MAS 4156 Lecture Notes Differential Forms

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "MAS 4156 Lecture Notes Differential Forms"

Transcription

1 MAS 4156 Lecture Notes Differentil Forms Definitions Differentil forms re objects tht re defined on mnifolds. For this clss, the only mnifold we will put forms on is R 3. The full definition is: Definition: Let M be differentil mnifold. A p-form on M is n ntisymmetric, contrvrint p-tensor. Men nything to you? No. Here is the definition we re using in clss: Definition: A p-form on R 3 is n object of the form: 0-form: f(x, y, z) (i.e., just function) 1-form: M(x,y,z) dx + N(x,y,z) dy + P(x,y,z) dz 2-form: M(x,y,z) dydz + N(x,y,z) dzdx + P(x,y,z) dxdy 3-form: f(x,y,z) dxdydz Algebr of forms Given form α, you re llowed to multiply it be function g(x,y,z) (which will just multiply ll functions in the definition of α). Given two forms of the sme dimension, you re llowed to dd them like ny lgebric expressions. The d terms in form re ntisymmetric, mening tht if you switch two of the d terms in form, you get negtive sign. So dxdy dydx, dxdydz dydxdz dydzdx, etc. Using these rules, we see tht we don t need, sy, dzdy term, since it is just negtive dydz term. Note tht this ntisymmetry property kills ny form term with repeted d. For instnce, dxdxdy dxdxdy (by switching the first two terms), nd so it is equl to zero.

2 Note tht we will hve no 4-forms, 5-forms, etc, becuse we only hve three distinct d s. Definition: Let α nd β be two forms. Define the wedge product α β s the form you would get by foiling out α times β, keeping the d s in ech term in order, then using the ntisymmetry property to reduce. As n exmple: (2 dx + 3 dy + 4 dz) (5 dx + 6 dy + 7 dz 10 dxdx + 12 dxdy + 14 dxdz + 15 dydx +18 dydy + 21 dydz + 20 dzdx +24 dzdy + 28 dzdz (21 24) dydz + (20 14) dzdx +(12 15) dxdy 3 dydz + 6 dzdx 3 dxdy The wedge product of p form nd q form is p + q form. In prticulr, if you wedge together 1 nd 3, 2 nd 3, 3 nd 3, or 2 nd 2, you will get zero (becuse ll combos gives you gret thn 3 -form). The nottion dxdy is shorthnd nottion for dx dy. Sme for the others. The nottion dxdydz mens dx dy dz. Wedging with 0-form (which is function) is just multipliction by the function. Definition: The opertor d, clled the exterior derivtive, is mp from p forms to p + 1 forms. On 0-form f(x,y,z), d returns: df f x dx + f y On 1-form M dx + N dy + P dz, d returns: dy + f z dz d(m dx + N dy + P dz) dm dx + dn dy + dp dz On 2-form M dydz + N dzdx + P dxdy, d returns: d(m dydz + N dzdx + P dxdy) dm dydz + dn dzdx + dp dxdy Note tht d(x) 1 dx + 0 dy + 0 dz dx. Mkes sense, huh? With some computtion, you cn show tht for ny form ω, d 2 ω 0.

3 Connection between forms nd vector fields There is close connection between forms on R 3 nd vector fields on R 3. In prticulr, mke the following ssocitions: dx î dy ĵ dz ˆk dydz î dzdx ĵ dxdy ˆk With these ssocitions, ech 1-form is ssocited to vector field s is ech 2-form. Any 3-form f dxdydz is obviously ssocited to the function f(x,y,z), nd of course ny 0-form is ssocited to itself. With these ssocitions, ll of our vector opertions hs corresponding form opertion: The wedge of two 1-forms is ssocited to the curl of the two corresponding vector fields. The wedge of 1-form nd 2-form is ssocited to the dot product of the two corresponding vector fields. The exterior derivtive of 0-form is ssocited to the grdient of the corresponding function. The exterior derivtive of 1-form is ssocited to the curl of the corresponding vector field. The exterior derivtive of 2-form is ssocited to the divergence of the corresponding vector field. Integrting Forms We cn integrte forms. The object we integrte them on hs the sme dimension s the form: 0-forms re evluted t points, 1-forms re integrted on curves, 2-forms re integrted on surfces, 3-forms re integrted on volumes. Integrting 1-forms We begin with M dx + N dy + P dz C

4 where C is n oriented curve. As usul, we prmeterize C with vector-vlued function r(t) x(t),y(t),z(t), t b. Note tht x x(t), nd so dx x (t) dt. Sme for y nd z. Put this in, nd we get: C M dx + N dy + P dz M(r(t))x (t) dt + N(r(t))y (t) dt + P(r(t))z (t) dt M(r(t))x (t) + N(r(t))y (t) + P(r(t))z (t) dt But then we note tht this is just dot product. So letting F M,N,P, we cn write this s: C M(r(t)),N(r(t)),P(r(t)) x (t),y (t),z (t) dt F(r(t)) r (t) dt F ˆt ds So integrting 1-form on curve is the sme s finding the work done by the corresponding vector field. Integrting 2-forms Now we hve surfce S, nd we wnt to define M dydz + N dzdx + P dxdy S As lwys, we prmeterize S by some vector vlued function s(u,v) x(u,v),y(u,v),z(u,v) over some domin D. Now we hve x x(u,v), nd so dx x u du + x v dv. Similrly for y nd z. So, for instnce: M dydz M(s(u,v)) (y u du + y v dv) (z u du + z v dv) M(s(u,v))(y u z v y v z u ) dudv Doing this for every term gives: M(s(u,v))(y u z v y v z u ) + N(s(u,v))(z u x v z v x u ) + P(s(u,v))(x u y v x v y u ) dudv D Agin, we notice tht this is dot product between the vector field F M,N,P nd vector tht is the result of s u s v. So our integrl turns into: M dydz + N dzdx + P dxdy F(s(u,v)) (s u s v ) dudv S D F ˆn ds S

5 So integrting 2-form on surfce is the sme s finding the flux of the corresponding vector field. Integrting 3-forms If you re given V f(x,y,z) dxdydz nd it is esy to describe V in terms of x, y, nd z, then you integrte s usul. If you need different coordinte system (like sphericl, cylindricl, crdiodl, ellipsoidl,...), then you will hve x, y, nd z written in terms of three other vribles, sy u, v, nd w: x x(u,v,w) y y(u,v,w) z z(u,v,w) Now since x x(u,v,w), we hve dx x u du + x v dv + x w dw. Doing the sme for y nd z, then plugging the results into dxdydz, then doing out ll of the wedge product, you end up with: V f(x,y,z) dxdydz V f(x(u,v,w),y(u,v,w),z(u,v,w)) x u x v x w y u y v y w z u z v z w dudvdw In other words, the coordintes chnge with the determinnt of mtrix of prtil derivtives. Tht mtrix of prtils is clled the Jcobin, nd it is usully written s: (x,y,z) (u,v,w) The r in r dzdrdθ nd the ρ 2 sin φ in ρ 2 sin φ dρdφdθ comes from the Jcobin. Generlized Stokes Theorem We hve hd two mjor points here: The d opertor corresponds to our div, grd, nd curl (depending on dimension). Integrting forms is the sme s integrting the corresponding vector fields. Put these two fcts together, nd we ve got: Generlized Stokes Theorem: Let ω be p form, nd let M be mnifold (mening curve, surfce, or volume) of dimension p + 1. Let M be the boundry of M oriented ppropritely. Then: dω ω M M

6 This tkes ll of our mjor theorems - Divergence, Stokes, Fundmentl Theorem of Line Integrls, nd Green s Theorem - nd describes ll of them in one simple formul. All of our theorems were simply specil cses. This theorem is true even if we re not working in R 3. We cn define nd ply with forms in ny dimension. This theorem is true even if we re not working in Eucliden spce. Riemnnin geometry dels with objects tht re curved, twisted, contining holes, etc. Stokes is still true. Objects such s these come up in generl reltivity nd string theory. If M is curve, then we need to interpret M s the two end points, positive for the end point, negtive for the strt point. The integrl then mens to evlute ω t the end point, then subtrct ω t the strt point.

Jim Lambers MAT 280 Spring Semester Lecture 26 and 27 Notes

Jim Lambers MAT 280 Spring Semester Lecture 26 and 27 Notes Jim Lmbers MAT 280 pring emester 2009-10 Lecture 26 nd 27 Notes These notes correspond to ection 8.6 in Mrsden nd Tromb. ifferentil Forms To dte, we hve lerned the following theorems concerning the evlution

More information

df dt f () b f () a dt

df dt f () b f () a dt Vector lculus 16.7 tokes Theorem Nme: toke's Theorem is higher dimensionl nlogue to Green's Theorem nd the Fundmentl Theorem of clculus. Why, you sk? Well, let us revisit these theorems. Fundmentl Theorem

More information

FINAL REVIEW. 1. Vector Fields, Work, and Flux Suggested Problems:

FINAL REVIEW. 1. Vector Fields, Work, and Flux Suggested Problems: FINAL EVIEW 1. Vector Fields, Work, nd Flux uggested Problems: { 14.1 7, 13, 16 14.2 17, 25, 27, 29, 36, 45 We dene vector eld F (x, y) to be vector vlued function tht mps ech point in the plne to two

More information

MATH 13 FINAL STUDY GUIDE, WINTER 2012

MATH 13 FINAL STUDY GUIDE, WINTER 2012 MATH 13 FINAL TUY GUI, WINTR 2012 This is ment to be quick reference guide for the topics you might wnt to know for the finl. It probbly isn t comprehensive, but should cover most of wht we studied in

More information

Note 16. Stokes theorem Differential Geometry, 2005

Note 16. Stokes theorem Differential Geometry, 2005 Note 16. Stokes theorem ifferentil Geometry, 2005 Stokes theorem is the centrl result in the theory of integrtion on mnifolds. It gives the reltion between exterior differentition (see Note 14) nd integrtion

More information

7.2 The Definite Integral

7.2 The Definite Integral 7.2 The Definite Integrl the definite integrl In the previous section, it ws found tht if function f is continuous nd nonnegtive, then the re under the grph of f on [, b] is given by F (b) F (), where

More information

Math 32B Discussion Session Session 7 Notes August 28, 2018

Math 32B Discussion Session Session 7 Notes August 28, 2018 Mth 32B iscussion ession ession 7 Notes August 28, 28 In tody s discussion we ll tlk bout surfce integrls both of sclr functions nd of vector fields nd we ll try to relte these to the mny other integrls

More information

Math Advanced Calculus II

Math Advanced Calculus II Mth 452 - Advnced Clculus II Line Integrls nd Green s Theorem The min gol of this chpter is to prove Stoke s theorem, which is the multivrible version of the fundmentl theorem of clculus. We will be focused

More information

Anonymous Math 361: Homework 5. x i = 1 (1 u i )

Anonymous Math 361: Homework 5. x i = 1 (1 u i ) Anonymous Mth 36: Homewor 5 Rudin. Let I be the set of ll u (u,..., u ) R with u i for ll i; let Q be the set of ll x (x,..., x ) R with x i, x i. (I is the unit cube; Q is the stndrd simplex in R ). Define

More information

Week 10: Line Integrals

Week 10: Line Integrals Week 10: Line Integrls Introduction In this finl week we return to prmetrised curves nd consider integrtion long such curves. We lredy sw this in Week 2 when we integrted long curve to find its length.

More information

The Algebra (al-jabr) of Matrices

The Algebra (al-jabr) of Matrices Section : Mtri lgebr nd Clculus Wshkewicz College of Engineering he lgebr (l-jbr) of Mtrices lgebr s brnch of mthemtics is much broder thn elementry lgebr ll of us studied in our high school dys. In sense

More information

f(x)dl, f(x)ds, f(x)dv (1) Much of their importance lies in the coordinate invariance of the resulting integrals.

f(x)dl, f(x)ds, f(x)dv (1) Much of their importance lies in the coordinate invariance of the resulting integrals. Exterior Clculus. Differentil forms In the study of differentil geometry, differentils re defined s liner mppings from curves to the rels. This suggests generliztion, since we know how to integrte over

More information

Chapter One: Calculus Revisited

Chapter One: Calculus Revisited Chpter One: Clculus Revisited 1 Clculus of Single Vrible Question in your mind: How do you understnd the essentil concepts nd theorems in Clculus? Two bsic concepts in Clculus re differentition nd integrtion

More information

x = b a n x 2 e x dx. cdx = c(b a), where c is any constant. a b

x = b a n x 2 e x dx. cdx = c(b a), where c is any constant. a b CHAPTER 5. INTEGRALS 61 where nd x = b n x i = 1 (x i 1 + x i ) = midpoint of [x i 1, x i ]. Problem 168 (Exercise 1, pge 377). Use the Midpoint Rule with the n = 4 to pproximte 5 1 x e x dx. Some quick

More information

The Regulated and Riemann Integrals

The Regulated and Riemann Integrals Chpter 1 The Regulted nd Riemnn Integrls 1.1 Introduction We will consider severl different pproches to defining the definite integrl f(x) dx of function f(x). These definitions will ll ssign the sme vlue

More information

Riemann Sums and Riemann Integrals

Riemann Sums and Riemann Integrals Riemnn Sums nd Riemnn Integrls Jmes K. Peterson Deprtment of Biologicl Sciences nd Deprtment of Mthemticl Sciences Clemson University August 26, 2013 Outline 1 Riemnn Sums 2 Riemnn Integrls 3 Properties

More information

I. INTEGRAL THEOREMS. A. Introduction

I. INTEGRAL THEOREMS. A. Introduction 1 U Deprtment of Physics 301A Mechnics - I. INTEGRAL THEOREM A. Introduction The integrl theorems of mthemticl physics ll hve their origin in the ordinry fundmentl theorem of clculus, i.e. xb x df dx dx

More information

Riemann Sums and Riemann Integrals

Riemann Sums and Riemann Integrals Riemnn Sums nd Riemnn Integrls Jmes K. Peterson Deprtment of Biologicl Sciences nd Deprtment of Mthemticl Sciences Clemson University August 26, 203 Outline Riemnn Sums Riemnn Integrls Properties Abstrct

More information

Lecture 1. Functional series. Pointwise and uniform convergence.

Lecture 1. Functional series. Pointwise and uniform convergence. 1 Introduction. Lecture 1. Functionl series. Pointwise nd uniform convergence. In this course we study mongst other things Fourier series. The Fourier series for periodic function f(x) with period 2π is

More information

UNIFORM CONVERGENCE. Contents 1. Uniform Convergence 1 2. Properties of uniform convergence 3

UNIFORM CONVERGENCE. Contents 1. Uniform Convergence 1 2. Properties of uniform convergence 3 UNIFORM CONVERGENCE Contents 1. Uniform Convergence 1 2. Properties of uniform convergence 3 Suppose f n : Ω R or f n : Ω C is sequence of rel or complex functions, nd f n f s n in some sense. Furthermore,

More information

1 The Riemann Integral

1 The Riemann Integral The Riemnn Integrl. An exmple leding to the notion of integrl (res) We know how to find (i.e. define) the re of rectngle (bse height), tringle ( (sum of res of tringles). But how do we find/define n re

More information

4. Calculus of Variations

4. Calculus of Variations 4. Clculus of Vritions Introduction - Typicl Problems The clculus of vritions generlises the theory of mxim nd minim. Exmple (): Shortest distnce between two points. On given surfce (e.g. plne), nd the

More information

Vectors , (0,0). 5. A vector is commonly denoted by putting an arrow above its symbol, as in the picture above. Here are some 3-dimensional vectors:

Vectors , (0,0). 5. A vector is commonly denoted by putting an arrow above its symbol, as in the picture above. Here are some 3-dimensional vectors: Vectors 1-23-2018 I ll look t vectors from n lgeric point of view nd geometric point of view. Algericlly, vector is n ordered list of (usully) rel numers. Here re some 2-dimensionl vectors: (2, 3), ( )

More information

Partial Derivatives. Limits. For a single variable function f (x), the limit lim

Partial Derivatives. Limits. For a single variable function f (x), the limit lim Limits Prtil Derivtives For single vrible function f (x), the limit lim x f (x) exists only if the right-hnd side limit equls to the left-hnd side limit, i.e., lim f (x) = lim f (x). x x + For two vribles

More information

Line and Surface Integrals: An Intuitive Understanding

Line and Surface Integrals: An Intuitive Understanding Line nd Surfce Integrls: An Intuitive Understnding Joseph Breen Introduction Multivrible clculus is ll bout bstrcting the ides of differentition nd integrtion from the fmilir single vrible cse to tht of

More information

Calculus of Variations: The Direct Approach

Calculus of Variations: The Direct Approach Clculus of Vritions: The Direct Approch Lecture by Andrejs Treibergs, Notes by Bryn Wilson June 7, 2010 The originl lecture slides re vilble online t: http://www.mth.uth.edu/~treiberg/directmethodslides.pdf

More information

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BOMBAY MA205 Complex Analysis Autumn 2012

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BOMBAY MA205 Complex Analysis Autumn 2012 Lecture 6: Line Integrls INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BOMBAY MA205 Complex Anlysis Autumn 2012 August 8, 2012 Lecture 6: Line Integrls Lecture 6: Line Integrls Lecture 6: Line Integrls Integrls of complex

More information

Space Curves. Recall the parametric equations of a curve in xy-plane and compare them with parametric equations of a curve in space.

Space Curves. Recall the parametric equations of a curve in xy-plane and compare them with parametric equations of a curve in space. Clculus 3 Li Vs Spce Curves Recll the prmetric equtions of curve in xy-plne nd compre them with prmetric equtions of curve in spce. Prmetric curve in plne x = x(t) y = y(t) Prmetric curve in spce x = x(t)

More information

Improper Integrals, and Differential Equations

Improper Integrals, and Differential Equations Improper Integrls, nd Differentil Equtions October 22, 204 5.3 Improper Integrls Previously, we discussed how integrls correspond to res. More specificlly, we sid tht for function f(x), the region creted

More information

ODE: Existence and Uniqueness of a Solution

ODE: Existence and Uniqueness of a Solution Mth 22 Fll 213 Jerry Kzdn ODE: Existence nd Uniqueness of Solution The Fundmentl Theorem of Clculus tells us how to solve the ordinry differentil eqution (ODE) du = f(t) dt with initil condition u() =

More information

We partition C into n small arcs by forming a partition of [a, b] by picking s i as follows: a = s 0 < s 1 < < s n = b.

We partition C into n small arcs by forming a partition of [a, b] by picking s i as follows: a = s 0 < s 1 < < s n = b. Mth 255 - Vector lculus II Notes 4.2 Pth nd Line Integrls We begin with discussion of pth integrls (the book clls them sclr line integrls). We will do this for function of two vribles, but these ides cn

More information

Reversing the Chain Rule. As we have seen from the Second Fundamental Theorem ( 4.3), the easiest way to evaluate an integral b

Reversing the Chain Rule. As we have seen from the Second Fundamental Theorem ( 4.3), the easiest way to evaluate an integral b Mth 32 Substitution Method Stewrt 4.5 Reversing the Chin Rule. As we hve seen from the Second Fundmentl Theorem ( 4.3), the esiest wy to evlute n integrl b f(x) dx is to find n ntiderivtive, the indefinite

More information

Properties of Integrals, Indefinite Integrals. Goals: Definition of the Definite Integral Integral Calculations using Antiderivatives

Properties of Integrals, Indefinite Integrals. Goals: Definition of the Definite Integral Integral Calculations using Antiderivatives Block #6: Properties of Integrls, Indefinite Integrls Gols: Definition of the Definite Integrl Integrl Clcultions using Antiderivtives Properties of Integrls The Indefinite Integrl 1 Riemnn Sums - 1 Riemnn

More information

Section 17.2 Line Integrals

Section 17.2 Line Integrals Section 7. Line Integrls Integrting Vector Fields nd Functions long urve In this section we consider the problem of integrting functions, both sclr nd vector (vector fields) long curve in the plne. We

More information

PHYS 4390: GENERAL RELATIVITY LECTURE 6: TENSOR CALCULUS

PHYS 4390: GENERAL RELATIVITY LECTURE 6: TENSOR CALCULUS PHYS 4390: GENERAL RELATIVITY LECTURE 6: TENSOR CALCULUS To strt on tensor clculus, we need to define differentition on mnifold.a good question to sk is if the prtil derivtive of tensor tensor on mnifold?

More information

Math 6455 Oct 10, Differential Geometry I Fall 2006, Georgia Tech

Math 6455 Oct 10, Differential Geometry I Fall 2006, Georgia Tech Mth 6455 Oct 10, 2006 1 Differentil Geometry I Fll 2006, Georgi Tech Lecture Notes 12 Riemnnin Metrics 0.1 Definition If M is smooth mnifold then by Riemnnin metric g on M we men smooth ssignment of n

More information

Improper Integrals. Type I Improper Integrals How do we evaluate an integral such as

Improper Integrals. Type I Improper Integrals How do we evaluate an integral such as Improper Integrls Two different types of integrls cn qulify s improper. The first type of improper integrl (which we will refer to s Type I) involves evluting n integrl over n infinite region. In the grph

More information

Math 520 Final Exam Topic Outline Sections 1 3 (Xiao/Dumas/Liaw) Spring 2008

Math 520 Final Exam Topic Outline Sections 1 3 (Xiao/Dumas/Liaw) Spring 2008 Mth 520 Finl Exm Topic Outline Sections 1 3 (Xio/Dums/Liw) Spring 2008 The finl exm will be held on Tuesdy, My 13, 2-5pm in 117 McMilln Wht will be covered The finl exm will cover the mteril from ll of

More information

Introduction to Group Theory

Introduction to Group Theory Introduction to Group Theory Let G be n rbitrry set of elements, typiclly denoted s, b, c,, tht is, let G = {, b, c, }. A binry opertion in G is rule tht ssocites with ech ordered pir (,b) of elements

More information

Math 8 Winter 2015 Applications of Integration

Math 8 Winter 2015 Applications of Integration Mth 8 Winter 205 Applictions of Integrtion Here re few importnt pplictions of integrtion. The pplictions you my see on n exm in this course include only the Net Chnge Theorem (which is relly just the Fundmentl

More information

df dx There is an infinite number of different paths from

df dx There is an infinite number of different paths from Integrl clculus line integrls Feb 7, 18 From clculus, in the cse of single vrible x1 F F x F x f x dx, where f x 1 x df dx Now, consider the cse tht two vribles re t ply. Suppose,, df M x y dx N x y dy

More information

University of. d Class. 3 st Lecture. 2 nd

University of. d Class. 3 st Lecture. 2 nd University of Technology Electromechnicl Deprtment Energy Brnch Advnced Mthemtics Line Integrl nd d lss st Lecture nd Advnce Mthemtic Line Integrl lss Electromechnicl Engineer y Dr.Eng.Muhmmd.A.R.Yss Dr.Eng

More information

So the `chnge of vribles formul' for sphericl coordintes reds: W f(x; y; z) dv = R f(ρ cos sin ffi; ρ sin sin ffi; ρ cos ffi) ρ 2 sin ffi dρ d dffi So

So the `chnge of vribles formul' for sphericl coordintes reds: W f(x; y; z) dv = R f(ρ cos sin ffi; ρ sin sin ffi; ρ cos ffi) ρ 2 sin ffi dρ d dffi So Mth 28 Topics for third exm Techniclly, everything covered on the first two exms, plus hpter 15: Multiple Integrls x4: Double integrls with polr coordintes Polr coordintes describe point in the plne by

More information

1 1D heat and wave equations on a finite interval

1 1D heat and wave equations on a finite interval 1 1D het nd wve equtions on finite intervl In this section we consider generl method of seprtion of vribles nd its pplictions to solving het eqution nd wve eqution on finite intervl ( 1, 2. Since by trnsltion

More information

Bernoulli Numbers Jeff Morton

Bernoulli Numbers Jeff Morton Bernoulli Numbers Jeff Morton. We re interested in the opertor e t k d k t k, which is to sy k tk. Applying this to some function f E to get e t f d k k tk d k f f + d k k tk dk f, we note tht since f

More information

MATH Summary of Chapter 13

MATH Summary of Chapter 13 MATH 21-259 ummry of hpter 13 1. Vector Fields re vector functions of two or three vribles. Typiclly, vector field is denoted by F(x, y, z) = P (x, y, z)i+q(x, y, z)j+r(x, y, z)k where P, Q, R re clled

More information

f(x) dx, If one of these two conditions is not met, we call the integral improper. Our usual definition for the value for the definite integral

f(x) dx, If one of these two conditions is not met, we call the integral improper. Our usual definition for the value for the definite integral Improper Integrls Every time tht we hve evluted definite integrl such s f(x) dx, we hve mde two implicit ssumptions bout the integrl:. The intervl [, b] is finite, nd. f(x) is continuous on [, b]. If one

More information

Notes on length and conformal metrics

Notes on length and conformal metrics Notes on length nd conforml metrics We recll how to mesure the Eucliden distnce of n rc in the plne. Let α : [, b] R 2 be smooth (C ) rc. Tht is α(t) (x(t), y(t)) where x(t) nd y(t) re smooth rel vlued

More information

Chapter 3. Vector Spaces

Chapter 3. Vector Spaces 3.4 Liner Trnsformtions 1 Chpter 3. Vector Spces 3.4 Liner Trnsformtions Note. We hve lredy studied liner trnsformtions from R n into R m. Now we look t liner trnsformtions from one generl vector spce

More information

Definite Integrals. The area under a curve can be approximated by adding up the areas of rectangles = 1 1 +

Definite Integrals. The area under a curve can be approximated by adding up the areas of rectangles = 1 1 + Definite Integrls --5 The re under curve cn e pproximted y dding up the res of rectngles. Exmple. Approximte the re under y = from x = to x = using equl suintervls nd + x evluting the function t the left-hnd

More information

Student Handbook for MATH 3300

Student Handbook for MATH 3300 Student Hndbook for MATH 3300 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.5 0 0.5 0.5 0 0.5 If people do not believe tht mthemtics is simple, it is only becuse they do not relize how complicted life is. John Louis

More information

Numerical Linear Algebra Assignment 008

Numerical Linear Algebra Assignment 008 Numericl Liner Algebr Assignment 008 Nguyen Qun B Hong Students t Fculty of Mth nd Computer Science, Ho Chi Minh University of Science, Vietnm emil. nguyenqunbhong@gmil.com blog. http://hongnguyenqunb.wordpress.com

More information

The usual algebraic operations +,, (or ), on real numbers can then be extended to operations on complex numbers in a natural way: ( 2) i = 1

The usual algebraic operations +,, (or ), on real numbers can then be extended to operations on complex numbers in a natural way: ( 2) i = 1 Mth50 Introduction to Differentil Equtions Brief Review of Complex Numbers Complex Numbers No rel number stisfies the eqution x =, since the squre of ny rel number hs to be non-negtive. By introducing

More information

A REVIEW OF CALCULUS CONCEPTS FOR JDEP 384H. Thomas Shores Department of Mathematics University of Nebraska Spring 2007

A REVIEW OF CALCULUS CONCEPTS FOR JDEP 384H. Thomas Shores Department of Mathematics University of Nebraska Spring 2007 A REVIEW OF CALCULUS CONCEPTS FOR JDEP 384H Thoms Shores Deprtment of Mthemtics University of Nebrsk Spring 2007 Contents Rtes of Chnge nd Derivtives 1 Dierentils 4 Are nd Integrls 5 Multivrite Clculus

More information

Things to Memorize: A Partial List. January 27, 2017

Things to Memorize: A Partial List. January 27, 2017 Things to Memorize: A Prtil List Jnury 27, 2017 Chpter 2 Vectors - Bsic Fcts A vector hs mgnitude (lso clled size/length/norm) nd direction. It does not hve fixed position, so the sme vector cn e moved

More information

1 Line Integrals in Plane.

1 Line Integrals in Plane. MA213 thye Brief Notes on hpter 16. 1 Line Integrls in Plne. 1.1 Introduction. 1.1.1 urves. A piece of smooth curve is ssumed to be given by vector vlued position function P (t) (or r(t) ) s the prmeter

More information

Review of Calculus, cont d

Review of Calculus, cont d Jim Lmbers MAT 460 Fll Semester 2009-10 Lecture 3 Notes These notes correspond to Section 1.1 in the text. Review of Clculus, cont d Riemnn Sums nd the Definite Integrl There re mny cses in which some

More information

Section 3.2: Negative Exponents

Section 3.2: Negative Exponents Section 3.2: Negtive Exponents Objective: Simplify expressions with negtive exponents using the properties of exponents. There re few specil exponent properties tht del with exponents tht re not positive.

More information

Anti-derivatives/Indefinite Integrals of Basic Functions

Anti-derivatives/Indefinite Integrals of Basic Functions Anti-derivtives/Indefinite Integrls of Bsic Functions Power Rule: In prticulr, this mens tht x n+ x n n + + C, dx = ln x + C, if n if n = x 0 dx = dx = dx = x + C nd x (lthough you won t use the second

More information

440-2 Geometry/Topology: Differentiable Manifolds Northwestern University Solutions of Practice Problems for Final Exam

440-2 Geometry/Topology: Differentiable Manifolds Northwestern University Solutions of Practice Problems for Final Exam 440-2 Geometry/Topology: Differentible Mnifolds Northwestern University Solutions of Prctice Problems for Finl Exm 1) Using the cnonicl covering of RP n by {U α } 0 α n, where U α = {[x 0 : : x n ] RP

More information

Review of basic calculus

Review of basic calculus Review of bsic clculus This brief review reclls some of the most importnt concepts, definitions, nd theorems from bsic clculus. It is not intended to tech bsic clculus from scrtch. If ny of the items below

More information

Math 1431 Section M TH 4:00 PM 6:00 PM Susan Wheeler Office Hours: Wed 6:00 7:00 PM Online ***NOTE LABS ARE MON AND WED

Math 1431 Section M TH 4:00 PM 6:00 PM Susan Wheeler Office Hours: Wed 6:00 7:00 PM Online ***NOTE LABS ARE MON AND WED Mth 43 Section 4839 M TH 4: PM 6: PM Susn Wheeler swheeler@mth.uh.edu Office Hours: Wed 6: 7: PM Online ***NOTE LABS ARE MON AND WED t :3 PM to 3: pm ONLINE Approimting the re under curve given the type

More information

Physics 116C Solution of inhomogeneous ordinary differential equations using Green s functions

Physics 116C Solution of inhomogeneous ordinary differential equations using Green s functions Physics 6C Solution of inhomogeneous ordinry differentil equtions using Green s functions Peter Young November 5, 29 Homogeneous Equtions We hve studied, especilly in long HW problem, second order liner

More information

ACCESS TO SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND AGRICULTURE: MATHEMATICS 1 MATH00030 SEMESTER /2019

ACCESS TO SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND AGRICULTURE: MATHEMATICS 1 MATH00030 SEMESTER /2019 ACCESS TO SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND AGRICULTURE: MATHEMATICS MATH00030 SEMESTER 208/209 DR. ANTHONY BROWN 7.. Introduction to Integrtion. 7. Integrl Clculus As ws the cse with the chpter on differentil

More information

Chapter 4 Contravariance, Covariance, and Spacetime Diagrams

Chapter 4 Contravariance, Covariance, and Spacetime Diagrams Chpter 4 Contrvrince, Covrince, nd Spcetime Digrms 4. The Components of Vector in Skewed Coordintes We hve seen in Chpter 3; figure 3.9, tht in order to show inertil motion tht is consistent with the Lorentz

More information

Review on Integration (Secs ) Review: Sec Origins of Calculus. Riemann Sums. New functions from old ones.

Review on Integration (Secs ) Review: Sec Origins of Calculus. Riemann Sums. New functions from old ones. Mth 20B Integrl Clculus Lecture Review on Integrtion (Secs. 5. - 5.3) Remrks on the course. Slide Review: Sec. 5.-5.3 Origins of Clculus. Riemnn Sums. New functions from old ones. A mthemticl description

More information

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. The Total Change Theorem and the Area Under a Curve.

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. The Total Change Theorem and the Area Under a Curve. Clculus Li Vs The Fundmentl Theorem of Clculus. The Totl Chnge Theorem nd the Are Under Curve. Recll the following fct from Clculus course. If continuous function f(x) represents the rte of chnge of F

More information

We divide the interval [a, b] into subintervals of equal length x = b a n

We divide the interval [a, b] into subintervals of equal length x = b a n Arc Length Given curve C defined by function f(x), we wnt to find the length of this curve between nd b. We do this by using process similr to wht we did in defining the Riemnn Sum of definite integrl:

More information

MA Handout 2: Notation and Background Concepts from Analysis

MA Handout 2: Notation and Background Concepts from Analysis MA350059 Hndout 2: Nottion nd Bckground Concepts from Anlysis This hndout summrises some nottion we will use nd lso gives recp of some concepts from other units (MA20023: PDEs nd CM, MA20218: Anlysis 2A,

More information

ECON 331 Lecture Notes: Ch 4 and Ch 5

ECON 331 Lecture Notes: Ch 4 and Ch 5 Mtrix Algebr ECON 33 Lecture Notes: Ch 4 nd Ch 5. Gives us shorthnd wy of writing lrge system of equtions.. Allows us to test for the existnce of solutions to simultneous systems. 3. Allows us to solve

More information

Improper Integrals. The First Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, as we ve discussed in class, goes as follows:

Improper Integrals. The First Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, as we ve discussed in class, goes as follows: Improper Integrls The First Fundmentl Theorem of Clculus, s we ve discussed in clss, goes s follows: If f is continuous on the intervl [, ] nd F is function for which F t = ft, then ftdt = F F. An integrl

More information

How do we solve these things, especially when they get complicated? How do we know when a system has a solution, and when is it unique?

How do we solve these things, especially when they get complicated? How do we know when a system has a solution, and when is it unique? XII. LINEAR ALGEBRA: SOLVING SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS Tody we re going to tlk bout solving systems of liner equtions. These re problems tht give couple of equtions with couple of unknowns, like: 6 2 3 7 4

More information

n f(x i ) x. i=1 In section 4.2, we defined the definite integral of f from x = a to x = b as n f(x i ) x; f(x) dx = lim i=1

n f(x i ) x. i=1 In section 4.2, we defined the definite integral of f from x = a to x = b as n f(x i ) x; f(x) dx = lim i=1 The Fundmentl Theorem of Clculus As we continue to study the re problem, let s think bck to wht we know bout computing res of regions enclosed by curves. If we wnt to find the re of the region below the

More information

Chapter 0. What is the Lebesgue integral about?

Chapter 0. What is the Lebesgue integral about? Chpter 0. Wht is the Lebesgue integrl bout? The pln is to hve tutoril sheet ech week, most often on Fridy, (to be done during the clss) where you will try to get used to the ides introduced in the previous

More information

Chapter 6. Infinite series

Chapter 6. Infinite series Chpter 6 Infinite series We briefly review this chpter in order to study series of functions in chpter 7. We cover from the beginning to Theorem 6.7 in the text excluding Theorem 6.6 nd Rbbe s test (Theorem

More information

and that at t = 0 the object is at position 5. Find the position of the object at t = 2.

and that at t = 0 the object is at position 5. Find the position of the object at t = 2. 7.2 The Fundmentl Theorem of Clculus 49 re mny, mny problems tht pper much different on the surfce but tht turn out to be the sme s these problems, in the sense tht when we try to pproimte solutions we

More information

The Wave Equation I. MA 436 Kurt Bryan

The Wave Equation I. MA 436 Kurt Bryan 1 Introduction The Wve Eqution I MA 436 Kurt Bryn Consider string stretching long the x xis, of indeterminte (or even infinite!) length. We wnt to derive n eqution which models the motion of the string

More information

Practice final exam solutions

Practice final exam solutions University of Pennsylvni Deprtment of Mthemtics Mth 26 Honors Clculus II Spring Semester 29 Prof. Grssi, T.A. Asher Auel Prctice finl exm solutions 1. Let F : 2 2 be defined by F (x, y (x + y, x y. If

More information

Surface Integrals of Vector Fields

Surface Integrals of Vector Fields Mth 32B iscussion ession Week 7 Notes Februry 21 nd 23, 2017 In lst week s notes we introduced surfce integrls, integrting sclr-vlued functions over prmetrized surfces. As with our previous integrls, we

More information

Math 6A Notes. Written by Victoria Kala SH 6432u Office Hours: R 12:30 1:30pm Last updated 6/1/2016

Math 6A Notes. Written by Victoria Kala SH 6432u Office Hours: R 12:30 1:30pm Last updated 6/1/2016 Prmetric Equtions Mth 6A Notes Written by Victori Kl vtkl@mth.ucsb.edu H 6432u Office Hours: R 12:30 1:30pm Lst updted 6/1/2016 If x = f(t), y = g(t), we sy tht x nd y re prmetric equtions of the prmeter

More information

Quadratic Forms. Quadratic Forms

Quadratic Forms. Quadratic Forms Qudrtic Forms Recll the Simon & Blume excerpt from n erlier lecture which sid tht the min tsk of clculus is to pproximte nonliner functions with liner functions. It s ctully more ccurte to sy tht we pproximte

More information

Higher Checklist (Unit 3) Higher Checklist (Unit 3) Vectors

Higher Checklist (Unit 3) Higher Checklist (Unit 3) Vectors Vectors Skill Achieved? Know tht sclr is quntity tht hs only size (no direction) Identify rel-life exmples of sclrs such s, temperture, mss, distnce, time, speed, energy nd electric chrge Know tht vector

More information

10 Vector Integral Calculus

10 Vector Integral Calculus Vector Integrl lculus Vector integrl clculus extends integrls s known from clculus to integrls over curves ("line integrls"), surfces ("surfce integrls") nd solids ("volume integrls"). These integrls hve

More information

set is not closed under matrix [ multiplication, ] and does not form a group.

set is not closed under matrix [ multiplication, ] and does not form a group. Prolem 2.3: Which of the following collections of 2 2 mtrices with rel entries form groups under [ mtrix ] multipliction? i) Those of the form for which c d 2 Answer: The set of such mtrices is not closed

More information

Math 113 Fall Final Exam Review. 2. Applications of Integration Chapter 6 including sections and section 6.8

Math 113 Fall Final Exam Review. 2. Applications of Integration Chapter 6 including sections and section 6.8 Mth 3 Fll 0 The scope of the finl exm will include: Finl Exm Review. Integrls Chpter 5 including sections 5. 5.7, 5.0. Applictions of Integrtion Chpter 6 including sections 6. 6.5 nd section 6.8 3. Infinite

More information

Math 100 Review Sheet

Math 100 Review Sheet Mth 100 Review Sheet Joseph H. Silvermn December 2010 This outline of Mth 100 is summry of the mteril covered in the course. It is designed to be study id, but it is only n outline nd should be used s

More information

Math Calculus with Analytic Geometry II

Math Calculus with Analytic Geometry II orem of definite Mth 5.0 with Anlytic Geometry II Jnury 4, 0 orem of definite If < b then b f (x) dx = ( under f bove x-xis) ( bove f under x-xis) Exmple 8 0 3 9 x dx = π 3 4 = 9π 4 orem of definite Problem

More information

SUPPLEMENTARY READING FOR MATH 53: DIFFERENTIAL FORMS AND THE GENERAL STOKES FORMULA

SUPPLEMENTARY READING FOR MATH 53: DIFFERENTIAL FORMS AND THE GENERAL STOKES FORMULA SUPPLEMENTARY READING FOR MATH 53: DIFFERENTIAL FORMS AND THE GENERAL STOKES FORMULA EDWARD FRENKEL, UC BERKELEY The purpose of these notes is to outline briefly a general formalism which allows for a

More information

Integrals - Motivation

Integrals - Motivation Integrls - Motivtion When we looked t function s rte of chnge If f(x) is liner, the nswer is esy slope If f(x) is non-liner, we hd to work hrd limits derivtive A relted question is the re under f(x) (but

More information

Best Approximation in the 2-norm

Best Approximation in the 2-norm Jim Lmbers MAT 77 Fll Semester 1-11 Lecture 1 Notes These notes correspond to Sections 9. nd 9.3 in the text. Best Approximtion in the -norm Suppose tht we wish to obtin function f n (x) tht is liner combintion

More information

( dg. ) 2 dt. + dt. dt j + dh. + dt. r(t) dt. Comparing this equation with the one listed above for the length of see that

( dg. ) 2 dt. + dt. dt j + dh. + dt. r(t) dt. Comparing this equation with the one listed above for the length of see that Arc Length of Curves in Three Dimensionl Spce If the vector function r(t) f(t) i + g(t) j + h(t) k trces out the curve C s t vries, we cn mesure distnces long C using formul nerly identicl to one tht we

More information

practice How would you find: e x + e x e 2x e x 1 dx 1 e today: improper integrals

practice How would you find: e x + e x e 2x e x 1 dx 1 e today: improper integrals prctice How would you find: dx e x + e x e 2x e x 1 dx e 2x 1 e x dx 1. Let u=e^x. Then dx=du/u. Ans = rctn ( e^x ) + C 2. Let u=e^x. Becomes u du / (u-1), divide to get u/(u-1)=1+1/(u-1) Ans = e^x + ln

More information

1.9 C 2 inner variations

1.9 C 2 inner variations 46 CHAPTER 1. INDIRECT METHODS 1.9 C 2 inner vritions So fr, we hve restricted ttention to liner vritions. These re vritions of the form vx; ǫ = ux + ǫφx where φ is in some liner perturbtion clss P, for

More information

Math 113 Exam 1-Review

Math 113 Exam 1-Review Mth 113 Exm 1-Review September 26, 2016 Exm 1 covers 6.1-7.3 in the textbook. It is dvisble to lso review the mteril from 5.3 nd 5.5 s this will be helpful in solving some of the problems. 6.1 Are Between

More information

Functions of Several Variables

Functions of Several Variables Functions of Severl Vribles Sketching Level Curves Sections Prtil Derivtives on every open set on which f nd the prtils, 2 f y = 2 f y re continuous. Norml Vector x, y, 2 f y, 2 f y n = ± (x 0,y 0) (x

More information

Exam 2, Mathematics 4701, Section ETY6 6:05 pm 7:40 pm, March 31, 2016, IH-1105 Instructor: Attila Máté 1

Exam 2, Mathematics 4701, Section ETY6 6:05 pm 7:40 pm, March 31, 2016, IH-1105 Instructor: Attila Máté 1 Exm, Mthemtics 471, Section ETY6 6:5 pm 7:4 pm, Mrch 1, 16, IH-115 Instructor: Attil Máté 1 17 copies 1. ) Stte the usul sufficient condition for the fixed-point itertion to converge when solving the eqution

More information

Chapter 5. , r = r 1 r 2 (1) µ = m 1 m 2. r, r 2 = R µ m 2. R(m 1 + m 2 ) + m 2 r = r 1. m 2. r = r 1. R + µ m 1

Chapter 5. , r = r 1 r 2 (1) µ = m 1 m 2. r, r 2 = R µ m 2. R(m 1 + m 2 ) + m 2 r = r 1. m 2. r = r 1. R + µ m 1 Tor Kjellsson Stockholm University Chpter 5 5. Strting with the following informtion: R = m r + m r m + m, r = r r we wnt to derive: µ = m m m + m r = R + µ m r, r = R µ m r 3 = µ m R + r, = µ m R r. 4

More information

1. Review. t 2. t 1. v w = vw cos( ) where is the angle between v and w. The above leads to the Schwarz inequality: v w vw.

1. Review. t 2. t 1. v w = vw cos( ) where is the angle between v and w. The above leads to the Schwarz inequality: v w vw. 1. Review 1.1. The Geometry of Curves. AprmetriccurveinR 3 is mp R R 3 t (t) = (x(t),y(t),z(t)). We sy tht is di erentile if x, y, z re di erentile. We sy tht it is C 1 if, in ddition, the derivtives re

More information

Chapters 4 & 5 Integrals & Applications

Chapters 4 & 5 Integrals & Applications Contents Chpters 4 & 5 Integrls & Applictions Motivtion to Chpters 4 & 5 2 Chpter 4 3 Ares nd Distnces 3. VIDEO - Ares Under Functions............................................ 3.2 VIDEO - Applictions

More information

1 Techniques of Integration

1 Techniques of Integration November 8, 8 MAT86 Week Justin Ko Techniques of Integrtion. Integrtion By Substitution (Chnge of Vribles) We cn think of integrtion by substitution s the counterprt of the chin rule for differentition.

More information