Electricity. What is electricity?

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1 Words attract = pull towards an object back and forth = to go in one direction and then in the other balanced = the same as stable carbon = a chemical material that is in coal or petrol. It is in its purest form in diamonds charge =the electricity that is put into an object,like a battery, to give it power copper = a soft red and brown metal that lets electricity and heat pass through easily cord =cable current = a flow of electricity through a piece of metal flow = to move in place = where they are liquid =fluid, watery object pan = a round metal container that you use for cooking particle = a very small part of an atom pass through = go through plug in =to connect an electrical object to the electricity supply of a house safety =security, protection scientist =a person who is trained in science socket =a place in a wall where you can connect an electrical object to the main supply of electricity spin = to turn around something very quickly steel = a strong metal that can be formed What is electricity? Everything is made up of atoms. Each one of them has three particles : protons, neutrons and electrons. Electrons spin around the centre of an atom. They have a negative charge. Protons, which are in the centre of atoms, have a positive charge. Normally, an atom has as many protons as it has electrons. It is stable or balanced. Carbon, for example has six protons and six electrons. Scientists can make electrons travel from one atom to another. An atom that loses electrons is positively charged, an atom that gets more electrons is negatively charged. is created when electrons move between atoms. Positive atoms look for free negative electrons and attract them, so that they can be balanced. Conductors and Insulators A toaster has a rubber cord connected to it. You can plug it into the socket and you won t get hurt touch a hot pan or plug in a TV set. Electric Current can pass through some objects better than through others. Conductors are materials through which electrons can travel more freely. Copper, aluminium, steel and other metals are good conductors. So are some liquids like saltwater. Insulators are materials in which electrons cannot move around. They stay in place. Glass, rubber, plastic or dry wood are good insulators. They are important for your safety, because without them, you couldn t When electrons move through a conductor an electric current is created. A current that always flows in one direction is called a direct current (DC). A battery for example, produces a direct current. A current that flows back and forth is called an alternating current (AC).

2 2 bump = a small area that is higher than the rest charge =the electricity that is put into an object,like a battery, to give it power circuit =the complete circle that an electric current travels connect = join convert = change Words current = a flow of electricity through a piece of metal device = machine or a tool that does something special friction = when you rub something against something else it gets hot fuse = a short piece of wire inside a machine which stops the electricity when there is too much power light bulb = a glass object that is inside a lamp. It produces light keep = remain, stay liquid =fluid, something watery paste = sticky Stuff, like glue resistance =material that stops electricity going through it source = the place you get something from switch = an object that starts or stops the flow of electricity when you press it wire = a very thin piece of metal in which electricity can pass through How batteries work A battery has liquid or paste in it that helps it produce electric charges. The flat end of the battery has a negative charge and the end with the bump has a positive charge. When you link a wire between both ends a current flows. When the current passes through a light bulb electric energy is converted into light. The chemicals in the battery keep the ends charged and the battery going. As times passes, the chemical becomes weaker and weaker and the battery cannot produce any more energy. Electric Circuits Electrons cannot jump freely through the air to a positively charged atom. They need a circuit to move. When a source of energy, like a battery, is connected to a light bulb the electrons can move from the battery to the light bulb and back again. We call this an electric circuit. Sometimes there are many circuits in an electrical device that make it work. A TV set or a computer may have millions of parts that are connected to each other in different ways. You can stop the current from flowing by putting a switch into the circuit. You can open the circuit and stop electrons from moving. A piece of metal or wire can also be used to produce heat. When an electrical current passes through such metal it can be slowed down by resistance. This causes friction and makes the wires hot. That s why you can toast your bread in a toaster or dry your hair with warm air from a hairdryer. In some cases wires can become too hot if too many electrons flow through them. Special switches,called fuses, protect the wiring in many buildings. wiring =the network of wires in a house or building

3 3 Words blade =a flat part of an object that pushes against water coil =a wire that goes around an object in a circle and produces light or heat when electricity passes through current = a flow of electricity through a piece of metal decrease = to become smaller distribution lines =wires or cables that transport electricity equal = the same as high voltage =a high electrical force increase = to become bigger measured =the unit of something power line = a large wire that carries electricity above or under the ground rotate = to go around steam = the white gas that water produces when you make it hot steam engine = an engine or motor that works with steam power transform = change transformer = a machine that changes electricity from one voltage to another turbine = a motor that moves a special wheel around voltage =an electrical force measured in volts How electricity is produced Generators are used to transform mechanical energy into electrical energy. A magnet rotates inside a coil of wire. When the magnet moves, an electric current is produced in the wire. Most power stations use turbines to make the generator rotate. Water is heated to make steam, which pushes the blades of the turbine. Gas, oil or coal can be used to heat the water. Some countries build power stations on rivers, where the moving water pushes the turbine blades. How electricity is measured is measured in watts, named after James Watt who invented the steam engine. It would take about 750 watts to equal one horsepower. A kilowatt-hour is the energy of,000 watts that work for one hour. If, for example, you use a 00-watt light bulb for 0 hours you have used kilowatt of electricity. How electricity is transported The electricity produced by a generator travels along cables to a transformer that changes the voltage of electricity. Power lines carry the high-voltage electricity over very long distances. When it reaches your home town another transformer lowers the voltage and smaller power lines bring it to homes, offices and factories. Power lines transport electricity over long distances Power plant produces electricity Distribution lines carry electricity to your house Transformer increases voltage for transportation Transformer decreases voltage for houses.

4 4 Static Current happens when there is a build -up of electrons happens when electrons flow freely between objects it stays in one place and then jumps to an object it does not need a closed circuit to flow it is the kind of electricity you feel when you rub your pullover against an object or when you drag your feet over a carpet. lightning is a form of static electricity it needs a conductor something in which it can flow, like a wire. current electricity needs a closed circuit it is in many electrical appliances in our homes - toasters, TV sets, computers. a battery is a form of current electricity Electrical safety It is important to understand why and how you can protect yourself from electrical injuries. Electric shock occurs when an electric current passes through your body. It can lead to heart failure and can damage other parts of your body. It can also burn your skin and other body tissues. A very weak electrical object, like a battery, cannot do any harm to you, but inside the house you have devices and machines that use 220 volts. Most machines in your house have safety features to protect you. It something goes wrong, a special wire leads the electricity to the ground where nothing can happen. There are also electrical dangers outside your house. Trees that touch power lines can be dangerous. Lightning has more than enough electricity to kill a person. If you get caught in a thunderstorm stay away from open fields and high places. One of the safest places is your car, because lightning will only hit the outside metal of the car. Words appliance = an electrical machine that you normally use in the house, like a cooker or a washing machine build-up = increase closed circuit =a closed circle that electricity travels through current = a flow of electricity through a piece of metal device = machine or a tool that does something special drag = pull injury =if you hurt yourself heart failure = when your heart stops beating lightning =a powerful flash of light in the sky, during a thunderstorm power line = a large wire that carries electricity above or under the ground occur = happen safety feature =things in machines or electric objects that protect you from being hurt tissue =the material that forms animal or plant cells

5 5 Answer the questions!. What are the three parts of an atom? What are electrons? 3. When is electricity created? 4. What are conductors? 5. What are insulators? 6. Which two kinds of currents are there? 2 7. Why do you need a circuit to make a light bulb work? 8. How can you stop a current from flowing? 9. How can electrons be slowed down? 0. Why do we need fuses?. How does a battery work? 2. How does a generator make electricity? 3. What makes a generator rotate? 4. How do power stations produce steam to make electricity? 5. How is electricity measured? 6. One horsepower is about 7. What must happen before electricity can be transported over long distances? 8. How can you protect yourself in a thunderstorm?

6 6 How is electricity transported? Fill in the boxes! What is the difference between static and current electricity? Static Current

7 7 True or False? Electrons are negatively charged particles of an atom. Copper is a good conductor. A battery has two positive charges. Current electricity needs a closed circuit.,000 watts are the same as one horsepower. An electric current can be slowed down by resistance. You can stop a current by putting a fuse into the circuit. Generators are used to transform light into heat. One of the safest places during a thunderstorm is your car. Normally, an atom has as many protons as it has electrons. Low voltage power lines carry electricity over long distances. Some countries use water to push turbine blades. Put the words from the box into the text! conductors copper is created when move between atoms. atoms look for free electrons and attract them. are used as materials that let electrons freely. Good materials are and other. are materials that are important for our. Without them we couldn t a hot pan or in a toaster. electrons insulators metals negative plug positive safety touch travel

8 8 Put the name of these objects into the box and put a cross next to the ones that need electricity from a socket (=Steckdose) to work? chainsaw iron lawn mower stove coffee machine torch camera telephone calculator vacuum cleaner

9 9 Find 4 words in the puzzle () that have to do with electricity and finish the world list at the bottom of the page! N B V P P J V B M J H F W K F T B T E L S O C K E T M Z O X Q P Z F U D U J V I Y Y O N H E L E C T R O N T F A S F U T D I L G R C J J W M B U Y W X N G W E C V H T M Q S H I O O Y H N V O L T A G E D R E M P D T R A N S F O R M E R R Y V X N B B D W E B Y G I Z S X S Z I Q X U I A L L E E A H P V I N E D C T B T I M U B Q E P B G V B T C W R T J A C V U P G I P E O H S Y R I F A Q W F E T R R R K H B H A Y L Z W N I Y D D S N L D G R R J F L J B _ Y C E C _ R C D C _ T E N F E L _ G S T S H T _ R V _ E W T W E

10 0 Answer Key N B V P P J V B M J H F W K F T B T E L S O C K E T M Z O X Q P Z F U D U J V I Y Y O N H E L E C T R O N T F A S F U T D I L G R C J J W M B U Y W X N G W E C V H T M Q S H I O O Y H N V O L T A G E D R E M P D T R A N S F O R M E R R Y V X N B B D W E B Y G I Z S X S Z I Q X U I A L L E E A H P V I N E D C T B T I M U B Q E P B G V B T C W R T J A C V U P G I P E O H S Y R I F A Q W F E T R R R K H B H A Y L Z W N I Y D D S N L D G R R J F L J battery charge conductor cord current electron fuse lightning socket switch transformer voltage watt wire

11 Across Across Down Down 2. stable 3. a soft red and brown metal that 2. stable 3. a soft red and lets brown electricity metal pass that through lets electricity easily pass through 6. a very thin piece of metal in easily which electricity can pass 6. a very thin piece through of metal in which electricity 7. when can you rub pass something against through something else 7. when you rub 9. a something motor that moves against a special something else wheel around 0. the place you get something 9. a motor that moves a special from wheel around 3. the white gas that is produced 0. the place you when get something you heat up water from 4. material through which 3. the white gas electrons that is can produced travel freely 5. an electrical machine that you when you heat up water normally use in a house 4. material through which electrons can travel freely 5. an electrical machine that you. a negatively charged part of an. a atom negatively charged part of an 4. atom an object that starts or stops the 4. an flow object of electricity that when starts you or press stops the it flow of electricity when you press 5. a flow of electricity through a itpiece of metal a material flow of in electricity which electrons through cannot a piece move of around metal 8.. material a glass object in which that produces electrons light cannot move inside around a lamp (2 words) 2. to become bigger. a glass object that produces light inside a lamp (2 words) 2. to become bigger

12 2 Answer Key E B A L A N C E D E C O P P E R S C T W I R E U F R I C T I O N I R O N T T U R B I N E S O U R C E E U H N L L I S T E A M I A N 8 2 G T C H O R C O N D U C T O R E B A U S A P P L I A N C E B 4 6 Across Down 2. stable 3. a soft red and brown metal that lets electricity pass through easily 6. a very thin piece of metal in which electricity can pass through 7. when you rub something against something else 9. a motor that moves a special. a negatively charged part of an atom 4. an object that starts or stops the flow of electricity when you press it 5. a flow of electricity through a piece of metal 8. material in which electrons cannot move around. a glass object that produces light

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