LDX Machine Design and Diagnostics
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![DPP98 [F3P.34] LDX Machine Design and Diagnostics D. Garnier, M.](/docs-images/94/121321817/images/1-0.jpg "Mauel Columbia University J. Kesner, S. Kochan, P. Michael, R.L.")
1 DPP98 [F3P.34] LDX Machine Design and Diagnostics D. Garnier, M. Mauel Columbia University J. Kesner, S. Kochan, P. Michael, R.L. Myatt, S. Pourrahimi, A. Radovinsky, J. Schultz, B. Smith, P. Thomas, P-W.Wang, A. Zhukovsky MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center
2 Abstract The LDX Experiment, presently being designed and built at MIT, requires a superconducting coil that can be floated within a large vacuum chamber. The 90 cm diameter, 1.2 MA, Nb 3 Sn floating coil utilizes a novel cryostat design. The > 400 kg coil will float for up to 8 hours, centered within a 5 m diameter, 3 m tall vacuum chamber. When levitated from above, the coil is unstable only to vertical motion. A digital control system will be used for feedback control of the vertical position and damping of horizontal, tilt and rotational motions. A simple diagnostic set is being developed to measure plasma equilibria, profiles, and instabilities. Equilibrium reconstruction from flux loops and hall probes will yield information on hot electron β and stored energy. A x-ray energy analyzer, xuv array, and reflectometer will measure hot electron profile parameters. Edge probes, magnetics and the xuv array will diagnose hot electron interchange instabilities driven by supercritical gradients. During thermal plasma operation, ion profiles will be measured using a charge exchange analyzer and secondary electron detector array.
3 Levitated Dipole Experiment (LDX) Cross-section Levitation Coil T-S-R Coils (Feedback) Launcher 0.8m Superconducting Nb3Sn Floating Coil Helmholtz Coils Charging Station Airbag Catchers ECRH Horns Diagnostic Access Superconducting NbTi Charging Coil 5.0m
4 Nb 3 Sn Floating Ring Experience Contributed to LDX Design Liquid He Dewars FM-1(a) LSP 85kA, 231 lbs 7.5 kj 300 ka, 550 lbs, 150 kj 1.5 hr levitation FM-1(b) 300 ka, 857 lbs, 150 kj 10 hr levitation Livermore Superconductin g Levitron Sealed He Vessel (125 ATM) Lead Shield 300 ka, 243 lbs, 75 kj 5.5 hr levitation (cryogenic vacuum chamber) LDX Bucking coil 1320 ka, 1080 lbs, 800 kj 8 hr levitation
5 LDX Floating Ring Cross-Section Launcher Hook Field Lines F4 F1-F3 Limiter SST Vacuum Jacket He Feedthrough Heat Exchanger Tube Inconel 625 He Pressure Vessel Lead Thermal Shield 396mm C L
6 Launching/Retrieving the Floating Ring Launcher stored for plasma operations. Launcher in position with levitation feedback enabled. Lifting ring out of charging station.
7 High Tech (in 1972) Catcher Solution W.R. Carey et al, Society of Automotive Engineers, 2nd International Conference on Passive Restraints, Detroit, MI, 1972 Dual pressure airbags proposed in Can tailor deceleration profile LDX problem simpler than automotive airbags Slower deployment requirement ~ 1/2 sec compared to msec for automotive Inherently faster deployment In vacuum, no air mass to resist inflation
8 LDX Airbag Emergency Catcher Airbag Catcher (Side View) Airbag Catcher (Top View) Teflon-coated Kevlar fabric Vacuum compatiblity Stored in troughs with separate rough vacuum sealed by metal foil Decelerations < 10g for all collision modes Tailored for with lips to protect charging station Bi-layered floor airbag to handle swan dive or belly flop
9 LDX Feedback Control System Overview Requirements High Reliability, Low Noise, Modular Resolution, Range, Response 0.1 mm detection resolution within ± 1.0 cm range ± 1.0 mm control of position 1 khz response for phase lag < 1 for fastest modes Optical Position Sensing System Determine 6 degrees of freedom of floating ring Digital Control System Inputs from position sensing system, plasma magnetic diagnostics, and power supply diagnostics Implements process control algorithms Auxiliary Magnet Systems Controls floating ring position - T-S-R Coils Plasma equilibrium shaping - Helmholtz, S Coils
10 LDX Control System Geometry Z-Tilt Sensing Horizontal Laser Beams Levitation Coil Rotation Indicators Tilt-Slide-Rotate X-Y Sensing Vertical
11 Optical Position Sensing System Position/Attitude Sensing Occulting system of 8 beams Simple, proven Position Sensitive Diode Projected detector area V Tick PSD sensor allows nonabsolute measurement of position Rotation Sensing 1 2 Rotation control Nonaxisymmetry noise correction Implementation 1 Set of reflective tick marks on floating ring 2 t Illumination laser and three photodiode detectors Digital TTL logic circuit
12 Digital Control System PC running RTOS PCI-VMEbus or PCI-cPCI 100 mbaud fiber optic bridge Digital Control Schematic Control Room VMEBus or cpci crate Bridge Adapter Experimental Cell Digital Signal Processor I/O Modules Design Choices All digital process control Real-time operating system embedded platform Digital Signal Processor Process controller Embedded PC Data logging Operator control / Status Display DSP Watchdog
13 Experimental Goals Study of high beta plasma stabilized by compressibility. Explore relationship between drift-stationary profiles having absolute interchange stability and the elimination of drift-wave turbulence. Examine coupling between the scrape-off-layer and the confinement and stability of a high-temperature core plasma. The stability and dynamics of high-beta, energetic particles in dipolar magnetic fields. The long-time (near steady-state) evolution of high-temperature magnetically-confined plasma. Demonstrate reliable levitation of a persistent superconducting ring using distant control coils.
14 LDX Experimental Plan Supported Dipole Hot Electron Plasmas May 2000 Levitation / Control System Testing July 2001 Levitated Dipole Physics High-β Hot Electron Plasmas - August 2001 Thermal Plasmas Concept Optimization / Evaluation
15 Supported Dipole Operations Low density, quasi steady-state plasmas formed by multi-frequency ECRH with mirror losses Areas of investigation Plasma formation Density control Pressure profile control Supercritical profiles & instability Compressibility Scaling ECRH and diagnostics development
16 Hot Electron Plasma Diagnostics Magnetics (flux loops, hall probes) Plasma equilibrium shape, magnetic β & stored energy Reflectometer Density profile X-ray pulse height energy analyzer Hot electron energy distribution / profile XUV arrays Instabilities and 2-D profiles D α camera Edge probes
17 Profile Control Multi-frequency ECRH Measure single frequency response Tailor multi-frequency heating to ideal profile. Individual Heating Profiles 6 Tailored Pressure Profile st Harmonic resonances 2nd Harmonic resonances 28 Freq. (GHz)
18 Levitation / Control Test Plan Initial Levitation No vacuum, safety straps, catcher disabled Final alignment/calibration of optical system to magnet Test control system step & impulse response Levitation optimization for plasma operations Reduce proportional gain of T-S response -> 0 Shim levitation coil Minimize T-S derivative response Test Rotation Control Methods
19 Levitated Dipole Physics High-β Hot Electron Plasmas Global Confinement β scaling Thermal Plasmas Transient thermal plasmas produced by gas puff or lithium pellet injection into hot-electron plasma Areas of Investigation Thermalization of hot-electron β Transient Transport vinstability driven transport during profile relaxation Convective Cells vinvestigate possibility of τ p << τ E
20 Thermal Plasmas Campaign Upgrades for campaign Lithium pellet injector Fast-gas puffing (axisymmetric) Diagnostics Charge exchange analyzer vion energy distribution Secondary Electron Detector Array vhot ion profile Edge probes vmeasure density, temp, flow near plasma edge Others (Collaborators?)
21 Instabilities & Confinement P P Pcr τ E? Instability should exist when: p' > p' critical Investigate nature of instability How does it saturate? R t How much transport is driven? P Pcr P? β Maximize β when: p' < p' critical everywhere What is maximum attainable β and what is limit? R t
22 Convective Cells Do they exist? Are they the nonlinear saturation of interchange modes? Do they degrade energy confinement? Can we have high energy confinement with low particle confinement? Explore methods for driving and limiting.
23 Bottom Levitation Improved performance Point Null Reduced SOL volume Less heat flux through LCFS Higher edge pressure Higher peak pressure dl point null B Private inner flux volume Charging coil and additional shaping coils used for lower levitation No wall recycling neutrals Reduced charge exchange losses Effect of ring stability fields? Higher non-axisymmetric error fields.
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