Metabelian Galois Representations

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Metabelian Galois Representations Edray Herber Goins AMS 2018 Spring Western Sectional Meeting Special Session on Automorphisms of Riemann Surfaces and Related Topics Portland

1 Metabelian Galois Representations Edray Herber Goins AMS 2018 Spring Western Sectional Meeting Special Session on Automorphisms of Riemann Surfaces and Related Topics Portland State University Department of Mathematics Purdue University April 15, 2018 Session on Automorphisms of Riemann Surfaces and Related Topics Metabelian Galois Representations 1/28

2 Abstract We are used to working with Galois representations associated to elliptic curves by considering the action of the absolute Galois group on torsion points. However there is a slightly more exotic way to view this construction once we realize that the Tate module of an elliptic curve is just the abelianization of the étale fundamental group of the punctured torus. In this talk, we discuss how to construct a class of Galois representations by considering covers of elliptic curves which are branched over one point. We discuss how this is related to the question of surjectivity of certain Galois representation, and how to construct representations with image isomorphic to the holomorph of the quaternions. We will not assume extensive knowledge of étale cohomology. This is joint work with Rachel Davis. Session on Automorphisms of Riemann Surfaces and Related Topics Metabelian Galois Representations 2/28

3 Outline of Talk 1 Riemann Sphere Galois Representations via Monodromy Motivating Question 2 Belyĭ s Theorem Étale Fundamental Group Dessins d Enfant on the Sphere 3 Session on Automorphisms of Riemann Surfaces and Related Topics Metabelian Galois Representations 2/28

4 Group Variety Riemann Sphere Galois Representations via Monodromy Motivating Question Proposition Denote the set G m = { (x, y) A 2 x y = 1 }. Denote the operation : G m G m G m by (x 1, y 1 ) (x 2, y 2 ) = (x 1 x 2, y 1 y 2 ). Then ( G m, ) is an abelian group. In particular, O Gm = (1, 1) is the identity, and P = (x, y) has inverse [ 1]P = (y, x). Given any field K, the projection map G m (K) K which sends (x, y) x is an isomorphism. For any integer N, write [N]P = P P P = (x N, y N ). The same projection map allows us to identify the N-torsion elements G m [N] = { P G m (C) [N]P = OGm } µn with the collection of Nth roots of unity ζ N. Session on Automorphisms of Riemann Surfaces and Related Topics Metabelian Galois Representations 3/28

5 Riemann Sphere Riemann Sphere Galois Representations via Monodromy Motivating Question Proposition The complex projective line P 1 (C) = C { } is the sphere { } S 2 (R) = (u, v, w) A 3 (R) u2 + v 2 + w 2 = 1. P 1 (C) S 2 (R) z = u + i v 1 w = 1 + w u i v Proposition (u, v, w) = ( 2 Re z z 2 + 1, ) 2 Im z z 2 + 1, z 2 1 z , 1, (0, 0, 1), (1, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1) X = G m (C) is the twice punctured Riemann sphere. G m (C) C = P 1 (C) {0, } S 2 (R) { (0, 0, ±1) }. Session on Automorphisms of Riemann Surfaces and Related Topics Metabelian Galois Representations 4/28

6 Monodromy Riemann Sphere Galois Representations via Monodromy Motivating Question Fix a positive integer N, and consider the composition β : X = G m(c) X Y = P 1 (C) {0, } P = (x, y) [N]P = (x N, y N ) x N For any y 0 Y, we have x0 N = y 0 and the inverse image T = β 1 (y 0 ) = { P k = ( x 0 ζn, k x 1 0 ζ k ) N k Z } P 0 G m [N]. Given a closed loop γ : [0, 1] Y, say γ(t) = y 0 e 2πkit such that γ(0) = γ(1) = y 0, we can find paths such that β γ = γ. Proposition γ : [0, 1] X, γ(t) = ( x 0 e 2πikt/N, x 1 0 e 2πikt/N). π 1 (Y, y 0 ) Aut(T ) γ [P 0 = γ(0) γ(1) = P k ] Z A 1 (Z/N Z) k k mod N Session on Automorphisms of Riemann Surfaces and Related Topics Metabelian Galois Representations 5/28

7 Galois Representations Riemann Sphere Galois Representations via Monodromy Motivating Question The N-torsion G m [N] µ N is generated by T 0 = ( ζ N, ζ 1 ) N, while T P 0 G m [N] is generated by T 0 and P 0 = ( x 0, x 1 ) 0. If y 0 P 1 (Q) {0, }, he absolute Galois group Gal(Q/Q) acts: σ(t 0) = ( ζn, a ζ a ) N = [a] T 0 σ(p 0) = ( x 0 ζn, k x 1 0 ζ k ) N = [k]t 0 P 0 With respect to the basis {T 0, P 0 }, we have the following diagram: 1 Gal ( Q/Q(ζ N ) ) Gal ( Q/Q ) Gal(Q(ζ N )/Q ) 1 1 Aut(T ) Aut(T ) Aut(G m[n]) Aut(G m[n]) 1 1 A 1 (Z/N Z) AGL 1(Z/N Z) GL 1(Z/N Z) 1 k [ ] a k 1 a Session on Automorphisms of Riemann Surfaces and Related Topics Metabelian Galois Representations 6/28

8 Riemann Sphere Galois Representations via Monodromy Motivating Question Motivating Question The monodromy action gives a Galois representation 1 Gal ( Q/Q(ζ N ) ) Gal ( Q/Q ) Gal(Q(ζ N )/Q ) 1 1 A 1 (Z/N Z) AGL 1 (Z/N Z) GL 1 (Z/N Z) 1 If we replace the twice punctured sphere G m (C) P 1 (Q) {0, } with P 1 (Q) {more points}, what kinds of representations do we find? Say Y = P 1 (Q) {n + 1 points}. Then the étale fundamental group π 1,ét (Y, y 0 ) is just the profinite completion of the free group on n generators. That is, π 1,ét (Y, y 0 ) ab n A (Ẑ). Since Y is connected, this group is independent of y 0. Every free group on n generators can be embedded into the free group on 2 generators. Hence we will focus on Y = P 1 (Q) {0, 1, } such that π 1,ét (Y, y 0 ) ab A 2 (Ẑ). Session on Automorphisms of Riemann Surfaces and Related Topics Metabelian Galois Representations 7/28

9 Belyĭ s Theorem Étale Fundamental Group Dessins d Enfant on the Sphere What is this Étale Fundamental Group? Session on Automorphisms of Riemann Surfaces and Related Topics Metabelian Galois Representations 8/28

10 Belyĭ s Theorem Belyĭ s Theorem Étale Fundamental Group Dessins d Enfant on the Sphere Let β : X P 1 (C) be a meromorphic function on a Riemann surface X. We say P 0 X is a critical point if β (P 0 ) = 0, and y 0 P 1 (C) is a critical value if y 0 = β(p 0 ) for some critical point P 0 X. Theorem (André Weil, 1956; Gennadĭı Vladimirovich Belyĭ, 1979) Let X be a compact, connected Riemann surface. X is a smooth, irreducible, projective variety of dimension 1. In particular, X is an algebraic variety; that is, it can be defined by polynomial equations. If X can be defined by a polynomial equation i,j a ij x i y j = 0 where the coefficients a ij Q, then there exists a rational function β : X P 1 (C) which has at most three critical values. Conversely, if there exists rational function β : X P 1 (C) which has at most three critical values, then X can be defined by a polynomial equation i,j a ij x i y j = 0 where the coefficients a ij Q. Session on Automorphisms of Riemann Surfaces and Related Topics Metabelian Galois Representations 9/28

11 Étale Fundamental Group Belyĭ s Theorem Étale Fundamental Group Dessins d Enfant on the Sphere Definition A rational function β : X P 1 (C) which has at most three critical values { 0, 1, } is called a Belyĭ map. Denote Y = P 1 (Q) {0, 1, } as the thrice punctured sphere, and X = X {critical points P 0 of β}. Then β : X Y is unbranched. Definition For any Y, the étale fundamental group π 1,ét (Y ) keeps track étale covers β : X Y. That is, maps such that X is a connected Riemann surface, that is, a curve defined over Q, β Q(X ) is a rational map, and β 1 (y 0 ) = deg(β) for all y 0 Y. Session on Automorphisms of Riemann Surfaces and Related Topics Metabelian Galois Representations 10/28

12 Dessins d Enfant Belyĭ s Theorem Étale Fundamental Group Dessins d Enfant on the Sphere Fix a Belyĭ map β : X P 1 (C). Denote the preimages B = β 1( {0} ) W = β 1( {1} ) E = β 1( [0, 1] ) X { } { } { } black white edges A 3 (R) vertices vertices β Y The bipartite graph β = ( V, E ) with vertices V = B W and edges E is called Dessin d Enfant. We embed the graph on X in 3-dimensions. I do not believe that a mathematical fact has ever struck me quite so strongly as this one, nor had a comparable psychological impact. This is surely because of the very familiar, non-technical nature of the objects considered, of which any child s drawing scrawled on a bit of paper (at least if the drawing is made without lifting the pencil) gives a perfectly explicit example. To such a dessin we find associated subtle arithmetic invariants, which are completely turned topsy-turvy as soon as we add one more stroke. Alexander Grothendieck, Esquisse d un Programme (1984) Session on Automorphisms of Riemann Surfaces and Related Topics Metabelian Galois Representations 11/28

13 Examples Belyĭ s Theorem Étale Fundamental Group Dessins d Enfant on the Sphere Felix Klein constructed the Platonic Solids as the inverse images of the origin V = β 1( {0} ) in terms of the Belyĭ maps on X = P 1 (C) S 2 (R). (z n + 1) 2 4 z n for the regular polygons, 64 z3 ( z 3 1 ) 3 (8 z 3 + 1) 3 for the tetrahedron, 108 z 4 ( z 4 1 ) 4 (z z 4 + 1) 3 for the octahedron, β(z) = ( z z ) z 4 (z 4 1) 4 for the cube, 1728 z 5 ( z z 5 1 ) 5 (z z z z 5 + 1) 3 for the icosahedron, ( z z z z ) z 5 (z z 5 1) 5 for the dodecahedron. Session on Automorphisms of Riemann Surfaces and Related Topics Metabelian Galois Representations 12/28

Rotation Group A 5 : Dodecahedron Belyĭ s Theorem Étale Fundamental Group Dessins d Enfant on the Sphere β(z) = (z20 +228 z 15 +494 z 10 228 z 5 +1) 3 1728

14 Rotation Group A 5 : Dodecahedron Belyĭ s Theorem Étale Fundamental Group Dessins d Enfant on the Sphere β(z) = (z z z z 5 +1) z 5 (z z 5 1) 5 : v = , e = 2 30, f = 12 Session on Automorphisms of Riemann Surfaces and Related Topics Metabelian Galois Representations 13/28

15 Let s Consider X = E(C) T 2 (R) Session on Automorphisms of Riemann Surfaces and Related Topics Metabelian Galois Representations 14/28

16 What is an Elliptic Curve? Definition Let A and B be rational numbers such that 4 A B 2 0. An elliptic curve E is the set of all (x, y) satisfying the equation y 2 = x 3 + A x + B. We will also include the point at infinity O E. Example: y 2 = x 3 36 x is an elliptic curve. Non-Example: y 2 = x 3 3 x + 2 is not an elliptic curve Session on Automorphisms of Riemann Surfaces and Related Topics Metabelian Galois Representations 15/28

17 Group Law Given two K-rational points on an elliptic curve E, we may construct more. 1 Start with two K-rational points P and Q. 2 Draw a line through P and Q. 3 The intersection P Q,is another K-rational point on E. Definition Let E be an elliptic curve defined over a field K, and denote E(K) as the set of K-rational points on E. Define the operation as P Q = (P Q) O E. Theorem (Henri Poincaré, 1901) Let E be an elliptic curve defined over a field K. Then ( E(K), ) is an abelian group. Session on Automorphisms of Riemann Surfaces and Related Topics Metabelian Galois Representations 16/28

18 Theorem { } X = E(C) = (x, y) A 2 (C) y 2 = x 3 + A x + B {O E } T 2 (R). With e 1, e 2, and e 3 as distinct complex roots of x 3 + A x + B = 0, write the period lattice Λ = Z w 1 + Z w 2 in terms of the elliptic integrals w 1 = 1 π e3 e 1 Define the maps dz z3 + A z + B and w 2 = 1 π e3 e 2 dz z3 + A z + B. X C/Λ T 2 (R) (x, y) θ w 1 + φ w 2 x dz = z3 + A z + B e 1 u = ( R + r cos θ ) cos φ v = ( R + r cos θ ) sin φ w = r sin θ Session on Automorphisms of Riemann Surfaces and Related Topics Metabelian Galois Representations 17/28

19 Belyĭ Maps on E : y 2 = x β(x, y) = y E : y 2 = x x + 10 β(x, y) = E : y 2 = x x β(x, y) = E : y 2 + x y + y = x 3 + x x 28 E : y 2 = x 3 15 x 10 β(x, y) = E : y x y y = x 3 β(x, y) = (x 5) y (x + 5) y β(x, y) = 4 ( 9 x y x 3 15 x 2 36 x + 32 ) 3125 ( 3 x x + 5 ) y + ( 10 x 3 30 x 2 6 x + 6 ) 16 ( 9 x + 26 ) ( y x 2 17 x ) y Session on Automorphisms of Riemann Surfaces and Related Topics Metabelian Galois Representations 18/28

β(x, y) = y + 1 2 on E : y 2 = x 3 + 1 Session on Automorphisms of

20 β(x, y) = y on E : y 2 = x Session on Automorphisms of Riemann Surfaces and Related Topics Metabelian Galois Representations 19/28

21 Mod N Representation Theorem Let E be an elliptic curve over Q, and let N be a positive integer. The map [N] : E(Q) E(Q) which sends P P P is an ( ) étale cover. In fact, π 1,ét E(Q) A 2 (Ẑ) is generated by such maps. Denote E[N] = { P E(C) [N]P = O E }. This abelian group is generated by two elements T 1 and T 2 such that E[N] A 2 (Z/N Z). Fix Q 0 E(Q), and consider T = [N] 1 Q 0 = P 0 E[N]. The absolute Galois group Gal(Q/Q) acts on T : σ(t 1 ) = [a]t 1 [c]t 2 σ(t 2 ) = [b]t 1 [d]t 2 σ(p 0 ) = [e]t 1 [f ]T 2 P 0 Session on Automorphisms of Riemann Surfaces and Related Topics Metabelian Galois Representations 20/28

22 Mod N Representation Let E be an elliptic curve over Q, and let N be a positive integer. With respect to the basis {T 1, T 2, P 0 }, we have the following diagram: 1 Gal ( Q/Q(E[N]) ) Gal ( Q/Q ) Gal(Q(E[N])/Q ) 1 Aut(T ) Aut(T ) Aut(E[N]) Aut(E[N]) 1 1 A 2 (Z/N Z) AGL 2(Z/N Z) GL 2(Z/N Z) 1 ρ E,N 1 [ ] e f a b e c d f 1 [ ] a b c d We actually have the adelic Tate module T (E) = lim N E[N] l T l (E) π 1,ét ( E(Q) ) Ẑ Ẑ. Session on Automorphisms of Riemann Surfaces and Related Topics Metabelian Galois Representations 21/28

23 Frattini Lifting Theorem When N = l n for a prime l, we have the following diagram: 1 Gal ( Q/Q(E[N]) ) Gal(Q/Q) Gal ( Q(E[N])/Q ) ρ E,l 1 ker(π N ) GL 2 (Z l ) Theorem ρ E,N π N GL 2 (Z/N Z) 1 Let Φ(G) denote the Frattini subgroup of G = GL 2 (Z l ), that is, the intersection of the maximal subgroups of G. Assume that ker(π N ) Φ(G). Then ρ E,l is surjective if and only if ρ E,N is surjective. 1 Let N = l n. Then ker(π N ) Φ(G) if and only if N 5. Hence ρ E,l is surjective if and only if ρ E,N is surjective whenever N 5. Let l = 2. In 2011, Tim and Vladimir Dokchitser focused on when ρ E,4 is surjective but ρ E,2 is not surjective. Let l = 3. In 2006, Noam Elkies focused on when ρ E,3 is surjective but ρ E,3 is not surjective. Session on Automorphisms of Riemann Surfaces and Related Topics Metabelian Galois Representations 22/28

24 Theorem The étale fundamental group of the thrice punctured sphere P 1 (Q) {0, 1, } is the same as that for the punctured torus E(Q) {O E }. That is, topologically these surfaces are the same. π 1 (E(C) {O E } ) x, y, z [x, y] z = 1 in terms of the commutator [x, y] = x y x 1 y 1, and π 1 ( P 1 (C) {0, 1, } ) γ 0, γ 1, γ γ 0 γ 1 γ = 1 This gives x = γ 1 1 y = γ 1 γ 0 z = γ 1 γ 0 γ γ 0 = x y γ 1 = x 1 γ = y 1 z Perhaps we can find interesting étale covers of X = E(Q) {O E }? Session on Automorphisms of Riemann Surfaces and Related Topics Metabelian Galois Representations 23/28

25 Theorem Let X = E(Q) {O E } for an elliptic curve E over Q. T (E) = lim N E[N] l T l(e) π 1,ét (X ) ab Ẑ Ẑ. 1 V π 1,alg (X ) Gal(Q/Q) 1 1 π 1,ét (X ) π 1,ét (X ) ϕ π 1,ét ( Spec Q ) 1 for some variety X over Q such that X X Q Q. There is a continuous representation Gal(Q/Q) Out(V ) which sends a Galois automorphism σ = ϕ(w) to the outer automorphism v w v w 1 mod Inn(V ) acting on V. Since T (E) V ab is an abelian group, the collection of outer automorphisms Out ( T (E) ) Aut ( T (E) ) l GL 2(Z l ). Session on Automorphisms of Riemann Surfaces and Related Topics Metabelian Galois Representations 24/28

26 Metabelian Groups Consider N = l n for l = 2. We have a sequence of groups M n with abelianization ( M n ) ab A 2 (Z/2 n Z) E[2 n ]. 1 A (n 2) (Z/2 Z) M n A 2 (Z/2 n Z) A 3 (Z/2 Z) 1 A 1 (Z/2 Z) M 3 M 2 A 2 (Z/8 Z) A 2 (Z/4 Z) M 1 A 2 (Z/2 Z) 1 We will focus on G as the free pro-l completion in π 1,ét (X ) for X = E(Q) {O E }, so that M n = G/Φ ( ker(π N ) ). Session on Automorphisms of Riemann Surfaces and Related Topics Metabelian Galois Representations 25/28

27 Relation with Quaternions M 2 = a, b a 4 = b 4 = [a, b] 2 = 1, a [a, b] a 1 = b [a, b] b 1 = [a, b] Q 8 = i, j, k i 2 = j 2 = k 2 = i j k = 1 The group homomorphism M 2 Q 8 defined by a i and b j yields { } 1, a 2 b 2, a 2 [a, b], b 2 [a, b] 1 E[2] 1 ( 1 (M2) Z/2 Z ) M 2 ( (M2) ab E[4] ) 1 ( 1 (Q8) Z/2 Z ) Q 8 ( (Q8) ab E[2] ) Session on Automorphisms of Riemann Surfaces and Related Topics Metabelian Galois Representations 26/28

28 Let V = π 1,ét (X ) for the punctured torus X = E(Q) {O}. The canonical map V V ab yields the diagram Gal(Q/Q) in terms of the groups Aut(V ) Out(V ) Aut(M 2 ) Out(M 2 ) Aut(Q 8 ) Out(Q 8 ) l GL(Z l) GL 2 (Z/4 Z) GL 2 (Z/2 Z) S 3 M 2 = a, b a 4 = b 4 = [a, b] 2 = 1, a [a, b] a 1 = b [a, b] b 1 = [a, b] Q 8 = i, j, k i 2 = j 2 = k 2 = i j k = 1 S 4 S 3 Question Can we always lift an adelic Galois representation Gal(Q/Q) GL 2 (Ẑ) to a representation Gal(Q/Q) Aut(V )? Session on Automorphisms of Riemann Surfaces and Related Topics Metabelian Galois Representations 27/28

29 Theorem (Rachel Davis, G) Denote E : y 2 = x J0 1 J 0 x + 2 J0 1 J 0 for J 0 P 1 (Q) {0, 1, }. For each root t of ( t t ) J0 t 4 ( t 4 1 ) 4 = 0, K = k(t) Q(E[4]) is the splitting field of q(x) = 432 J 0 x x + 1 with Gal(K/k) S 4 over k = Q( 1). Denote D : w 4 = z J0 1 J 0 z + 2 J0 1 J 0. Then the morphism φ : D E defined by (z, w) [2] (z, w 2 ) is unramified outside of O E and yields the group Aut(D/E) Q 8 as defined over K. For any point P E(K) {O E }, let L = K ( φ 1 (P) ). Then the monodromy action yields the short exact sequence 1 Gal(L/K) Gal(L/k) Gal(K/k) 1 1 Q 8 Hol(Q 8) ( ) Aut(Q8) S 4 1 In particular, there is a representation Gal(Q/Q) Aut(Q 8 ) which can be realized via q(x) = 432 J 0 x x + 1. Session on Automorphisms of Riemann Surfaces and Related Topics Metabelian Galois Representations 28/28

Galois theory of a quaternion group origami

Galois theory of a quaternion group origami Special Session on Automorphisms of Riemann Surfaces and Related Topics Fall Sectional Meeting Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL Rachel Joint work with