Quantum. Thermodynamic. Processes. Energy and Information Flow at the Nanoscale. Gunter Mahler. Pan Stanford J [f I Publishing
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1 Quantum Thermodynamic Processes Energy and Information Flow at the Nanoscale Gunter Mahler Pan Stanford J [f I Publishing
2 Preface Acknowledgments xiii xv 1 Introduction Effective Theories Partitions Operational Aspects Processes The "Leitmotif" 8 Part I Basic Input 2 Information Historical Remarks The Big Questions Is Information Physical? Is There a Conservation Law for Information? What is Information Processing? Wheeler's Participatory Universe: A Feedback Loop? Does Information Derive from History? Might Information Apply to Biology Only? Effective Dynamics Revisited: From Laws to Rules? The Formalism Probability Theory Entropies Links between Computation and Physics Links between Communication and Physics 48
3 3 Quantum Physics Historical Remarks The Big Questions What is the Meaning of the Wave Function? What is the Referent ofthe Wavefunction? What is the Measurement Problem? What are Weak Measurements? What is Entanglement? What is Quantum Nonlocality? How Does Time Enter Quantum Mechanics? Is Quantum Mechanics Contextual? Are there Restrictions for the Superposition Principle? Are there Limits to Quantum Mechanics? The Formalism I Operators in a Complex Vector Space Quantum Systems Composite Systems Quantum States Product Hilbert Space Indistinguishability Quantum Dynamics Classical Limit The Formalism II Observational Quantum Mechanics Global and Local Measurements Measurement Sequences Continuous Measurements Thermodynamics Historical Remarks The Big Questions What are Classical Foundations of Thermodynamics? What are Quantum Foundations of Thermodynamics? What is the Origin of Irreversibility? What are Thermodynamic Processes? 173
4 ix What is the Difference between Work and Heat? What is the Role of Information in Thermodynamics? What is the Nature of Thermal Fluctuations? Beyond Thermodynamics: Are There Fundamental Limits? The Formalism Micro-Description Equilibrium and Non-Equilibrium on the Micro-Level From Micro to Macro: Particle in a Box and Ideal Classical Gas Macro-Description Equilibrium and Non-Equilibrium on the Macro-Level Thermodynamic Potentials Thermodynamics and Information Theory 215 Part II Quantum Thermodynamic Processes 5 Quantum Thermodynamics Zeroth Law: Equilibrium Typicality Scenarios Based on Partitions Closed Single System (i4): Ergodicity Embedded System [A)B\ Thermalizing Environment Embedded Bipartite System [AB)C: Extensivity and Beyond First Law: Work and Heat Embedded System A[C): Mechanical Environment External Driving: Work Combination [A)BC: Thermal and Mechanical Environment Local Effective Measurement Basis (LEMBAS) 269
5 x 5.3 Second Law Strong Coupling and Entanglement Relaxation Dynamics Arrow of Time: Loschmidt Echo Third Law: Unattainability of Zero Temperature NernstSet-Up Dynamical Cooling of Partitioned Systems Dynamical Cooling of Unpartitioned Systems: Ensemble Effects Observational Quantum Thermodynamics Periodic Measurements Measurement-Induced Temperature Fluctuations Measurement-Induced Pressure Fluctuations Measurement-Induced Work Fluctuations Quantum Games Finite Processes Unitary Dynamics of Non-Autonomous Systems Adiabaticity Definition and Conditions Adiabaticity in Open Systems Adiabatic Quantum Computing Beyond Adiabaticity: Jarzynski Relation Jarzynski Relation for Unitary Motion Jarzynski Relation for Non-Unitary Evolution Feedback Control Quantum Gates and Algorithmic Cooling Control Cycles Nodes and Subsystems Control Space: Parametrization of Quantum Thermodynamics Quasi-Static Cycles Otto Cycle Carnot Cycle Stirling Cycle Influence of Negative Temperature 367
6 7.4 Dynamical Aspects Finite-Time Thermodynamics: The Curzon-Ahlborn (CA) Model Non-Equilibrium and Friction Bath Correlations: Photo-Carnot Engine Special Applications Otto Cycle: Cooling and the Third Law Autonomous Machines Entangling Machine Mechano-Chemical Control Space: Biological Motors Continuous Operations Virtual Qubit and Virtual Temperature Two-Spin Node: Heat Engine (lasing) Effective Three-Level Node: Refrigerator Cooling by Heating Three-Body Interactions Three-Spin Model Three-Oscillator Model Special Applications Dynamical Aspects of the Third Law Revisited Entangling Operation Outlook On the Nature of the Quantum Quantum Phenomena Is Quantum Mechanics Useful? Quantum Processes Everywhere? Quantum Chemistry Quantum Biology Quantum Evolution Quantum Brain Quantum Cognition Quantum Finance Quantum Mechanics, Thermodynamics, and Information 439 Bibliography 443 Index 457
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