in temperature in a nonlinear way. You can approximate their responses over small temperature ranges with a line, as shown. To get accurate temperature measurements over the whole range of a thermistor, we will use the Steinhart-Hart equation for temperature as a function of resistance (expressed as T(R) in mathematical notation). Example Thermistor Response Curve 100 Temperature (ºC) Line 1 Line 2 Line ,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 Resistance (ohms) The Steinhart-Hart equation contains natural log functions. Depending on their math experiences, students might not have encountered natural logs yet. You may want to briefly explain that a natural log is a mathematical function that is commonly used in science, engineering, and economics. Each positive, real number has a unique natural log value. There are three coefficients (k a, k b, and k c ) in the equation that need to be determined. From algebra you know that you ll need at least three data points to determine three unknowns. To solve for these unknowns, we will calibrate the system the three data points for calibration will come from room temperature, ice water, and hot water. This gives a wide range of temperatures, which should give fairly accurate results for the k values. Electricity is a name for the physical phenomena associated with the presence and flow of electrons. Electricity can be described in terms of its voltage and current. Voltage (V) is measured in volts, and current (i) is measured in amps. One way to visualize electricity is by using a water pipe analogy. The particles of water flowing down a water pipe are equivalent to electrons. The water pressure is similar to voltage in an electrical system, and the flow rate of water is similar to the current in an electrical system. 12

5 Electric Circuit Hydraulic System High potential Low potential 10 V 0 V High potential Low potential Resistance Valve Direction of electricity Direction of water If the water pipe were to suddenly narrow, both the pressure and flow rate of the water would be affected. Electric Circuit Hydraulic System High voltage 12 V High pressure Battery Pump Low voltage 0 V Resistance 12 V Low pressure Resistance Ground Reservoir Resistance is a property of electrical circuits analogous to a pipe restriction. It is measured in ohms and causes changes in voltage and current. The relationship between voltage, current, and resistance is known and is described by Ohm s law. Ohm s law states that voltage (V) is equal to the current (I) times resistance (R): V = IR. 13

6 Activity Results The calculated coefficients can vary significantly based on the accuracy of the temperature measurements taken by the students and on the total difference between the ice water and hot water temperatures. However, values are generally in the order of magnitude of the answers shown below: Calculated Coefficient k a k b k c 3 x x x 10-6 Suggested Extension Activity After the student teams have completed the calibration activity, the activity guide prompts the students to check if Your teacher may have additional suggestions or samples for you to measure. If time permits, have the students measure temperature at floor level, one meter off the floor and at ceiling level. Compare the results. After discussing the difference in temperature, have the students move the thermistor at a slow, constant rate from ceiling to floor. These results will be graphed by the software, and the students can press the pause button on the software when they are done. Have the students write a one- to two-paragraph explanation of the results and turn it in with their lab report. Lab Report A sample of the lab report that is printed for each student team is shown on the next page for reference. It is suggested that the Pretest Score be used for informational purposes only. Grading emphasis should be placed on the quality of the observation and discussion answers. 14

7 Investigating Temperature Lab Report John Doe Calibration Temperatures: (ambient, cold, hot in degrees C) Calculated Coefficients: k a T E E-6 T E E-5 T E E-5 k b k c 1.033E E E-6 Pretest Score: 4 out of 10 Posttest Score: 5 out of 10 15

8 Assessment Key 1. Temperature measured in kelvin measures a different property of matter than temperature measured in Celsius. False Celsius and kelvin are two different scales for measuring the same thing: temperature. 2. The curve shown can be accurately approximated by a single straight line. False a single straight line would not accurately approximate the curve; in the background information, students will see how three straight lines over small intervals could accurately approximate this curve. 3. The number can be written in scientific notation as 2.3E-5 (2.3 x 10-5 ). True 4. Room temperature in degrees Celsius is approximately 25 degrees. True 25 degrees Celsius is used as the standard value for room temperature. This is approximately 77 degrees Fahrenheit. 5. Water boils at a temperature of approximately 212 degrees Celsius. False water boils at approximately 100 degrees Celsius, which is 212 degrees Fahrenheit. 6. Temperature is a measure of. Particle movement in matter the warmer something is, the faster the particles move in that matter. 7. Thermistors are a special type of. Resistor their resistance varies with temperature in a nonlinear way. 8. In the mathematical expression F(x) = 10 x, the F(x) stands for. F as a function of x 9. To solve for three (3) unknown values in an equation, how many known data points are required at a minimum? Three you need one data point per unknown. 10. Resistance is an electrical property measured in. Ohms 16

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