ESE370: Circuit-Level Modeling, Design, and Optimization for Digital Systems
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1 ESE370: Circuit-Level Modeling, Design, and Optimization for Digital Systems Lec 6: September 14, 2015 MOS Model
2 You are Here: Transistor Edition! Previously: simple models (0 and 1 st order) " Comfortable with basic functions and circuits! This week and next (4 lectures) " Detailed semiconductor discussion " MOSFET phenomenology " Don t Blink!! Rest of term " Implications of the MOS device 2
3 Today! MOS Structure! Basic Fabrication! Semiconductor Physics " Metals, insulators " Silicon lattice " Band gaps " Doping " Field Effects 3
4 MOS! Metal Oxide Semiconductor 4
5 MOS! Metal gate! Oxide insulator separating gate from semiconductor " Ideally: no conduction from gate to semiconductor! Semiconductor between source and drain! See why gate input capacitive? gate drain source semiconductor 5
6 Capacitor! Charge distribution and field?! How much charge on plates? gate drain source semiconductor 6
7 Idea! Semiconductor can behave as metal or insulator! Voltage on gate induces an electrical field! Induced field attracts (repels) charge in semiconductor to form a channel " Semiconductor can be switched between conducting and not conducting " Hence Field-Effect Transistor gate drain source semiconductor 7
8 Source/Drain Contacts! Contacts: Conductors # metalic " Connect to metal wires that connect transistors 8
9 Fabrication! Start with Silicon wafer! Dope! Grow Oxide (SiO 2 )! Deposit Metal! Mask/Etch to define where features go Time Code: 2:00-4:30 9
10 Dimensions! Channel Length (L)! Channel Width (W)! Oxide Thickness (T ox )! Process named by minimum length " 22nm # L=22nm 10
11 Semiconductor Physics 11
12 Conduction! Metal conducts! Insulator does not conduct! Semiconductor can act as either 12
13 Why does metal conduct?! (periodic table) 13
14 Why does metal conduct? 14
15 Conduction! Electrons move! Must be able to remove electron from atom or molecule 15
16 Atomic States! Quantized Energy Levels (bands) " Valence and Conduction Bands! Must have enough energy to change level (state) 16
17 Thermal Energy! Except at absolute 0 " There is always free energy " Causes electrons to hop around ".when there is enough energy to change states " Energy gap between states determines energy required 17
18 Silicon Atom! How many valence electrons? 18
19 Silicon! 4 valence electrons " Inner shells filled " Only outer shells contribute to chemical interactions 19
20 Silicon-Silicon Bonding! Can form covalent bonds with 4 other silicon atoms 20
21 Silicon Lattice! Forms into crystal lattice 21
22 Silicon Ingot 1 impurity atom per 10 billion silicon atoms Penn ESE370 Fall Fall Khanna Khanna 22
23 Silicon Lattice! Cartoon two-dimensional view 23
24 Outer Orbital?! What happens to outer shell in Silicon lattice? 24
25 Energy?! What does this say about energy to move electron? 25
26 Energy State View Energy Valance Band all states filled 26
27 Energy State View Conduction Band all states empty Energy Valance Band all states filled 27
28 Energy State View Conduction Band all states empty Energy Band Gap Valance Band all states filled 28
29 Band Gap and Conduction Insulator E c Metal E c E v 8ev OR E v E v E c Semiconductor 1.1ev E c E v 29
30 Doping! Add impurities to Silicon Lattice " Replace a Si atom at a lattice site with another 30
31 Doping! Add impurities to Silicon Lattice " Replace a Si atom at a lattice site with another! E.g. add a Group 15 element " E.g. P (Phosphorus) " How many valence electrons? 31
32 Doping! Add impurities to Silicon Lattice " Replace a Si atom at a lattice site with another! E.g. add a Group 15 element " E.g. P (Phosphorus) " How many valence electrons? 32
33 Doping with P 33
34 Doping with P! End up with extra electrons " Donor electrons! Not tightly bound to atom " Low energy to displace " Easy for these electrons to move 34
35 Doped Band Gaps! Addition of donor electrons makes more metallic " Easier to conduct 0.045ev 1.1ev Semiconductor E c E D E v 35
36 Localized! Electron is localized! Won t go far if no low energy states nearby! Increasing doping concentration " Ratio of P atoms to Si atoms " Decreases energy to conduct 36
37 Electron Conduction 37
38 Electron Conduction 38
39 Capacitor Charge! Remember capacitor charge gate drain source semiconductor 39
40 MOS Field?! What does capacitor field do to the Donor-doped semiconductor channel? V gs =0 No field
41 MOS Field?! What does capacitor field do to the Donor-doped semiconductor channel? V gs =0 No field V cap >0 41
42 MOS Field?! What does capacitor field do to the Donor-doped semiconductor channel? V gs =0 No field V cap >0 = V gs >0 Conducts 42
43 MOS Field Effect! Charge on capacitor " Attract or repel charges to form channel " Modulates conduction " Positive " Attracts carriers " Negative? " Enables conduction " Repel carriers " Disable conduction
44 Group 13! What happens if we replace Si atoms with group 13 atom instead? " E.g. B (Boron) " Valance band electrons? B 44
45 Doping with B! End up with electron vacancies -- Holes " Acceptor electron sites! Easy for electrons to shift into these sites " Low energy to displace " Easy for the electrons to move " Movement of an electron best viewed as movement of hole 45
46 Hole Conduction 46
47 Doped Band Gaps! Addition of acceptor sites makes more metallic " Easier to conduct Semiconductor E c 0.045ev 1.1ev E A E v 47
48 Field Effect?! Effect of positive field on Acceptor-doped Silicon? V gs =0 No field
49 Field Effect?! Effect of positive field on Acceptor-doped Silicon? V gs =0 No field V cap >0 49
50 Field Effect?! Effect of positive field on Acceptor-doped Silicon? V gs =0 No field V cap >0 = V gs >0 No conduction 50
51 Field Effect?! Effect of negative field on Acceptor-doped Silicon? V gs =0 No field V cap <0 51
52 Field Effect?! Effect of negative field on Acceptor-doped Silicon? V gs =0 No field V cap <0 = V gs >0 Conduction 52
53 MOSFETs! Donor doping " Excess electrons " Negative or N-type material " NFET! Acceptor doping " Excess holes " Positive or P-type material " PFET 53
54 MOSFET! Semiconductor can act like metal or insulator! Use field to modulate conduction state of semiconductor
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