Hydraulic Engineering
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1 PDHonline Course H146 (4 PDH) Hydraulic Engineering Instructor: Mohamed Elsanabary, Ph.D., Prov. Lic. Engineering PDH Online PDH Center 5272 Meadow Estates Drive Fairfax, VA Phone & Fax: An Approved Continuing Education Provider
2 Hydraulic Engineering Session 1 By Dr. Mohamed Helmy Elsanabary Mohamed Elsanabary, Ph.D. Page 1 of 45
3 Session Goals Mohamed Elsanabary, Ph.D. Page 2 of 45
4 Dimensions and Units Primary Dimensions: Mohamed Elsanabary, Ph.D. Page 3 of 45
5 Dimensional Homogeneity Law of dimensional homogeneity (DH): every additive term in an equation must have the same dimensions Example: Bernoulli equation Mohamed Elsanabary, Ph.D. Page 4 of 45
6 Non dimensionalization of Equations Given the law of DH, if we divide each term in the equation by a collection of variables and constants that have the same dimensions, the equation is rendered non dimensional In the process of non dimensionalizing an equation, non dimensional parameters often appear, e.g., Reynolds number and Froude number Mohamed Elsanabary, Ph.D. Page 5 of 45
7 Non dimensionalization of Equations To non dimensionalize, for example, the Bernoulli equation, the first step is to list primary dimensions of all dimensional variables and constants Mohamed Elsanabary, Ph.D. Page 6 of 45
8 Non dimensionalization of Equations By inspection, non dimensionalize all variables with scaling parameters Back substitute p, ρ, V, g, z into dimensional equation Mohamed Elsanabary, Ph.D. Page 7 of 45
9 Non dimensionalization of Equations Mohamed Elsanabary, Ph.D. Page 8 of 45
10 Buckingham π Theorem m number of independent variables or physical parameters, which contain n number of primary dimensions (L, M, T), can form π i independent, non dimensional groups L (length) M (mass) T (time) Mohamed Elsanabary, Ph.D. Page 9 of 45
11 Buckingham π Theorem In order to obtain the dimensionless groups πi, select some repeating variables r that contain some primary dimensions (L, M, T) but do not form dimensionless groups The π i parameters are formed by combining each of the remaining m r parameters with the repeating variables: π i =m r Mohamed Elsanabary, Ph.D. Page 10 of 45
12 Buckingham π Theorem For most problems r = n (# of primary dimensions) Insomecases r < n Occurs when repeating parameters (r) are dependent on other variables (i.e., they are a combination of other repeating parameters) Mohamed Elsanabary, Ph.D. Page 11 of 45
13 Flow Past Cylinder Generally the unsteady force induced by the flow on the cylinder is a function of F, V, μ, ρ, D, t : Notice that there are 6 independent variables, all in dimensional form By means of dimensional analysis (Buckingham π Theorem), the dependence between the variables is reduced to 3: Thierry Dugnolle Mohamed Elsanabary, Ph.D. Page 12 of 45
14 Flow Past Cylinder Mohamed Elsanabary, Ph.D. Page 13 of 45
15 Example F L = 0 because of symmetry F D = f(u,d,r,m) To carry out a set of experiments to characterize the drag forces on spheres, one need to vary four parameters independently: U,D,r,m. It is very time consuming and the resulting data set will be difficult to analyze Some kinds of scaling are needed to apply the wind tunnel testing data to a real flow problem. Mohamed Elsanabary, Ph.D. Page 14 of 45
16 Example F L = 0 because of symmetry F D = f(u,d,r,m) To carry out a set of experiments to characterize the drag forces on spheres, one need to vary four parameters independently: U,D,r,m. It is very time consuming and the resulting data set will be difficult to analyze Some kinds of scaling are needed to apply the wind tunnel testing data to a real flow problem. Mohamed Elsanabary, Ph.D. Page 15 of 45
17 Example Step 1: Identify number of independent variables or physical parameters F, V, μ, ρ, D, t m = 6 Step2: Identifynumber number ofprimary dimensions M, L, T n = 3 Mohamed Elsanabary, Ph.D. Page 16 of 45
18 Example Step 3: Identify number of repeating variables r = n = 3 V, ρ, D will appear in all π i dimensionless groups Step 4: Identify number of π i parameters π i = m r = 6 3 = 3 Mohamed Elsanabary, Ph.D. Page 17 of 45
19 Example The equation for the force F can be written as: And... π i (F, V, ρ, D) Repeating Variables, r Mohamed Elsanabary, Ph.D. Page 18 of 45
20 Example Step 5: Find dimensionless group Finding the powers in the equation: Mohamed Elsanabary, Ph.D. Page 19 of 45
21 Example Mohamed Elsanabary, Ph.D. Page 20 of 45
22 Example Mohamed Elsanabary, Ph.D. Page 21 of 45
23 Example Answer Mohamed Elsanabary, Ph.D. Page 22 of 45
24 Examples Mohamed Elsanabary, Ph.D. Page 23 of 45
25 Examples Mohamed Elsanabary, Ph.D. Page 24 of 45
26 Remarks Mohamed Elsanabary, Ph.D. Page 25 of 45
27 Remarks Exact dependence of F versus the ReD 11 and the dimensionless time is unknown; however now it is known that these parameters are key in the problem. ReD indicates the range of the flow (laminar, transitional, turbulent), so the behaviour of the dimensionless force will dependd on this range. Mohamed Elsanabary, Ph.D. Page 26 of 45
28 Similarity Geometric Similarity the model must be the same shape as the prototype. Each dimension must be scaled by the same factor Kinematic Similarity velocity as any point in the model must be proportional Dynamic Similarity all forces in the model flow scale by a constant factor to corresponding forces in the prototype flow Complete Similarity is achieved only if all 3 conditions are met. This is not always possible, e.g., river hydraulics models. Mohamed Elsanabary, Ph.D. Page 27 of 45
29 Model Studies and Similitude Adopted from: Ettema (2000), Hydraulic Modeling: Concepts and Practice Mohamed Elsanabary, Ph.D. Page 28 of 45
30 Model Studies and Similitude Dynamic similitude Geometric similitude o All linear dimensions must be scaled identically o Roughness must scale kinematic similitude o Constant ratioof of dynamic pressures at corresponding points o Streamlines must be geometrically similar o Mach, Reynolds, Froude, and Weber numbers must be the same Mohamed Elsanabary, Ph.D. Page 29 of 45
31 Relaxed Similitude Requirements Impossible to have all force ratios the same unless the model is the Same Size as the prototype Need to determine which forces are important and attempt to keep those force ratios the same Mohamed Elsanabary, Ph.D. Page 30 of 45
32 Similitude Examples Open hydraulic structures Ship s resistance Closed conduit Hydraulic machinery Mohamed Elsanabary, Ph.D. Page 31 of 45
33 Similitude Examples Examples spillways channel transitions Weirs Important Forces o Viscous forces (often small relative to gravity forces) o Gravity: from changes in water surface elevation o Inertial forces Minimum similitude requirements o Geometric o Froude number Mohamed Elsanabary, Ph.D. Page 32 of 45
34 Froude Similarity Froude number the same in model and prototype (F m =F p ) Difficult to change g (g m =g p ) Define length ratio (usually larger than 1) Velocity ratio Time ratio Discharge ratio Force ratio Mohamed Elsanabary, Ph.D. Page 33 of 45
35 Example: Spillway Model Mohamed Elsanabary, Ph.D. Page 34 of 45
36 Example: Spillway Model Mohamed Elsanabary, Ph.D. Page 35 of 45
37 Example: Spillway Model A 50 cm tall scale model of a proposed 50 m spillway is used to predict prototype flow conditions. If the design flood discharge over thespillwayis20,000m3/s,whatwaterflow rate should be tested in the model? Therefore, Q m = F m =F p L r =100 Q 5/2 r =L r =100, Mohamed Elsanabary, Ph.D. Page 36 of 45
38 Example Mohamed Elsanabary, Ph.D. Page 37 of 45
39 Example Mohamed Elsanabary, Ph.D. Page 38 of 45
40 Example Mohamed Elsanabary, Ph.D. Page 39 of 45
41 Example Mohamed Elsanabary, Ph.D. Page 40 of 45
42 Example Mohamed Elsanabary, Ph.D. Page 41 of 45
43 Example Mohamed Elsanabary, Ph.D. Page 42 of 45
44 Experimental Testing and Incomplete Similarity For ship hydrodynamics, Fr similarity is maintained while Re is allowed to be different. Why? Look at complete similarity: To match both Re and Fr, viscosity in the model test is a function of scale ratio! This is not feasible. Mohamed Elsanabary, Ph.D. Page 43 of 45
45 Ship s Resistance Skin friction (Viscosity, Roughness) Wave drag (free surface effect) (Gravity) Therefore we need (Reynolds) and (Froude) similarity Mohamed Elsanabary, Ph.D. Page 44 of 45
46 Reynolds and Froude Similarity? Mohamed Elsanabary, Ph.D. Page 45 of 45
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