Superconducting Fault Current Limiters

Transcription

1 Superconducting Fault Current Limiters Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mathias Noe, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute for Technical Physics EASITrain Summer School,, September 3rd-7th 2018, Vienna KIT-ENERGY CENTRE KIT The research University in the Helmholtz Association

2 Table of Contents Motivation Basic Principles Design Example State-of-the-Art Summary 2 M. Noe, EASITrain Summer School 2018, Vienna Fault Current Limiters

3 It is impossible to avoid short-cicuit currents 3 M. Noe, EASITrain Summer School 2018, Vienna Fault Current Limiters

4 Superconducting Fault Current Limiters Short-Circuit Limitation Compromise in power systems High short-circuit capacity during normal operation (low short-circuit impedance) Low short-circuit capacity during fault conditions (high short-circuit impedance) - Low voltage drops - High power quality - High steady-state and transient stability - Low system pertubations Optimal solution FCL/SCFCL - Low impedance during normal operation - Fast and effective current limitation - Automatic and fast recovery - Low thermal and mechanical strain - Reduced breaker capacity 4 M. Noe, EASITrain Summer School 2018, Vienna Fault Current Limiters

5 Conventional Measures to limit short-circuit currents Low Voltage < 1 kv Medium Voltage High Voltage > 100 kv Introduction of a higher voltage level applied applied applied Topological measures Splitting of busbars Choose or upgrade to higher voltage no applied applied no applied applied High impedance transformers no applied applied Apparatus Current limiting air coil reactors applied applied applied measures Fuses applied applied no I S -Limiter no applied no SCFCL?? applied yes 5 M. Noe, EASITrain Summer School 2018, Vienna Fault Current Limiters

6 Table of Contents Motivation Basic Principles Design Example State-of-the-Art Summary Your questions are welcome any time 6 M. Noe, EASITrain Summer School 2018, Vienna Fault Current Limiters

7 Load Superconducting Fault Current Limiters Different types Resistive type Current leads Electric circuit SCFCL R p HTS Module i ac L Q Switch LN 2 Cryostat R Q R SC J Simple concept J fail safe U 0 J compact, low weight L Current leads to low temp. 7 M. Noe, EASITrain Summer School 2018, Vienna Fault Current Limiters

8 Load Superconducting Fault Current Limiters Different types DC biased iron core saturated iron core Electric circuit L 1 L 2 L Q SCFCL i AC v L1 v L2 B Grid B Grid C 1 B sat R Q i DC1 i DC2 J no SC quench U 0 J immediate recovery J adjustable trigger current L High volume and weight L High impedance at normal op. 8 M. Noe, EASITrain Summer School 2018, Vienna Fault Current Limiters

9 Laod Superconducting Fault Current Limiters DC biased iron core / Saturated Iron Core Iron core characteristic Electric circuit L 1 db dh 1 1 H 1 L Q SCFCL i AC v L1 v L2 B 1 H 1 C 1 R Q U 0 H 2 B 2 H 2 db2 L2 dh2 9 M. Noe, EASITrain Summer School 2018, Vienna Fault Current Limiters

10 Load Superconducting Fault Current Limiters DC biased iron core / Saturated Iron Core Iron core characteristic Electric circuit L 1 db dh 1 1 H DC1 H 1 L Q SCFCL i AC v L1 v L2 B 1 H 1 C 1 U 0 i ac R Q i DC1 i DC2 U 0 H 2 B 2 t H 2 H DC2 db2 L2 dh2 10 M. Noe, EASITrain Summer School 2018, Vienna Fault Current Limiters

11 Load Superconducting Fault Current Limiters DC biased iron core / Saturated Iron Core Iron core characteristic Electric circuit L 1 db dh 1 1 H DC1 H 1 L Q SCFCL i AC v L1 v L2 B 1 H 1 C 1 U 0 i ac v V V 1 2 L L 1 2 di ac dt R Q U 0 i DC1 i DC2 H 2 B 2 t H 2 H DC2 db2 L2 dh2 11 M. Noe, EASITrain Summer School 2018, Vienna Fault Current Limiters

12 Load Superconducting Fault Current Limiters Different types Shielded iron core Inductive Electric scheme SCFCL Cu coil HTS coil Iron core R Q L Q i p R 1 i 2 L 1 L 2 M U 0 R SC J No current leads to low temp. J Fail safe L High volume L High weight and many more H Magnetic field r k r sc r 1 i p =i s i p =I C /w i p =i r r 12 M. Noe, EASITrain Summer School 2018, Vienna Fault Current Limiters

13 Table of Contents Motivation Basic Principles Design Example State-of-the-Art Summary 13 M. Noe, EASITrain Summer School 2018, Vienna Fault Current Limiters

14 Superconducting Fault Current Limiters How to design a resistive fault current limiter? 1.4 Ohm Source: Noe, M, Hobl, A, Tixador, P, Martini, L, Dutoit, B,Conceptual design of a 24 kv, 1 ka resistive superconducting fault current limiter, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 22, 3, , M. Noe, EASITrain Summer School 2018, Vienna Fault Current Limiters

15 Superconducting Fault Current Limiters How to design a resistive fault current limiter? 1.4 Ohm Nominal voltage Nominal current AC withstand voltage Lightning impulse Max. prospective current (peak) Limitation time Max. short-circuit current cont. (RMS) Recovery time 24 kv 1005 A 50 kv 125 kv 10.8 ka 120 ms 4 ka < 30 s 15 M. Noe, EASITrain Summer School 2018, Vienna Fault Current Limiters

16 Superconducting fault current limiters How much superconducting wire is needed? How many tapes in parallel? n p 2I I c r A 275A 5.16 Assumption 2011 for 10mm wide YBCO tape at 77K, sf What is the total tape length? 1) What is the total voltage along the tape during limiation? 24kV U RMS 4kA kV lim, 3 2) Do not overheat the tape during limitation? For a electrical field of 0,43 V/cm the temperature during limitation time of 120 ms can be kept below 360 K. l SC 190m m 16 M. Noe, EASITrain Summer School 2018, Vienna Fault Current Limiters

17 Superconducting fault current limiters Which configuration for the HTS? A Straight line B Bifilar straight C Monofilar coil D Bifilar coil 17 M. Noe, EASITrain Summer School 2018, Vienna Fault Current Limiters

18 Superconducting fault current limiters How to calculate the total loss? Current lead loss? 45 W/kA for uncooled and optimized copper current lead from 300 K to 77 K 45 W/kA * 1 ka *6=270 W at nominal current 18 M. Noe, EASITrain Summer School 2018, Vienna Fault Current Limiters

19 Superconducting fault current limiters How to calculate the total loss? Loss of the cyrostat? P=120 W Three LN2 vessels in one vacuum vessel. 19 M. Noe, EASITrain Summer School 2018, Vienna Fault Current Limiters

20 Superconducting fault current limiters How to calculate the total loss? AC loss of the superconductor? 2a é ê 2 2 P = f m 0 I c ê êpa 2 ê ë D Clem 2008 PRB a sinh 2 p x pc ì ò ( a- x) tanh -1 D -sinh2 D dx+ d ï í c sinh 2 pa pc 12a 1- c a + 8 ï p 3 a D -sinh2 D îï c ò 0 é ê êtan -1 ê ëê sinh 2 pa pc ù üù D -sinh2 ú D ï ú údx ýú sinh 2 pc p x ú ïú D -sinh2 D ûú þï ú û 20 M. Noe, EASITrain Summer School 2018, Vienna Fault Current Limiters

21 Superconducting fault current limiters How to calculate the total loss? Summary of total loss 21 M. Noe, EASITrain Summer School 2018, Vienna Fault Current Limiters

22 Superconducting fault current limiters Which cooling option? A B C D 22 M. Noe, EASITrain Summer School 2018, Vienna Fault Current Limiters

23 Table of Contents Motivation Basic Principles Design Example State-of-the-Art Summary Your questions are welcome any time 23 M. Noe, EASITrain Summer School 2018, Vienna Fault Current Limiters

24 Superconducting fault current limiters Major projects on resistive type SFCL Lead Company Year/Country 1) Data 2) Phase Superconductor ACCEL/NexansSC D / kv, 600 A 3-ph. Bi 2212 bulk CESI RICERCA Italy / kv, 220 A 3-ph. Bi 2223 tape Siemens / AMSC D / USA / kv, 300 A 1-ph. YBCO tape LSIS Korea / kv, 630A 3-ph. YBCO tape Hyundai / AMSC Korea / kv, 630 A 1-ph. YBCO tape KEPRI Korea / kv, 630 A 3-ph. Bi 2212 bulk Toshiba J / kv, 72 A 3-ph. YBCO tape Nexans SC D / kv, 100 A 3-ph. Bi 2212 bulk Nexans SC D / kv, 800 A 3-ph. Bi 2212 bulk RSE I / kv, 250 A 3-ph. Bi 2223 tape RSE I / kv, 1 ka 3-ph. YBCO tape KEPRI Korea / kv, 3 ka 3-ph. YBCO tape Nexans SC D / kv, 800 A 3-ph. YBCO tape AMSC / Siemens USA / D / kv, 1.2 ka 3-ph. YBCO tape Rolls Royce UK / kv, 400 A 3-ph. MgB 2 wire Nexans SC D/ kv, 2.4 ka 3-ph. YBCO tape Nexans SC EU kv, 1 ka 3-ph. YBCO tape Applied Materiaks US / kv / 1kA 3-ph. YBCO tape Nexans SC UK/ kv/1.6 ka 3-ph. YBCO tape Applied Materials US / kv 3-ph. YBCO tape Plus more Projects in Russia, China, India 24 M. Noe, EASITrain Summer School 2018, Vienna Fault Current Limiters

25 Superconducting Fault Current Limiters State-of-the-Art Nexans Siemens Applied Materials Resistive type, YBCO 12 kv, 1600 A Installed 11/2015 Resistive type, YBCO 12 kv, 815 A Installed 3/2016 Resistive type, YBCO 115 kv, 550 A Installed 7/ M. Noe, EASITrain Summer School 2018, Vienna Fault Current Limiters

26 Superconducting fault current limiters Recent installation 12 kv, 1600 A resistive FCL installed in busbar at Western Power Distribution, Chester Street, Birmingham, since End 2015 SSB Quelle: Nexans Bemessungsspannung 12 kv Bemessungsstrom 1600 A Begrenzter Strom < 20 ka 26 M. Noe, EASITrain Summer School 2018, Vienna Fault Current Limiters

27 Superconducting fault current limiters Applications 1 FCL FCL Sub-transm. Network (e.g. 110 kv) FCL 4 2 Transmission network (e.g. 380 kv) 3 FCL FCL Sub-transm. Network (e.g. 110 kv) 9 9 FCL 5 FCL Sub-transm. Network (e.g. 110 kv) 1 Generator feeder 2 Power station auxiliaries 3 Network coupling 4,5 Bus tie 6 Shunting current limiting reactor 7 Transformer feeder 8 Outgoing feeder 9 Combination with SC cables 10 Coupling local generating units 11 Closing ring circuits 6 FCL FCL 7 FCL 8 11 FCL 10 Source: Noe, M.; Oswald, B.R., Technical and economical benefits of superconducting fault current limiters in power systems, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercon. Vol. 9/2, June 1999, pp FCL 27 M. Noe, EASITrain Summer School 2018, Vienna Fault Current Limiters

28 Superconducting Air Core Fault Current Limiters R&D Example 28 M. Noe, EASITrain Summer School 2018, Vienna Fault Current Limiters

29 Superconducting Air Core Fault Current Limiters R&D Example Electrical Equivalent Circuit 29 M. Noe, EASITrain Summer School 2018, Vienna Fault Current Limiters

30 Superconducting Air Core Fault Current Limiters R&D Example Magnetic field distribution in case of (A) the air core reactor and (B) the AC-SFCL during normal operation 30 M. Noe, EASITrain Summer School 2018, Vienna Fault Current Limiters

31 Superconducting Air Core Fault Current Limiters R&D Example Objectives Built and test a single phase 10 kv, 600 A air coil SFCL Project partners Siemens, KIT 31 M. Noe, EASITrain Summer School 2018, Vienna Fault Current Limiters

32 Table of Contents Motivation Basic Principles Design Example State-of-the-Art Summary 32 M. Noe, EASITrain Summer School 2018, Vienna Fault Current Limiters

33 Superconducting Fault Current Limiters Research Directions Develop compact and inexpensive medium voltage SCFCLs Develop high voltage SCFCL prototypes and first field installations Demonstrate and improve reliability with long term tests Develop tests standards IEEE test guide for FCLs available Show value proposition and educate costumer Some manufacturers offer commercial applications. 33 M. Noe, EASITrain Summer School 2018, Vienna Fault Current Limiters

34 Status of Superconducting Fault Current Limiters o Successful field installations up to 220 kv for different types. o A few companies started to offer first products. o An IEEE test guide has been published. 34 M. Noe, EASITrain Summer School 2018, Vienna Fault Current Limiters