FLUID FLOW FOR THE PRACTICING CHEMICAL ENGINEER

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1 FLUID FLOW FOR THE PRACTICING CHEMICAL ENGINEER J. Patrick Abulencia Louis Theodore WILEY A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION

2 PREFACE INTRODUCTION xvii xix I INTRODUCTION TO FLUID FLOW 1 II History of Chemical Engineering Fluid Flow Introduction / Fluid Flow / Chemical Engineering / 4 References / 6 2 Units and Dimensional Analysis Introduction / Units and Dimensional Consistency / Dimensional Analysis / Buckingham Pi (if) Theorem / Scale-Up and Similarity / 17 References /18 3 Key Terms and Definitions Introduction / Fluids / Definitions / Temperature / 20 VII

3 3.2.2 Pressure / Density / Viscosity / Surface Tension: Capillary Rise / Newton's Law / Kinetic Energy / Potential Energy / 29 References / 30 Transport Phenomena Versus Unit Operations 4.1 Introduction / The Differences / What is Engineering? / 34 References / 35 Newtonian Fluids 5.1 Introduction / Newton's Law of Viscosity / Viscosity Measurements / Microscopic Approach / 46 References / 48 Non-Newtonian Flow 6.1 Introduction / Classification of Non-Newtonian Fluids / Non-Newtonian Fluids: Shear Stress / Microscopic Approach / Flow in Tubes / Flow Between Parallel Plates / Other Flow Geometries / 57 References / 57 BASIC LAWS Conservation Law for Mass 7.1 Introduction / Conservation of Mass / 61

4 IX 7.3 Microscopic Approach / 69 References / 70 8 Conservation Law for Energy Introduction / Conservation of Energy / Total Energy Balance Equation / The Mechanical Energy Balance Equation / The Bernoulli Equation / 79 References / 83 9 Conservation Law for Momentum Momentum Balances / Microscopic Approach: Equation of Momentum Transfer / 90 References / Law of Hydrostatics Introduction / Pressure Principles / Buoyancy Effects; Archimedes'Law / Manometry Principles /105 Reference / Ideal Gas Law Introduction / Boyle's and Charles'Laws / The Ideal Gas Law / Non-Ideal Gas Behavior / 116 References / 119 FLUID FLOW CLASSIFICATION Flow Mechanisms Introduction / The Reynolds Number / Strain Rate, Shear Rate, and Velocity Profile / 126

5 X CONTENTS 12.4 Velocity Profile and Average Velocity / 127 Reference / Laminar Flow in Pipes Introduction / Friction Losses / Tube Size / Other Considerations / Microscopic Approach / 142 References / Turbulent Flow in Pipes Introduction / Describing Equations / Relative Roughness in Pipes / Friction Factor Equations / Other Considerations / Flow Through Several Pipes / General Predictive and Design Approaches / Microscopic Approach / 162 References / Compressible and Sonic Flow Introduction / Compressible Flow / Sonic Flow / Pressure Drop Equations / Isothermal Flow /171 References / Two-Phase Flow Introduction / Gas (G)-Liquid (L) Flow Principles: Generalized Approach / Gas (Turbulent) Flow-Liquid (Turbulent) Flow / Gas (Turbulent) Flow-Liquid (Viscous) Flow / Gas (Viscous) Flow-Liquid (Viscous) Flow / Gas-Solid Flow / Introduction / Solids Motion / Pressure Drop / 190

6 XI Design Procedure / Pressure Drop Reduction in Gas Flow / 191 References / 192 IV FLUID FLOW TRANSPORT AND APPLICATIONS Prime Movers Introduction / Fans / Pumps / Parallel Pumps / Compressors / 216 References / Valves and Fittings Valves / Fittings / Expansion and Contraction Effects / Calculating Losses of Valves and Fittings / Fluid Flow Experiment: Data and Calculations / 234 References / Flow Measurement Introduction / Manometry and Pressure Measurements / PitotTube / Venturi Meter / Orifice Meter / Selection Process / 260 Reference / Ventilation Introduction / Indoor Air Quality / Indoor Air/Ambient Air Comparison / Industrial Ventilation Systems / 266 References /278

7 XII CONTENTS 21 Academic Applications 279 References / Industrial Applications 297 References / 318 V FLUID-PARTICLE APPLICATIONS Particle Dynamics Introduction / Particle Classification and Measurement / Drag Force / Particle Force Balance / Cunningham Correction Factor / Liquid-Particle Systems / Drag on a Flat Plate / 343 References / Sedimentation, Centrifugation, Flotation Sedimentation / Centrifugation / Hydrostatic Equilibrium in Centrifugation / Flotation / 359 References / Porous Media and Packed Beds Introduction / Definitions / Flow Regimes / 370 References / Fluidization Introduction / Fixed Beds / Permeability / Minimum Fluidization Velocity / 385

8 XÜi 26.5 Bed Height, Pressure Drop and Porosity / Fluidization Modes / Fluidization Experiment Data and Calculations / 396 References / Filtration Introduction / Filtration Equipment / Describing Equations / Compressible Cakes / Filtration Experimental Data and Calculations / 420 References / 422 VI SPECIAL TOPICS Environmental Management Introduction / Environmental Management History / Recent Environmental History / Environmental Management Topics / Applications / 430 References / Accident and Emergency Management Introduction / Legislation / Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) / Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA) / Health Risk Assessment / Risk Evaluation Process for Health / Hazard Risk Assessment / Risk Evaluation Process for Accidents / Illustrative Examples / 454 References / 462

9 XJV CONTENTS 30 Ethics Introduction / Teaching Ethics / Case Study Approach / Integrity / Moral Issues / Guardianship / Engineering and Environmental Ethics / Applications / 476 References / Numerical Methods Introduction / Early History / Simultaneous Linear Algebraic Equations / Gauss-Jordan Reduction / Gauss Elimination / Gauss-Seidel / Nonlinear Algebraic Equations / Numerical Integration / Trapezoidal Rule / Simpson's Rule / 496 References / Economics and Finance Introduction / The Need for Economic Analyses / Definitions / Simple Interest / Compound Interest / Present Worth / Evaluation of Sums of Money / Depreciation / Fabricated Equipment Cost Index / Capital Recovery Factor / Present Net Worth / Perpetual Life / Break-Even Point / Approximate Rate of Return / 505

10 XV Exact Rate of Return / Bonds / Incremental Cost / Principles of Accounting / Applications / 509 References / Biomedical Engineering Introduction / Definitions / Blood / Bloodvessels / Heart / Plasma/Cell Flow / Biomedical Engineering Opportunities / 537 References / Open-Ended Problems Introduction / Developing Students' Power of Critical Thinking / Creativity / Brainstorming / Inquiring Minds / Angels on a Pin / Applications / 546 References / 551 APPENDIX 553 INDEX 573 NOTE Additional Problems for each chapter are available for all readers at Follow links for this title. The above Problems may be used for training and/or homework purposes. Solutions to these Problems plus 10 exams with solutions (5 for each year or semester) are available to those who adopt the text for instructional purposes. A PowerPoint presentation covering all chapters is also available. Visit for details; follow links for this title.

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