On the number of sums of three unit fractions
|
|
- Geraldine Ramsey
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Notes o Number Theory ad Discrete Mathematics Vol. 9, 0, No., 8 O the umber of sums of three uit fractios Simo Brow School of Huma Life Scieces, Uiversity of Tasmaia, Locked Bag 0, Laucesto, Tasmaia 70, Australia Simo.Brow@utas.edu.au Abstract: Ratioal fractios ca ofte be expressed as the sum of three uit fractios ad, geerally, such a fractio ca be expaded i several ways. A estimate of the maximum umber of possible solutios is give. A expressio for five possible solutios is give ad this is used to obtai several geeral expasios. Keywords: Polyomials, Uit fractios. AMS Classificatio: D8. Itroductio May fractios (a/b, where 0 < a < b are itegers) ca be expressed as the sum of three uit fractios a 0 < x y z, () b x y z where the deomiators are itegers [, 7]. It is ormal to require that the deomiators are distict, but I relax this costrait for reasos that will become apparet. Of course, some fractios ca ot be writte i this form [8, 9], but where () does apply, there are likely to be solutios for more tha oe x for each of which there may be more tha oe (y, z) [, ]. This prompts oe to ask how may solutios there might be ad how to estimate the deomiators, ad, perhaps, what determies whether or ot there are solutios to (). Upper limit of the umber of solutios There ca be may solutios to () ad some of them are made clearer i this form (( ax b) y bx)( ( ax b) z bx ) b x. () Five possible solutios ca be obtaied directly from (), correspodig to (( ax b) y bx, ( ax b) z bx) ( b, bx ), ( x, b x),( bx, bx), ( x, b ), (, b x ) () 8
2 if x < b, ad there are more uless both b ad x are prime. The solutio correspodig to (bx, bx) must yield y z, which ecessitates the relaxatio of the usual requiremet that x, y ad z be distict (). Sice the divisors are employed i complemetary pairs, the umber of possible solutios is N x d α α α ( b x p p... p ) ( αi ) i, () where the p i are the prime factors of b x ad the α i are itegers. For example, if x ad b, b x ad the divisors are the five i () (( b, bx ), ( x, b x), ( bx, bx), ( x, b ) ad (, b x )) ad three others ((, ), (, ), (, )). The umber of possible solutios ca vary cosiderably. For example, if b, N x 8 for x (listed above), but for x (b x 7 ) N x. However, some of these possibilities may ot yield iteger solutios. For example, if a, b ad x, all of the 8 possibilities yield iteger solutios, but for x, oly of the possibilities are solutios. Of course, N x is a estimate of the umber of possible solutios for a specific x ad may differet values of x may be possible, so ( b x ) b a N d. x b a For example, for a ad b, there are solutios for x ragig from to []. Determiig the deomiators The five possible solutios give i () yield ( x ) bx( x ) x( b ) bx( b ) b bx bx ( y, z) ax b ax b ax b ax b ax b ax b. () b( x b) x( x b) bx bx( bx), ax b ax b ax b ax b If either b or x is ot prime the other solutios are easily determied i the same way. b / a x b / a it is simple, Obviously, all of the solutios deped o kowig x, but sice if potetially tedious, to idetify appropriate values of x. I geeral, whether or ot b or x is prime, the solutios of () are bx p bx bx p ( y, z), ax b p ax b where p is product of some of the prime factors of bx. There is o solutio if (ax p)ł(bx p) or płbx which might occur, for example, if p x (). The five aalytical solutios i () ca be used to obtai expasios of the form a F 0 () ( ) F ( ) F ( ) F ( ) 9
3 0 where the F i () are polyomials i iteger with itegral coefficiets. As for (), it is ot possible to express every fractio i the form of () ad it is ot possible to write a geeral expressio i this form []. However, there are may specific examples of these [, ], but as a example the explicit expasios of /( ) obtaied usig the five solutios i () are ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )( ) (7) as is easily cofirmed. Of these, Schizel [] credited the fourth to Sierpiski ad I have reported the secod previously []. All of these expasios have the smallest x, but it is also possible to use the first solutio, for example, i () to obtai expasios with larger x values ( )( ) ( )( ) of which I have previously reported the first [] ad the last is trivial. Similarly, () also provides a easy meas of geeratig expasios related to (7): ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
4 ( )( ). More geeral expasios Equatio () ca be used to geerate much more geeral expressios. For example, (( ax b) y bx, ( ax b) z bx) ( b, bx ) yields A A A A ( A )( ) A A A A ( A )( ) A A A A A A A A A A A A A A ( A )( ) ( A ) for iteger A ad, which ca be summarised as {m Z: A m > }. ad the more geeral expressio for iteger B a. (0) a Ba B ( B )( a Ba ) ( B)( B )( a Ba ) ( A )( A ) ( A )( A ) A m A m A m m (, z bx) ( x, b x) Usig ( ax b) y bx ( ax b) ( A m )( A ) a related geeral solutio is A m A m A m m ( A m)( A ) Fially, expressios i which a is ot fixed ca be obtaied from () a a a a ( )( a a ) ( )( )( a ) a a a a ( )( a a ) ( )( )( a ) a a a a ( )( a a ) ( )( )( a ) (8). (9)
5 Refereces [] Brow, S., Bouds of the deomiators of Egyptia fractios, World Applied Programmig, Vol., 0, 0. [] Brow, S., A alterative approach to estimatig the bouds of the deomiators of Egyptia fractios, Leoardo Joural of Scieces, submitted, 0. [] Schizel, A., Sur quelques propriétés des ombres / et /, où est u ombre impair, Mathesis, Vol., 9, 9-. [] Schizel, A., O sums of three uit fractios with polyomial deomiators, Fuctioes et Approximatio, Vol. 8, 000, 89. [] Sierpiski, W., Sur les décompositios de ombres ratioels e fractios primaires, Mathesis, Vol., 9,. [] Vaugha, R. C., O a problem of Erdös, Straus ad Schizel, Matematika, Vol. 7, 970, 998. [7] Vose, M. D., Egyptia fractios, Bulleti of the Lodo Mathematical Society, Vol. 7, 98,. [8] Webb, W. A., Ratioals ot expressible as a sum of three uit fractios, Elemete der Mathematik, Vol. 9, 97,. [9] Yamamoto, K., O the Diophatie equatio / /x /y /z, Memoirs of the Faculty of Sciece, Kyushu Uiversity, Vol. 9, 9, 77.
1 Generating functions for balls in boxes
Math 566 Fall 05 Some otes o geeratig fuctios Give a sequece a 0, a, a,..., a,..., a geeratig fuctio some way of represetig the sequece as a fuctio. There are may ways to do this, with the most commo ways
More information3. Z Transform. Recall that the Fourier transform (FT) of a DT signal xn [ ] is ( ) [ ] = In order for the FT to exist in the finite magnitude sense,
3. Z Trasform Referece: Etire Chapter 3 of text. Recall that the Fourier trasform (FT) of a DT sigal x [ ] is ω ( ) [ ] X e = j jω k = xe I order for the FT to exist i the fiite magitude sese, S = x [
More informationMATH 304: MIDTERM EXAM SOLUTIONS
MATH 304: MIDTERM EXAM SOLUTIONS [The problems are each worth five poits, except for problem 8, which is worth 8 poits. Thus there are 43 possible poits.] 1. Use the Euclidea algorithm to fid the greatest
More informationk-generalized FIBONACCI NUMBERS CLOSE TO THE FORM 2 a + 3 b + 5 c 1. Introduction
Acta Math. Uiv. Comeiaae Vol. LXXXVI, 2 (2017), pp. 279 286 279 k-generalized FIBONACCI NUMBERS CLOSE TO THE FORM 2 a + 3 b + 5 c N. IRMAK ad M. ALP Abstract. The k-geeralized Fiboacci sequece { F (k)
More informationMAT 271 Project: Partial Fractions for certain rational functions
MAT 7 Project: Partial Fractios for certai ratioal fuctios Prerequisite kowledge: partial fractios from MAT 7, a very good commad of factorig ad complex umbers from Precalculus. To complete this project,
More information3 Gauss map and continued fractions
ICTP, Trieste, July 08 Gauss map ad cotiued fractios I this lecture we will itroduce the Gauss map, which is very importat for its coectio with cotiued fractios i umber theory. The Gauss map G : [0, ]
More informationTEACHER CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE
COMPETENCY 1. ALGEBRA SKILL 1.1 1.1a. ALGEBRAIC STRUCTURES Kow why the real ad complex umbers are each a field, ad that particular rigs are ot fields (e.g., itegers, polyomial rigs, matrix rigs) Algebra
More informationZeros of Polynomials
Math 160 www.timetodare.com 4.5 4.6 Zeros of Polyomials I these sectios we will study polyomials algebraically. Most of our work will be cocered with fidig the solutios of polyomial equatios of ay degree
More informationQ-BINOMIALS AND THE GREATEST COMMON DIVISOR. Keith R. Slavin 8474 SW Chevy Place, Beaverton, Oregon 97008, USA.
INTEGERS: ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL NUMBER THEORY 8 2008, #A05 Q-BINOMIALS AND THE GREATEST COMMON DIVISOR Keith R. Slavi 8474 SW Chevy Place, Beaverto, Orego 97008, USA slavi@dsl-oly.et Received:
More informationComplex Numbers Solutions
Complex Numbers Solutios Joseph Zoller February 7, 06 Solutios. (009 AIME I Problem ) There is a complex umber with imagiary part 64 ad a positive iteger such that Fid. [Solutio: 697] 4i + + 4i. 4i 4i
More informationClassroom. We investigate and further explore the problem of dividing x = n + m (m, n are coprime) sheep in
Classroom I this sectio of Resoace, we ivite readers to pose questios likely to be raised i a classroom situatio. We may suggest strategies for dealig with them, or ivite resposes, or both. Classroom is
More informationMath 475, Problem Set #12: Answers
Math 475, Problem Set #12: Aswers A. Chapter 8, problem 12, parts (b) ad (d). (b) S # (, 2) = 2 2, sice, from amog the 2 ways of puttig elemets ito 2 distiguishable boxes, exactly 2 of them result i oe
More informationA NEW CLASS OF 2-STEP RATIONAL MULTISTEP METHODS
Jural Karya Asli Loreka Ahli Matematik Vol. No. (010) page 6-9. Jural Karya Asli Loreka Ahli Matematik A NEW CLASS OF -STEP RATIONAL MULTISTEP METHODS 1 Nazeeruddi Yaacob Teh Yua Yig Norma Alias 1 Departmet
More informationCOMM 602: Digital Signal Processing
COMM 60: Digital Sigal Processig Lecture 4 -Properties of LTIS Usig Z-Trasform -Iverse Z-Trasform Properties of LTIS Usig Z-Trasform Properties of LTIS Usig Z-Trasform -ve +ve Properties of LTIS Usig Z-Trasform
More informationMath 155 (Lecture 3)
Math 55 (Lecture 3) September 8, I this lecture, we ll cosider the aswer to oe of the most basic coutig problems i combiatorics Questio How may ways are there to choose a -elemet subset of the set {,,,
More informationPAijpam.eu ON DERIVATION OF RATIONAL SOLUTIONS OF BABBAGE S FUNCTIONAL EQUATION
Iteratioal Joural of Pure ad Applied Mathematics Volume 94 No. 204, 9-20 ISSN: 3-8080 (prited versio); ISSN: 34-3395 (o-lie versio) url: http://www.ijpam.eu doi: http://dx.doi.org/0.2732/ijpam.v94i.2 PAijpam.eu
More informationMATH 324 Summer 2006 Elementary Number Theory Solutions to Assignment 2 Due: Thursday July 27, 2006
MATH 34 Summer 006 Elemetary Number Theory Solutios to Assigmet Due: Thursday July 7, 006 Departmet of Mathematical ad Statistical Scieces Uiversity of Alberta Questio [p 74 #6] Show that o iteger of the
More informationWe are mainly going to be concerned with power series in x, such as. (x)} converges - that is, lims N n
Review of Power Series, Power Series Solutios A power series i x - a is a ifiite series of the form c (x a) =c +c (x a)+(x a) +... We also call this a power series cetered at a. Ex. (x+) is cetered at
More information3.2 Properties of Division 3.3 Zeros of Polynomials 3.4 Complex and Rational Zeros of Polynomials
Math 60 www.timetodare.com 3. Properties of Divisio 3.3 Zeros of Polyomials 3.4 Complex ad Ratioal Zeros of Polyomials I these sectios we will study polyomials algebraically. Most of our work will be cocered
More information[ 11 ] z of degree 2 as both degree 2 each. The degree of a polynomial in n variables is the maximum of the degrees of its terms.
[ 11 ] 1 1.1 Polyomial Fuctios 1 Algebra Ay fuctio f ( x) ax a1x... a1x a0 is a polyomial fuctio if ai ( i 0,1,,,..., ) is a costat which belogs to the set of real umbers ad the idices,, 1,...,1 are atural
More informationBINOMIAL COEFFICIENT AND THE GAUSSIAN
BINOMIAL COEFFICIENT AND THE GAUSSIAN The biomial coefficiet is defied as-! k!(! ad ca be writte out i the form of a Pascal Triagle startig at the zeroth row with elemet 0,0) ad followed by the two umbers,
More informationSequences A sequence of numbers is a function whose domain is the positive integers. We can see that the sequence
Sequeces A sequece of umbers is a fuctio whose domai is the positive itegers. We ca see that the sequece 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3,... is a fuctio from the positive itegers whe we write the first sequece elemet
More informationGenerating Functions. 1 Operations on generating functions
Geeratig Fuctios The geeratig fuctio for a sequece a 0, a,..., a,... is defied to be the power series fx a x. 0 We say that a 0, a,... is the sequece geerated by fx ad a is the coefficiet of x. Example
More informationMA Lesson 26 Notes Graphs of Rational Functions (Asymptotes) Limits at infinity
MA 1910 Lesso 6 Notes Graphs of Ratioal Fuctios (Asymptotes) Limits at ifiity Defiitio of a Ratioal Fuctio: If P() ad Q() are both polyomial fuctios, Q() 0, the the fuctio f below is called a Ratioal Fuctio.
More informationProperties and Tests of Zeros of Polynomial Functions
Properties ad Tests of Zeros of Polyomial Fuctios The Remaider ad Factor Theorems: Sythetic divisio ca be used to fid the values of polyomials i a sometimes easier way tha substitutio. This is show by
More informationRoger Apéry's proof that zeta(3) is irrational
Cliff Bott cliffbott@hotmail.com 11 October 2011 Roger Apéry's proof that zeta(3) is irratioal Roger Apéry developed a method for searchig for cotiued fractio represetatios of umbers that have a form such
More informationSeries: Infinite Sums
Series: Ifiite Sums Series are a way to mae sese of certai types of ifiitely log sums. We will eed to be able to do this if we are to attai our goal of approximatig trascedetal fuctios by usig ifiite degree
More informationSome Basic Diophantine Equations
Some Basic iophatie Equatios R.Maikada, epartmet of Mathematics, M.I.E.T. Egieerig College, Tiruchirappalli-7. Email: maimaths78@gmail.com bstract- - I this paper we preset a method for solvig the iophatie
More informationON CONVERGENCE OF BASIC HYPERGEOMETRIC SERIES. 1. Introduction Basic hypergeometric series (cf. [GR]) with the base q is defined by
ON CONVERGENCE OF BASIC HYPERGEOMETRIC SERIES TOSHIO OSHIMA Abstract. We examie the covergece of q-hypergeometric series whe q =. We give a coditio so that the radius of the covergece is positive ad get
More informationPell and Lucas primes
Notes o Number Theory ad Discrete Mathematics ISSN 30 532 Vol. 2, 205, No. 3, 64 69 Pell ad Lucas primes J. V. Leyedekkers ad A. G. Shao 2 Faculty of Sciece, The Uiversity of Sydey NSW 2006, Australia
More informationComparison Study of Series Approximation. and Convergence between Chebyshev. and Legendre Series
Applied Mathematical Scieces, Vol. 7, 03, o. 6, 3-337 HIKARI Ltd, www.m-hikari.com http://d.doi.org/0.988/ams.03.3430 Compariso Study of Series Approimatio ad Covergece betwee Chebyshev ad Legedre Series
More information(2) F j+2 = F J+1 + F., F ^ = 0, F Q = 1 (j = -1, 0, 1, 2, ). Editorial notes This is not our standard Fibonacci sequence.
ON THE LENGTH OF THE EUCLIDEAN ALGORITHM E. P. IV1ERKES ad DAVSD MEYERS Uiversity of Ciciati, Ciciati, Ohio Throughout this article let a ad b be itegers, a > b >. The Euclidea algorithm geerates fiite
More informationPellian sequence relationships among π, e, 2
otes o umber Theory ad Discrete Mathematics Vol. 8, 0, o., 58 6 Pellia sequece relatioships amog π, e, J. V. Leyedekkers ad A. G. Shao Faculty of Sciece, The Uiversity of Sydey Sydey, SW 006, Australia
More informationMa 530 Introduction to Power Series
Ma 530 Itroductio to Power Series Please ote that there is material o power series at Visual Calculus. Some of this material was used as part of the presetatio of the topics that follow. What is a Power
More informationThe Method of Least Squares. To understand least squares fitting of data.
The Method of Least Squares KEY WORDS Curve fittig, least square GOAL To uderstad least squares fittig of data To uderstad the least squares solutio of icosistet systems of liear equatios 1 Motivatio Curve
More informationA sequence of numbers is a function whose domain is the positive integers. We can see that the sequence
Sequeces A sequece of umbers is a fuctio whose domai is the positive itegers. We ca see that the sequece,, 2, 2, 3, 3,... is a fuctio from the positive itegers whe we write the first sequece elemet as
More informationThe z-transform. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 The z-transform Derivation of the z-transform: x[n] = z n LTI system, h[n] z = re j
The -Trasform 7. Itroductio Geeralie the complex siusoidal represetatio offered by DTFT to a represetatio of complex expoetial sigals. Obtai more geeral characteristics for discrete-time LTI systems. 7.
More informationAsymptotic Formulae for the n-th Perfect Power
3 47 6 3 Joural of Iteger Sequeces, Vol. 5 0, Article.5.5 Asymptotic Formulae for the -th Perfect Power Rafael Jakimczuk Divisió Matemática Uiversidad Nacioal de Lujá Bueos Aires Argetia jakimczu@mail.ulu.edu.ar
More informationSolutions to Problem Set 8
8.78 Solutios to Problem Set 8. We ow that ( ) ( + x) x. Now we plug i x, ω, ω ad add the three equatios. If 3 the we ll get a cotributio of + ω + ω + ω + ω 0, whereas if 3 we ll get a cotributio of +
More informationand each factor on the right is clearly greater than 1. which is a contradiction, so n must be prime.
MATH 324 Summer 200 Elemetary Number Theory Solutios to Assigmet 2 Due: Wedesday July 2, 200 Questio [p 74 #6] Show that o iteger of the form 3 + is a prime, other tha 2 = 3 + Solutio: If 3 + is a prime,
More informationObjective Mathematics
. If sum of '' terms of a sequece is give by S Tr ( )( ), the 4 5 67 r (d) 4 9 r is equal to : T. Let a, b, c be distict o-zero real umbers such that a, b, c are i harmoic progressio ad a, b, c are i arithmetic
More informationSome sufficient conditions of a given. series with rational terms converging to an irrational number or a transcdental number
Some sufficiet coditios of a give arxiv:0807.376v2 [math.nt] 8 Jul 2008 series with ratioal terms covergig to a irratioal umber or a trascdetal umber Yu Gao,Jiig Gao Shaghai Putuo college, Shaghai Jiaotog
More informationPolynomials with Rational Roots that Differ by a Non-zero Constant. Generalities
Polyomials with Ratioal Roots that Differ by a No-zero Costat Philip Gibbs The problem of fidig two polyomials P(x) ad Q(x) of a give degree i a sigle variable x that have all ratioal roots ad differ by
More informationWorksheet on Generating Functions
Worksheet o Geeratig Fuctios October 26, 205 This worksheet is adapted from otes/exercises by Nat Thiem. Derivatives of Geeratig Fuctios. If the sequece a 0, a, a 2,... has ordiary geeratig fuctio A(x,
More informationHomework 3. = k 1. Let S be a set of n elements, and let a, b, c be distinct elements of S. The number of k-subsets of S is
Homewor 3 Chapter 5 pp53: 3 40 45 Chapter 6 p85: 4 6 4 30 Use combiatorial reasoig to prove the idetity 3 3 Proof Let S be a set of elemets ad let a b c be distict elemets of S The umber of -subsets of
More informationA TYPE OF PRIMITIVE ALGEBRA*
A TYPE OF PRIMITIVE ALGEBRA* BT J. H. M. WEDDERBURN I a recet paper,t L. E. Dickso has discussed the liear associative algebra, A, defied by the relatios xy = yo(x), y = g, where 8 ( x ) is a polyomial
More informationLinear recurrence sequences and periodicity of multidimensional continued fractions
arxiv:1712.08810v1 [math.nt] 23 Dec 2017 Liear recurrece sequeces ad periodicity of multidimesioal cotiued fractios Nadir Murru Departmet of Mathematics Uiversity of Turi 10123 Turi, Italy E-mail: adir.murru@uito.it
More informationDirichlet s Theorem on Arithmetic Progressions
Dirichlet s Theorem o Arithmetic Progressios Athoy Várilly Harvard Uiversity, Cambridge, MA 0238 Itroductio Dirichlet s theorem o arithmetic progressios is a gem of umber theory. A great part of its beauty
More informationSOLVED EXAMPLES
Prelimiaries Chapter PELIMINAIES Cocept of Divisibility: A o-zero iteger t is said to be a divisor of a iteger s if there is a iteger u such that s tu I this case we write t s (i) 6 as ca be writte as
More informationJournal of Ramanujan Mathematical Society, Vol. 24, No. 2 (2009)
Joural of Ramaua Mathematical Society, Vol. 4, No. (009) 199-09. IWASAWA λ-invariants AND Γ-TRANSFORMS Aupam Saikia 1 ad Rupam Barma Abstract. I this paper we study a relatio betwee the λ-ivariats of a
More informationIn algebra one spends much time finding common denominators and thus simplifying rational expressions. For example:
74 The Method of Partial Fractios I algebra oe speds much time fidig commo deomiators ad thus simplifyig ratioal epressios For eample: + + + 6 5 + = + = = + + + + + ( )( ) 5 It may the seem odd to be watig
More informationMATH 31B: MIDTERM 2 REVIEW
MATH 3B: MIDTERM REVIEW JOE HUGHES. Evaluate x (x ) (x 3).. Partial Fractios Solutio: The umerator has degree less tha the deomiator, so we ca use partial fractios. Write x (x ) (x 3) = A x + A (x ) +
More informationSolutions to Final Exam
Solutios to Fial Exam 1. Three married couples are seated together at the couter at Moty s Blue Plate Dier, occupyig six cosecutive seats. How may arragemets are there with o wife sittig ext to her ow
More informationProof of Fermat s Last Theorem by Algebra Identities and Linear Algebra
Proof of Fermat s Last Theorem by Algebra Idetities ad Liear Algebra Javad Babaee Ragai Youg Researchers ad Elite Club, Qaemshahr Brach, Islamic Azad Uiversity, Qaemshahr, Ira Departmet of Civil Egieerig,
More informationLinear Programming and the Simplex Method
Liear Programmig ad the Simplex ethod Abstract This article is a itroductio to Liear Programmig ad usig Simplex method for solvig LP problems i primal form. What is Liear Programmig? Liear Programmig is
More information62. Power series Definition 16. (Power series) Given a sequence {c n }, the series. c n x n = c 0 + c 1 x + c 2 x 2 + c 3 x 3 +
62. Power series Defiitio 16. (Power series) Give a sequece {c }, the series c x = c 0 + c 1 x + c 2 x 2 + c 3 x 3 + is called a power series i the variable x. The umbers c are called the coefficiets of
More informationModified Decomposition Method by Adomian and. Rach for Solving Nonlinear Volterra Integro- Differential Equations
Noliear Aalysis ad Differetial Equatios, Vol. 5, 27, o. 4, 57-7 HIKARI Ltd, www.m-hikari.com https://doi.org/.2988/ade.27.62 Modified Decompositio Method by Adomia ad Rach for Solvig Noliear Volterra Itegro-
More informationIP Reference guide for integer programming formulations.
IP Referece guide for iteger programmig formulatios. by James B. Orli for 15.053 ad 15.058 This documet is iteded as a compact (or relatively compact) guide to the formulatio of iteger programs. For more
More informationOptimization Methods: Linear Programming Applications Assignment Problem 1. Module 4 Lecture Notes 3. Assignment Problem
Optimizatio Methods: Liear Programmig Applicatios Assigmet Problem Itroductio Module 4 Lecture Notes 3 Assigmet Problem I the previous lecture, we discussed about oe of the bech mark problems called trasportatio
More information6 Integers Modulo n. integer k can be written as k = qn + r, with q,r, 0 r b. So any integer.
6 Itegers Modulo I Example 2.3(e), we have defied the cogruece of two itegers a,b with respect to a modulus. Let us recall that a b (mod ) meas a b. We have proved that cogruece is a equivalece relatio
More informationM A T H F A L L CORRECTION. Algebra I 1 4 / 1 0 / U N I V E R S I T Y O F T O R O N T O
M A T H 2 4 0 F A L L 2 0 1 4 HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT #4 CORRECTION Algebra I 1 4 / 1 0 / 2 0 1 4 U N I V E R S I T Y O F T O R O N T O P r o f e s s o r : D r o r B a r - N a t a Correctio Homework Assigmet
More informationAP Calculus Chapter 9: Infinite Series
AP Calculus Chapter 9: Ifiite Series 9. Sequeces a, a 2, a 3, a 4, a 5,... Sequece: A fuctio whose domai is the set of positive itegers = 2 3 4 a = a a 2 a 3 a 4 terms of the sequece Begi with the patter
More informationThe Binomial Theorem
The Biomial Theorem Robert Marti Itroductio The Biomial Theorem is used to expad biomials, that is, brackets cosistig of two distict terms The formula for the Biomial Theorem is as follows: (a + b ( k
More information(A sequence also can be thought of as the list of function values attained for a function f :ℵ X, where f (n) = x n for n 1.) x 1 x N +k x N +4 x 3
MATH 337 Sequeces Dr. Neal, WKU Let X be a metric space with distace fuctio d. We shall defie the geeral cocept of sequece ad limit i a metric space, the apply the results i particular to some special
More informationx x x Using a second Taylor polynomial with remainder, find the best constant C so that for x 0,
Math Activity 9( Due with Fial Eam) Usig first ad secod Taylor polyomials with remaider, show that for, 8 Usig a secod Taylor polyomial with remaider, fid the best costat C so that for, C 9 The th Derivative
More informationFLC Ch 8 & 9. Evaluate. Check work. a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) l) m) n) o) 3. p) q) r) s) t) 3.
Math 100 Elemetary Algebra Sec 8.1: Radical Expressios List perfect squares ad evaluate their square root. Kow these perfect squares for test. Def The positive (pricipal) square root of x, writte x, is
More informationIn number theory we will generally be working with integers, though occasionally fractions and irrationals will come into play.
Number Theory Math 5840 otes. Sectio 1: Axioms. I umber theory we will geerally be workig with itegers, though occasioally fractios ad irratioals will come ito play. Notatio: Z deotes the set of all itegers
More information11. FINITE FIELDS. Example 1: The following tables define addition and multiplication for a field of order 4.
11. FINITE FIELDS 11.1. A Field With 4 Elemets Probably the oly fiite fields which you ll kow about at this stage are the fields of itegers modulo a prime p, deoted by Z p. But there are others. Now although
More informationGENERALIZED HARMONIC NUMBER IDENTITIES AND A RELATED MATRIX REPRESENTATION
J Korea Math Soc 44 (2007), No 2, pp 487 498 GENERALIZED HARMONIC NUMBER IDENTITIES AND A RELATED MATRIX REPRESENTATION Gi-Sag Cheo ad Moawwad E A El-Miawy Reprited from the Joural of the Korea Mathematical
More informationANSWERS SOLUTIONS iiii i. and 1. Thus, we have. i i i. i, A.
013 ΜΑΘ Natioal Covetio ANSWERS (1) C A A A B (6) B D D A B (11) C D D A A (16) D B A A C (1) D B C B C (6) D C B C C 1. We have SOLUTIONS 1 3 11 61 iiii 131161 i 013 013, C.. The powers of i cycle betwee
More informationNAME: ALGEBRA 350 BLOCK 7. Simplifying Radicals Packet PART 1: ROOTS
NAME: ALGEBRA 50 BLOCK 7 DATE: Simplifyig Radicals Packet PART 1: ROOTS READ: A square root of a umber b is a solutio of the equatio x = b. Every positive umber b has two square roots, deoted b ad b or
More informationUnit 4: Polynomial and Rational Functions
48 Uit 4: Polyomial ad Ratioal Fuctios Polyomial Fuctios A polyomial fuctio y px ( ) is a fuctio of the form p( x) ax + a x + a x +... + ax + ax+ a 1 1 1 0 where a, a 1,..., a, a1, a0are real costats ad
More informationContinued Fractions and Pell s Equation
Max Lah Joatha Spiegel May, 06 Abstract Cotiued fractios provide a useful, ad arguably more atural, way to uderstad ad represet real umbers as a alterative to decimal expasios I this paper, we eumerate
More informationThe multiplicative structure of finite field and a construction of LRC
IERG6120 Codig for Distributed Storage Systems Lecture 8-06/10/2016 The multiplicative structure of fiite field ad a costructio of LRC Lecturer: Keeth Shum Scribe: Zhouyi Hu Notatios: We use the otatio
More informationChapter 7: The z-transform. Chih-Wei Liu
Chapter 7: The -Trasform Chih-Wei Liu Outlie Itroductio The -Trasform Properties of the Regio of Covergece Properties of the -Trasform Iversio of the -Trasform The Trasfer Fuctio Causality ad Stability
More informationLINEAR RECURSION RELATIONS - LESSON FOUR SECOND-ORDER LINEAR RECURSION RELATIONS
LINEAR RECURSION RELATIONS - LESSON FOUR SECOND-ORDER LINEAR RECURSION RELATIONS BROTHER ALFRED BROUSSEAU St. Mary's College, Califoria Give a secod-order liear recursio relatio (.1) T. 1 = a T + b T 1,
More informationTR/46 OCTOBER THE ZEROS OF PARTIAL SUMS OF A MACLAURIN EXPANSION A. TALBOT
TR/46 OCTOBER 974 THE ZEROS OF PARTIAL SUMS OF A MACLAURIN EXPANSION by A. TALBOT .. Itroductio. A problem i approximatio theory o which I have recetly worked [] required for its solutio a proof that the
More informationROSE WONG. f(1) f(n) where L the average value of f(n). In this paper, we will examine averages of several different arithmetic functions.
AVERAGE VALUES OF ARITHMETIC FUNCTIONS ROSE WONG Abstract. I this paper, we will preset problems ivolvig average values of arithmetic fuctios. The arithmetic fuctios we discuss are: (1)the umber of represetatios
More informationChapter 10: Power Series
Chapter : Power Series 57 Chapter Overview: Power Series The reaso series are part of a Calculus course is that there are fuctios which caot be itegrated. All power series, though, ca be itegrated because
More informationTopics in Probability Theory and Stochastic Processes Steven R. Dunbar. Stirling s Formula Derived from the Gamma Function
Steve R. Dubar Departmet of Mathematics 23 Avery Hall Uiversity of Nebraska-Licol Licol, NE 68588-3 http://www.math.ul.edu Voice: 42-472-373 Fax: 42-472-8466 Topics i Probability Theory ad Stochastic Processes
More informationAssignment 2 Solutions SOLUTION. ϕ 1 Â = 3 ϕ 1 4i ϕ 2. The other case can be dealt with in a similar way. { ϕ 2 Â} χ = { 4i ϕ 1 3 ϕ 2 } χ.
PHYSICS 34 QUANTUM PHYSICS II (25) Assigmet 2 Solutios 1. With respect to a pair of orthoormal vectors ϕ 1 ad ϕ 2 that spa the Hilbert space H of a certai system, the operator  is defied by its actio
More informationAlgorithm Analysis. Chapter 3
Data Structures Dr Ahmed Rafat Abas Computer Sciece Dept, Faculty of Computer ad Iformatio, Zagazig Uiversity arabas@zu.edu.eg http://www.arsaliem.faculty.zu.edu.eg/ Algorithm Aalysis Chapter 3 3. Itroductio
More informationECONOMIC OPERATION OF POWER SYSTEMS
ECOOMC OEATO OF OWE SYSTEMS TOUCTO Oe of the earliest applicatios of o-lie cetralized cotrol was to provide a cetral facility, to operate ecoomically, several geeratig plats supplyig the loads of the system.
More informationarxiv: v1 [math.co] 3 Feb 2013
Cotiued Fractios of Quadratic Numbers L ubomíra Balková Araka Hrušková arxiv:0.05v [math.co] Feb 0 February 5 0 Abstract I this paper we will first summarize kow results cocerig cotiued fractios. The we
More informationThe Rand and block distances of pairs of set partitions
The Rad ad block distaces of pairs of set partitios Frak Ruskey 1 ad Jeifer Woodcock 1 Dept. of Computer Sciece, Uiversity of Victoria, CANADA Abstract. The Rad distaces of two set partitios is the umber
More informationTRIGONOMETRIC POLYNOMIALS WITH MANY REAL ZEROS AND A LITTLEWOOD-TYPE PROBLEM. Peter Borwein and Tamás Erdélyi. 1. Introduction
TRIGONOMETRIC POLYNOMIALS WITH MANY REAL ZEROS AND A LITTLEWOOD-TYPE PROBLEM Peter Borwei ad Tamás Erdélyi Abstract. We examie the size of a real trigoometric polyomial of degree at most havig at least
More informationa 3, a 4, ... are the terms of the sequence. The number a n is the nth term of the sequence, and the entire sequence is denoted by a n
60_090.qxd //0 : PM Page 59 59 CHAPTER 9 Ifiite Series Sectio 9. EXPLORATION Fidig Patters Describe a patter for each of the followig sequeces. The use your descriptio to write a formula for the th term
More informationLemma Let f(x) K[x] be a separable polynomial of degree n. Then the Galois group is a subgroup of S n, the permutations of the roots.
15 Cubics, Quartics ad Polygos It is iterestig to chase through the argumets of 14 ad see how this affects solvig polyomial equatios i specific examples We make a global assumptio that the characteristic
More information(Figure 2.9), we observe x. and we write. (b) as x, x 1. and we write. We say that the line y 0 is a horizontal asymptote of the graph of f.
The symbol for ifiity ( ) does ot represet a real umber. We use to describe the behavior of a fuctio whe the values i its domai or rage outgrow all fiite bouds. For eample, whe we say the limit of f as
More informationBangi 43600, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia (Received 12 February 2010, accepted 21 April 2010)
O Cesáro Meas of Order μ for Outer Fuctios ISSN 1749-3889 (prit), 1749-3897 (olie) Iteratioal Joural of Noliear Sciece Vol9(2010) No4,pp455-460 Maslia Darus 1, Rabha W Ibrahim 2 1,2 School of Mathematical
More informationCLOSED FORM FORMULA FOR THE NUMBER OF RESTRICTED COMPOSITIONS
Submitted to the Bulleti of the Australia Mathematical Society doi:10.1017/s... CLOSED FORM FORMULA FOR THE NUMBER OF RESTRICTED COMPOSITIONS GAŠPER JAKLIČ, VITO VITRIH ad EMIL ŽAGAR Abstract I this paper,
More informationPractice Problems: Taylor and Maclaurin Series
Practice Problems: Taylor ad Maclauri Series Aswers. a) Start by takig derivatives util a patter develops that lets you to write a geeral formula for the -th derivative. Do t simplify as you go, because
More informationMath 61CM - Solutions to homework 3
Math 6CM - Solutios to homework 3 Cédric De Groote October 2 th, 208 Problem : Let F be a field, m 0 a fixed oegative iteger ad let V = {a 0 + a x + + a m x m a 0,, a m F} be the vector space cosistig
More informationMathematics review for CSCI 303 Spring Department of Computer Science College of William & Mary Robert Michael Lewis
Mathematics review for CSCI 303 Sprig 019 Departmet of Computer Sciece College of William & Mary Robert Michael Lewis Copyright 018 019 Robert Michael Lewis Versio geerated: 13 : 00 Jauary 17, 019 Cotets
More informationRADICAL EXPRESSION. If a and x are real numbers and n is a positive integer, then x is an. n th root theorems: Example 1 Simplify
Example 1 Simplify 1.2A Radical Operatios a) 4 2 b) 16 1 2 c) 16 d) 2 e) 8 1 f) 8 What is the relatioship betwee a, b, c? What is the relatioship betwee d, e, f? If x = a, the x = = th root theorems: RADICAL
More informationMAT1026 Calculus II Basic Convergence Tests for Series
MAT026 Calculus II Basic Covergece Tests for Series Egi MERMUT 202.03.08 Dokuz Eylül Uiversity Faculty of Sciece Departmet of Mathematics İzmir/TURKEY Cotets Mootoe Covergece Theorem 2 2 Series of Real
More informationSeptember 2012 C1 Note. C1 Notes (Edexcel) Copyright - For AS, A2 notes and IGCSE / GCSE worksheets 1
September 0 s (Edecel) Copyright www.pgmaths.co.uk - For AS, A otes ad IGCSE / GCSE worksheets September 0 Copyright www.pgmaths.co.uk - For AS, A otes ad IGCSE / GCSE worksheets September 0 Copyright
More informationJ.E. Bergner and C.D. Walker]Julia E. Bergner and Christopher D. Walker
Mathematical Assoc. of America College Mathematics Joural 45: October 7, 203 4:5 p.m. GpdEFracCMJ.tex page J.E. Berger ad C.D. Walker]Julia E. Berger ad Christopher D. Walker VOL. 45, NO., JANUARY 204
More informationInteger Linear Programming
Iteger Liear Programmig Itroductio Iteger L P problem (P) Mi = s. t. a = b i =,, m = i i 0, iteger =,, c Eemple Mi z = 5 s. t. + 0 0, 0, iteger F(P) = feasible domai of P Itroductio Iteger L P problem
More informationContinued Fractions of Different Quotients
Iteratioal Joural of Scietific ad Iovative Mathematical Research (IJSIMR) Volume, Issue, 0, PP 0- ISSN -0X (Prit) & ISSN - (Olie) OI: http://dx.doi.org/0.0/-.000 www.arcjourals.org otiued ractios of ifferet
More information