Recent Results from RHIC: On the trail of the Quark-Gluon Plasma
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1 Recent Results from RHIC: On the trail of the Quark-Gluon Plasma Single Au+Au Collision seen by Gunther Roland Gunther Roland/MIT July MPI Munich 15/7/2003
2 Gunther Roland/MIT Juni 2003 MPI Munich 15/7/2003
3 Cooking Quark Soup Heavy-Ion Collision Universe
4 Exploring QCD with Heavy Ions I II III IV Temperature (MeV) Early Universe II Quark-Gluon Plasma III I o Structure of Relativistic Nuclei 200 Critical Point o Mechanism of Entropy Production IV Hadron Gas Phase Boundary Atomic Nuclei Matter Density m B (GeV) o QCD phase diagram o Properties of QGP
5 Particle Production at RHIC Bulk Production Hard Scattering Charged Hadron p T -Spectrum in Au+Au at RHIC (PHOBOS)
6 Initial State Final State Interactions
7 Control Parameters: Centrality Participant Region Spectators b 2R ~ 15fm Spectators Smaller Impact Parameter b More Participants (N part ) = Wounded Nucleons Bigger Collision System
8 Control Parameters: Centrality s inel =42 mb (RHIC) s inel =33 mb (SPS) s inel =21 mb (AGS) Centrality controls Volume (N part ) No. of binary collisions (N coll ) Shape of interaction region N part vs N coll soft vs hard processes coherent vs incoherent production Glauber Monte Carlo
9 Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider First Physics in 00 Versatile machine Au+Au ( 00-02) 19.6 GeV 56 GeV 130 GeV 200 GeV p+p ( 02, 03) 200 GeV polarized d+au ( 03) 4 Experiments 2 big 2 small Complementary capabilities Gunther Roland/MIT 200 GeV MPI Munich 15/7/2003
10 Initial State of the Collision
11 Particle Multiplicity at RHIC Compilation by K. Eskola Rapidity Density
12 Particle Multiplicity at RHIC PHOBOS Central Au+Au (200 GeV) Multiplicity at low end of range But: Energy density 30x nuclear matter Most models didn t do so well Compilation by K. Eskola Rapidity Density Data: PHOBOS Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 3100 (2000) Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, (2001) Phys.Rev. Lett. 88, (2002)
13 Particle Multiplicity at RHIC PHOBOS Central Au+Au (200 GeV) Parton Saturation Low Energy High Energy Compilation by K. Eskola Color Glass Rapidity Density
14 Particle Multiplicity at RHIC PHOBOS Central Au+Au (200 GeV) Hadron multiplicities at RHIC well described by Parton Saturation Compilation by K. Eskola Color Glass Rapidity Density Parton Saturation Kharzeev, Levin Kharzeev & Levin, Phys. Lett. B523 (2001) 79 Data: BRAHMS, PRL 88, (2002)
15 Hot, Dense Matter?
16 Hard Probes of Dense Matter Jet cross-section calculable in QCD Drees, QM 01 Hadrons Leading Particle q q Hadrons Leading Particle
17 Opal e+e- Gunther Roland/MIT STAR Au+Au MPI Munich 15/7/2003
18 Hard Probes of Dense Matter Jet cross-section calculable in QCD Study fate of jets in dense matter in Au+Au Leading Particle Hadrons Leading Particle Hadrons q q q q Hadrons Hadrons Leading Particle Leading Particle Poor man s jet: Leading Particles
19 Jet Quenching at High p T expected proton+proton observed Au+Au Yield at high p T in AA is 6 times smaller than expected
20 Jets in Dense Matter Leading Particle Are we really looking at jets? Look for jet structure by measuring Small angle correlations Back-to-back correlations relative to high p T leading particle q Hadrons Hadrons q Leading Particle
21 Jets in Au+Au data PRL 90, Au+Au peripheral Au+Au central
22 Jet suppression via Energy Loss Vitev, Gyulassy, PRL 89 (2002) Suppression due to the energy loss of fast partons in plasma via induced gluon radiation
23 PHOBOS, nucl-ex/ Centrality Dependence vs p T Initial State Coherence? Interaction in Dense Medium? Similar centrality dependence at p T = 0.5 and 4 GeV/c!
24 N part Scaling in Saturation Model Kharzeev, Levin, McLerran, hep-ph/ High p T suppression as an initial state effect: Parton saturation breaks incoherence
25 Predictions for d+au Parton Saturation pqcd Kharzeev, Levin, McLerran, hep-ph/ Vitev, nucl-th/ , Phys.Lett.B in press Vitev and M.Gyulassy, Phys.Rev.Lett. 89 (2002) ~30%suppression of high p T particles (central vs peripheral) Nuclear Modification Factor R dau Central Peripheral 16% increase central vs peripheral
26 PHENIX d+au: nucl-ex/ Results for d+au STAR d+au: nucl-ex/ BRAHMS d+au: nucl-ex/ Min-bias d+au data (relative to p+p * N coll ) Similar to low-energy data (Cronin effect) No suppression
27 R dau vs p T PHOBOS d+au: nucl-ex/ central Au+Au All syst. uncertainties: 90% C.L.
28 Centrality dependence of R dau PHOBOS d+au: nucl-ex/ Data disfavor initial state interpretation of Au+Au high-p T suppression N.B. Smaller s pp inel would increase R dau central vs R dau peripheral All syst. uncertainties: 90% C.L.
29 Back-to-back Jets in d+au d+au Au+Au central
30 Properties of the Dense Matter
31 Hydrodynamics and Spectra Kolb, Rapp, Phys. Rev. C 67 (03) Parameters: τ 0 = 0.6 fm/c s 0 = 110 fm -3 s 0 /n 0 = 250 T crit =T chem =165 MeV T dec =100 MeV
32 Transverse Expansion Teaney, Lauret & Shuryak, nucl-th/ from Mike Lisa, CIPANP 03
33 Azimuthal Anisotropy Head on view of colliding nuclei 2*v 2 Peripheral Central Initial State Anisotropy Coordinate Space Interaction! Azimuthal Angle (rad) Final State Anisotropy Momentum Space
34 Anisotropy v 2 vs Centrality STAR PHOBOS η < < p t < 2.0 PHENIX Up to mid-central collisions, v 2 reaches hydro limit
35 Hydrodynamics and v 2 Kolb, Heinz, nucl-ex/ Data consistent with hydro calculations Sensitivity to EoS
36 New New Form of Matter vs Old New Form of Matter
37 Particle density near midrapidity PHOBOS PHOBOS nucl-ex/
38 Jet suppression via Energy Loss Vitev, Gyulassy, PRL 89 (2002) Suppression due to the energy loss of fast partons in plasma via induced gluon radiation
39 Mid-Rapidity K/π NA49 (V. Friese SQM 03) Non-monotonic Evolution! Oeschler, PBM, Redlich: Thresholds vs Baryo-chemical potential Too kinky!
40 Kaon Slope Parameters NA49 (V. Friese SQM 03) PHENIX PHENIX NA49 NA49 AGS AGS
41 Summary Extensive and Consistent Data Set BRAHMS, PHENIX, PHOBOS, STAR AGS, SPS, RHIC Multiplicity, Parton Energy Loss, Elliptic Flow Hot and Dense Matter x normal nuclear matter density Opaque to fast partons Small mean free path Challenge: Consistent Dynamical Scenario Energy Dependence Soft vs Hard particle Production
42 Back-up Material
43 HIJING Simulation Centrality Determination in d+au dn/dh Counts Pseudorapidity Multiplicity distribution Glauber Calculation Hijing Hulthen w.f. 41mb inelastic cross-section Full GEANT Simulation
44 Blast Wave & Bose-Einstein Correlations Particle Emisson over few fm/c Lifetime ~ 10 fm/c Fabrice Retiere SQM 03, Mike Lisa
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