FACULTY OF ENGINEERING ALEXANDRIA UNVERSITY. Solid State lab. Instructors Dr. M. Ismail El-Banna Dr. Mohamed A. El-Shimy TA Noha Hanafy

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1 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING ALEXANDRIA UNVERSITY Solid State lab Instructors Dr. M. Ismail El-Banna Dr. Mohamed A. El-Shimy TA Noha Hanafy first term

2 A. Experiments 1- Relationship between the intensity of light incident on semiconductor and its resistivity. Theory A photo-resistor (or light-dependent resistor or LDR) is a light-controlled variable resistor. The resistance of a photo-resistor decreases with increasing incident light intensity; in other words, it exhibits photoconductivity. This is due to the photo-electric effect. When light falls i.e. when the photons fall on the device, the electrons in the valence band of the semiconductor material are excited to the conduction band. These photons in the incident light should have energy greater than the band gap of the semiconductor material to make the electrons jump from the valence band to the conduction band. Hence when light having enough energy strikes on the device, more and more electrons are excited to the conduction band which results in large number of charge carriers. Apparatus 1- Light source 2- Light dependent resistor (LDR) 3- Two light polarizers Procedure 1- Prepare the apparatus. The light is incident on the first polarizer. It then travels to the second polarizer and finally falls on the LDR/ 2- Adjust the first and second polarizers to be vertical. Record the value of the resistance of the LDR. 3- Adjust the angle of the second polarizer to be 10 o different from the vertical axis. Record the value of the resistance. 4- Repeat 3 for values of 20, 30, 40 and 45 degrees. Record the value of the resistance each time. 5- Draw two plots: The relation between the angle θ and the resistance. The relation between cos 2 (θ) and I/R. It should be linear because the resistance is inversely proportional to the value of I o cos 2 (θ).

3 Where I o is the initial intensity of the light output from the first polarizer. Required: - A report with all the results and the plots.

4 B. Online Simulations Characteristics of thermistor Theory A thermistor is a type of resistor whose resistance strongly depends on temperature. The word thermistor is a combination of words thermal and resistor. A thermistor is a temperature-sensing element composed of sintered semiconductor material and sometimes mixture of metallic oxides such as Mn, Ni, Co, Cu and Fe, which exhibits a large change in resistance proportional to a small change in temperature. Pure metals have positive temperature coefficient of resistance, alloys have nearly equal zero temperature coefficient of resistance and semi-conductors have negative temperature coefficient of resistance. Thermistors can be classified into two types: - Positive temperature coefficient (PTC) thermistor:-resistance increase with increase in temperature. - Negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor:-resistance decrease with increase in temperature. The thermistor exhibits a highly non-linear characteristic of resistance vs. temperature.

5 Simulation Procedures: 1- Connections are made as shown in the figure. 2- Choose thermistor 1 3- Note the room temperature (T0). 4- Turn on the power supply and fix to a constant voltage. 5- Note the current readings using the digital multimeter. 6- Corresponding resistance is found, using equation R=V/I and is noted as R0. 7- Vary the temperature of the oil bath using the heating arrangement. 8- Note the current readings at regular intervals of temperatures. 9- Corresponding resistances R is found using the same equation. 10- Value of β is calculated from equation 11- Temperature coefficient of resistance is found from the equation, Use the show result button to confirm your calculations. Simulation Link: Required: - A report with an introduction about the theory of thermistors and its applications. The report should also include screenshots of the simulation connection, calculations and results.

6 C. MATLAB assignments 1- Kronig-Penny model Use MATLAB software to represent the Kronig-Penny model given by the following relation: Where K is the wave number of the electron, α is the width of the original potential well of depth V o, b is the spacing between the potential wells, p=, and α=. Given: P = (summation of the digits of your seat number + 2), α=5.51 A o - Draw the relation between left hand side of the equation vs. α - Draw the relation between E and K (E-K diagram) and show the forbidden and allowed bands. - Show on the plot, the first band gap and the first allowed band. - Comment on each figure you plot. - Keep the MATLAB code commented and clear. Required: - A Report that includes all the results and output figures. - The script files (.m files).

7 2- Modeling the effective mass - According to the E-K diagram you got from Assignment 1, draw the effective mass curve m* vs. K. - Write a code that takes a function in K from the user and then plot the corresponding effective mass curve. Required: - A Report that includes all the results and output figures. - The script files (.m files).

8 D. Final project Regulations: 1- Each group of 3-4 students should deliver one report on one of the topics suggested or any related topic. 2- Each group should deliver the list of names of its members with seat numbers mentioning the name and account of the team delegate. 3- The reports will be evaluated according to the technical content and presentation quality. Suggested topics: NEMS (Nano-electro-mechanical-sensors) Quantum well (select specific structure) Quantum dots (select certain type such as CdSe) Giant magnetoresistance FET MEMS Gold nanoparticles synthesis and applications Silver nanorods synthesis and applications Applications of titania nanostructures "thin films or nanoparticles" Applications of ceria nanostructures Nanolithography Etching Doping process Diffusion Nanoimprint Carbon nanotubes Carbon nanofibers Nanowires Fullerenes M-theory Quantum computation Electrical or optical nanosensors The Qubit Memristors Metamaterials Using nanomaterials in biomedical applications Using nanomaterials in solar cells/ photovoltaics

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