11/05/2018 Physics Paper 2
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- William Morrison
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1 Physics Paper 2
2 P8 Forces in Balance
3 Vectors and Scalars Vectors are things that have a size and direction. They can be represented by an arrow. The length of the arrow is the magnitude (size) and the direction of the arrow is the vector quantity. Scalars are things that have size but NO direction. Sort the following into scalar and vector: Acceleration, velocity, force, weight, speed, distance, time, mass, power, displacement Scalar distance Vector acceleration
4 Balanced and unbalanced forces There are two types of forces; Contact and non contact forces. Contact force objects are physically touching eg. Friction Non contact force objects are physically separated eg magnetic force, Forces have a size and a direction, therefore are vectors. The size and direction determines how the object moves. Normal contact force These two forces would be equal we say that they are BALANCED. The camel doesn t move anywhere. Weight
5 Air Resistance Air resistance is a force that opposes motion through air. It is a contact force. The quicker you travel, the bigger the air resistance: The same applies to a body falling through a liquid (called drag or upthrust ).
6 Balanced and unbalanced forces Inertia is the tendency of an object to continue in a state of rest or uniform motion. This occurs when forces are balanced. Describe the movement of the vehicles. Explain in terms of forces why an object travels at constant speed or reaches terminal velocity.
7 Complete these sentences Summary 1. If an object is stationary and has NO resultant force on it the object will continue to stay stationary 2. If an object is stationary and a resultant force acts on it the object will accelerate in the direction of the resultant force 3. If an object is already moving and NO resultant force acts on it the object will continue to move at the same speed and the same direction 4. If an object is already moving and a resultant force acts on it the object will accelerate in the direction of the resultant force
8 Resultant Force Calculate the resultant force of the following and state the direction of movement: 500N 100N 700N 600N 50N 700N 700N 800N 800N 200N 100N
9 Finding the Centre of Mass Definition: The Centre of mass of an object is the point at which all the mass of the object is centred. Q. How would you find the centre of mass of this object? The centre of mass of a symmetrical object is along its axis of symmetry. The centre of mass of a non symmetrical object can be worked out by placing a hole in the object and then letting ithang freely by using a pin and cork. Attach a plumb line to the pin and mark the line created on the object. Repeat using a different hole in the object. Where the lines meet is the centre of mass.
10 Parallelogram of forces To complete this use a protractor to calculate the angle between force 1 and force 2. Then use the angles and the length of the forces to complete the parallelogram (shown by dashed line in the image). The resultant force is from the corner the forces are centred around to the opposite corner of the parallelogram. If a value has been given for the original forces then the scale can be used to calculate the resultant force.
11 Parallelogram of forces using a protractor A ship is being pulled by two tug boats, determine the resultant force.
12 1. Draw a scaled vector diagram
13 2. Draw the missing side of the parallelogram from the highlighted force Remember you need to use a protractor to measure the 60 o angle
14 3. Using a ruler and the scale measure where 5000N would be
15 4. Draw in the last side of the parallelogram
16 5. Draw the resultant force
17 6. Using a ruler measure the size of the resultant force
18 7. Calculate the size of the resultant force
19 Resolution of forces A single force can be resolved into two component forces, which act at right angles to each other. This is called resolution of forces. The first image of the dog shows the resultant force on the lead. The second image shows how that single force can be resolved into its two component forces acting at right angles to form the resultant force. The force of gravity on the box can be seen on the box on the left. This can be split into two parts one force acting down the slope and the other at 90 to the slope. This is called resolving a force into two components.
20 Moments The turning effect can be increased by: Increasing the distance from the pivot or Increasing the force applied.
21 Triple Gears Gears are like levers, they multiply the effect of a turning force. A smaller gear can be used to turn a larger gear, which multiples the turning effect. Where the gears meet, they exert an equal and opposite force on one another. The force acting on the larger gear is further from the shaft, therefore has a larger turning effect. Low gear gives low speed and high turning effect. High gear gives high speed and low turning effect.
22 Turning Moments A moment is a turning force, e.g. trying to open or close a door or using a spanner. The size of the moment is given by: Moment (in Nm) = force (in N) x PERPENDICULAR distance from pivot (in m) Calculate the following turning moments: 5 metres 100 Newtons 2 metres 200 Newtons
23 Triple Turning Moments 2 metres 2 metres 200 Newtons 100 Newtons Total ANTI-CLOCKWISE turning moment = 200x2 = 400Nm Total CLOCKWISE turning moment = 100x2 = 200Nm The anti-clockwise moment is bigger so the seesaw will turn anti-clockwise
24 Triple An example question 5 metres? metres 2000 Newtons 800 Newtons
25 Triple Calculate the missing quantity The following are all balanced: 2N??N 4m 2m 5N 3N 2m??m 5N 5N 15N 4m??m 2m
26 Triple A recap question Calculate the mass of man in the example given below: 30kg 0.4m 1.2m
27 P9 Motion
28 Distance, Speed and Time D Speed = distance (in metres) time (in seconds) S T 1) Freddie walks 200 metres in 40 seconds. What is his speed? 2) Hayley covers 2km in 1,000 seconds. What is her speed? 3) How long would it take Lauren to run 100 metres if she runs at 10m/s? 4) Jake travels at 50m/s for 20s. How far does he go? 5) Izzy drives her car at 85mph (about 40m/s). How long does it take her to drive 20km? 5m/s 2m/s 10s 1000m 500s
29 Distance, Speed and Time D Speed = distance (in metres) time (in seconds) S T 1) Sarah walks 2000m in 50 minutes. What is her speed in m/s? 2) Jack tries to walk the same distance at a speed of 5m/s. How long does he take? 3) James drives at 60mph (about 100km/h) for 3 hours. How far has he gone? 4) The speed of sound in air is 330m/s. Molly shouts at a mountain and hears the echo 3 seconds later. How far away is the mountain? (Careful!) 0.67m/s 400s 300km 495m
30 Distance-time graphs 2) Horizontal line = 40 4) Diagonal line downwards = Distance (metres) Time/s ) Diagonal line = 3) Steeper diagonal line =
31 40 Distance (metres) Time/s 1) What is the speed during the first 20 seconds? 2) How far is the object from the start after 60 seconds? 3) What is the speed during the last 40 seconds? 4) When was the object travelling the fastest? 0.5m/s 40m 1m/s 40-60s
32 Speed vs. Velocity Speed is simply how fast you are travelling Which is scalar and which is a vector? This car is travelling at a speed of 20m/s Velocity is speed in a given direction This car is travelling at a velocity of 20m/s east
33 40 Distance (metres) Time/s 1) What was the velocity in the first 20 seconds? 2) What was the velocity between 20 and 40 seconds? 3) When was this person travelling the fastest? 4) What was the average speed for the first 40 seconds? 1.5m/s 0.5m/s s 1m/s
34 Velocity-time graphs 1) Upwards line = 80 4) Downward line = Velocity m/s ) Horizontal line = 3) Upwards line = T/s
35 80 Velocity m/s ) How fast was the object going after 10 seconds? 2) What is the acceleration from 20 to 30 seconds? 3) What was the deceleration from 30 to 50s? 4) How far did the object travel altogether? T/s 40m/s 2m/s 2 3m/s m
36 80 Velocity m/s ) How fast was the object going after 10 seconds? 2) What is the acceleration from 20 to 30 seconds? 3) What was the deceleration from 40 to 50s? 4) How far did the object travel altogether? T/s 10m/s 4m/s 2 6m/s m
37 80 Velocity m/s T/s This velocity-time graph shows Coryn s journey to school. How far away does she live? 2500m
38 P10 Forces and Motion
39 How does force affect acceleration? 1. Attach masses to string, attached to a trolley. These will act as the force. 2. Release the masses and use the light gates and data logger to measure the acceleration of the trolley. (Alternatively time how long is take to travel 1 meter) 3. Repeat adding a mass each time. How does mass affect acceleration? 1. Record the mass of the trolley with no masses sitting on it. 2. Attach trolley to string with 5 masses attached to the string (this acts as the force). 3. Let go of the masses and use the light gates and data logger to record the acceleration of the trolley. 4. Repeat, adding 100g masses on top of the trolley until 500g is added. Required Practical: Investigating force and acceleration
40 Alternative method using air track.
41 Force and acceleration If the forces acting on an object are unbalanced then the object will accelerate, like these wrestlers: Force (in N) = Mass (in kg) x Acceleration (in m/s 2 ) Inertial Mass is a measure of how difficult it is to change the velocity of an object. It is defined by the ratio of force over acceleration. M F A
42 Force, mass and acceleration 1) A force of 1000N is applied to push a mass of 500kg. How quickly does it accelerate? F 2) A force of 3000N acts on a car to make it accelerate by 1.5m/s 2. How heavy is the car? 3) A car accelerates at a rate of 5m/s 2. If it weighs 500kg how much driving force is the engine applying? 4) A force of 10N is applied by a boy while lifting a 20kg mass. How much does it accelerate by? M A 2m/s kg 2500N 0.5m/s 2
43 Weight vs. Mass Earth s Gravitational Field Strength is 9.8 N/kg. In other words, a 1kg mass is pulled downwards by a force of 9.8 N. Weight = Mass x Gravitational Field Strength (in N) (in kg) (in N/kg) M W g 1) What is the weight on Earth of a book with mass 2kg? 2) What is the weight on Earth of an apple with mass 100g? 3) Lee weighs 700N on the Earth. What is his mass? 4) On the moon the gravitational field strength is 1.6N/kg. What will Lee weigh if he stands on the moon? 20N 1N 70kg 112N
44 Acceleration V-U Acceleration = change in velocity (in m/s) (in m/s 2 ) time taken (in s) A T 1) A cyclist accelerates from 0 to 10m/s in 5 seconds. What is her acceleration? 2) A ball is dropped and accelerates downwards at a rate of 10m/s 2 for 12 seconds. How much will the ball s velocity increase by? 3) A car accelerates from 10 to 20m/s with an acceleration of 2m/s 2. How long did this take? 4) A rocket accelerates from 1,000m/s to 5,000m/s in 2 seconds. What is its acceleration? 2m/s 2 120m/s 5s 2000m/s 2
45 Terminal Velocity Consider a ball falling through a liquid: Some questions to consider: 1) What forces are acting on the ball? 2) How do those forces change when the ball gets faster? 3) Will the ball keep getting faster? Explain your answer in terms of forces
46 Terminal Velocity Consider a skydiver: 1) At the start of his jump the air resistance is so he downwards. 2) As his speed increases his air resistance will 3) Eventually the air resistance will be big enough to the skydiver s weight. At this point the forces are balanced so his speed becomes - this is called TERMINAL VELOCITY Words increase, small, constant, balance, accelerates
47 Terminal Velocity Consider a skydiver: 4) When he opens his parachute the air resistance suddenly, causing him to start. 5) Because he is slowing down his air resistance will again until it balances his. The skydiver has now reached a new, lower. Words slowing down, decrease, increases, terminal velocity, weight
48 Velocity-time graph for terminal velocity Velocity Speed increases Terminal velocity reached Parachute opens diver slows down New, lower terminal velocity reached Time Diver hits the ground
49 Tiredness Too many drugs Stopping a car Thinking distance (reaction time) Too much alcohol Poor visibility Icy roads Tyres/brakes worn out Braking distance Wet roads Driving too fast Total Stopping Distance = Thinking Distance + Braking Distance
50 Forces and Braking When brakes are applied to a moving object a frictional force is applied to the tyres. This means work is done to decrease the kinetic energy of the moving object. This increases the temperature of the object.
51 Momentum Any object that has both mass and velocity has MOMENTUM. Momentum (symbol p ) is simply given by the formula: P Momentum = Mass x Velocity (in kgm/s) (in kg) (in m/s) M V What is the momentum of the following? 1) A 1kg football travelling at 10m/s 2) A 1000kg Ford Capri travelling at 30m/s 10kgm/s 30,000kgm/s 3) A 20g pen being thrown across the room at 5m/s 4) A 70kg bungi-jumper falling at 40m/s 0.1kgm/s 2800kgm/s
52 Triple Conservation of Momentum In any collision or explosion momentum is conserved (provided that there are no external forces have an effect). Example question: Two cars are racing around the M25. Car A collides with the back of car B and the cars stick together. What speed do they move at after the collision? Speed = 50m/s Speed = 20m/s Mass = 1000kg Mass = 800kg Mass = 1800kg Speed =??m/s Momentum before = momentum after so 1000 x x 20 = 1800 x V V = 36.7m/s
53 Triple Momentum in different directions What happens if the bodies are moving in opposite directions? Speed = 50m/s Speed = 20m/s Mass = 1000kg Mass = 800kg Momentum is a VECTOR quantity, so the momentum of the second car is negative Total momentum = 1000 x x 20 = kgm/s Speed after collision = kgm/s / 1800 = 18.9m/s
54 Triple More questions 1. A car of mass 1000kg heading up the M1 at 50m/s collides with a stationary truck of mass 8000kg and sticks to it. What velocity does the wreckage move forward at? 2. A defender running away from a goalkeeper at 5m/s is hit in the back of his head by the goal kick. The ball stops dead and the player s speed increases to 5.5m/s. If the ball had a mass of 500g and the player had a mass of 70kg how fast was the ball moving? 3. A white snooker ball moving at 5m/s strikes a red ball and pots it. Both balls have a mass of 1kg. If the white ball continued in the same direction at 2m/s what was the velocity of the red ball? 4. A gun has a recoil speed of 2m/s when firing. If the gun has a mass of 2kg and the bullet has a mass of 10g what speed does the bullet come out at? 5.6m/s 70m/s 3m/s 400m/s
55 Crumple Zones In a front end impact the crumple zone increases impact time, reducing momentum and reducing impact force. In a rear end impact the crumple zone increases momentum of the car in front to reduce impact force. Triple Impact forces Vehicles are designed to lesson the impact force on the driver by increasing the impact time. The longer it takes for an impact to happen, the greater the reduction in momentum, this therefore reduces the impact force. Seat Belts Seat belts increase the impact time, therefore decrease momentum which decreases the impact force on the driver.
56 Triple Safety features How do air bags and crumple zones work? Basically: 1) The change in momentum is the same with or without an airbag 2) But having an airbag increases the time of the collision 3) Therefore the impact force is reduced
57 Force and Extension Consider a mass on a spring: What happens when a mass is added? When a force is applied to this spring it will change shape and extend. The spring will have stored elastic potential energy
58 Elastic Potential Energy Elastic potential energy is the energy stored in a system when work is done to change its shape, e.g: Describe the energy changes when the mass is: 1) At the top of it s movement 2) In the middle 3) At the bottom
59 Required Practical: Force and Extension Task: Find an expression that relates extension to the amount of weight added. Weight added (N) Force (N) = Spring constant (Nm) x extension or compression (m) F = ke Extension (mm) 6 What problems could occur when carrying out this practical?
60 Force-Extension Graph for a spring Force/N The limit of proportionality Force is proportional to extension as long as you don t go past the limit of proportionality Extension/mm
61 Test questions 1) Julia tries to run 100m in 12 seconds and succeeds. How fast did she run? 2) Isabelle accelerates at a rate of 2m/s 2 for 3 seconds. If she started at 10m/s what was her final speed? 3) Jake decides to lift his book up into the air. His book has a mass of 100g and he lifts it 50cm. Calculate the work done. 4) Jamie accelerates from 0 to 10m/s in 5 seconds. If her mass is 60kg how much force did her legs apply? 5) Lily rides 1km at a speed of 20m/s. How long did the journey take? 6) Rob thinks it s funny to push Jack with a force of 140N. If Jack has a mass of 70kg calculate his acceleration. 7) Vicky slams on the brakes on her bike and her brakes do 20,000J of work. If the combined mass is 100kg what speed was she travelling at? 8) Paddy has a mass of 75kg. If he accelerates from 10 to 20m/s in 2s how much force did he apply? 8.3m/s 16m/s 0.5J 120N 50s 2m/s 2 20m/s 375N
62 Test questions 9) Bex amuses herself by throwing things at Kit. If she throws a ball with a speed of 20m/s and the distance between her and Kit is 5m how long will it take to reach him? 10) Dave throws calculators around the room with a force of 20N. If each calculator has a mass of 200g calculate the acceleration. 11) Max has a mass of 70kg. What is his weight on Earth, where the gravitational field strength is 10N/kg? 12) Kathryn does some work by pushing a box around with a force of 1N. She does 5J of work and decides to call it a day. How far did she push it? 13) On the moon Jake might weigh 112N. If the gravitational field strength on the moon is 1.6N/kg what is his mass? 14) Heather likes bird watching. She sees a bird fly 100m in 20s. How fast was it flying? 15) How much kinetic energy would Simon have if he travelled at a speed of 5m/s and has a mass of 70kg? 0.25s 100m/s 2 700N 5m 70kg 5m/s 875J
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