5/2/16. Religious responses to the expansion of the world capitalist economy. Belief : Europeans are powerful therefore they must have powerful magic

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1 Euphemistically: Any weird religion, generally an oppressive or authoritarian one Anthropologicall y: Religions that focus on ritual and ceremony to promote rapid enculturation Discomfort caused by holding conflicting ideas, beliefs, opinions, etc., simultaneously. We engage in dissonance reduction Downplay the importance of discordant factors Add new positive factors Change one of the dissonant factors EXAMPLE The Seekers (Dec. 21, 1954) Religious responses to the expansion of the world capitalist economy Belief : Europeans are powerful therefore they must have powerful magic 1

2 Vanuatu Vanuatu Tribal society Very isolated first major contact with outside world was during World War II Vanuatu islanders belong to a CARGO CULT they believe that modern Western culture has magical properties 2

3 Cult of John Frum Cult of John Frum Cults operate by rapidly introducing a tremendous amount of new material, symbolic, regulative, and evaluative culture to replace established norms Enculturation = Brainwashing 3

4 Started in the 1950s Originally a political (socialist) not religious organization The PTAP was led by Jim Jones à Conditions Members were required to give up all of their possessions (to Jones) No outside reading, radio, discussions Frequent chanting and practices of White Nights Severe punishments In November 1978, at the urging of concerned family members, Congressmen Leo Ryan visited the compound He witnessed an elaborate charade then left but was killed by Temple soldiers at the airport Afterwards, all but 3 members of the Temple committed ritual suicide via Grape Flavorade 4

5 Xhosa 5

6 Children are alive (but adults aren t) Death is a coming of age ritual Biological death is relatively unimportant How do we define death? Case Study: Terri Schiavo At age 27, she experienced cardiac arrest and due to lack of blood to the brain went into a persistent vegetative state 7

7 HUSBAND MICHAEL WANTED HER FEEDING TUBE REMOVED Between she never gained consciousness She did not respond to external stimuli PET and MRI scans showed atrophy of brain tissue PARENTS WANTED HER FEEDING TUBE TO REMAIN She could breathe without assistance Sometimes seemed to display emotions She never told her parents that she didn t want lifesaving strategies used on her In 2005 there was massive Federal involvement to prevent feeding tube removal 8

8 If you scored an 80 or above on your midterm. You do NOT need to take the final exam. I will simply double your midterm grade (this will become your total exams grade) How do we deal with the bodies of the dead? You still owe me your final project Famidihana (Madagascar) 10

9 Spectacular cremation rituals are important Deceased individual carried to cremation site in different vehicles (boats in India, mobile towers in Bali) During the burning, the animals guides the spirit English cemetery 11

10 Japanese Cemetery Wadi-al-salaam cemetery Maya cemetery 12

11 Cemeteries are for the living 13

12 Cemeteries can teach lessons Bya gator (sky burial) 14

13 15

14 Clinical definition cessation of blood circulation and breathing (western view) Causes Disease, malnutrition, accidents, predation, homicide, suicide, senescence Two issues: Western view of causes ignores witchcraft, magic (which may lead to soul death) Clinical death is not always permanent Someone tells you that a mutual acquaintance has died What is the FIRST thing that you ask them? All illness and death are caused by sorcery When someone dies from sorcery they have earned it 16

15 Disease and death are not brought on by micro-organisms but by social conflicts and tensions Instances of unexplainable death are common to all cultures and are often used as a way to enforce social norms Affects SE Asian men (43 out of 100,000 Filipino men per year) Men tend to die in their sleep with no other symptoms Folk belief suggests that angry spirits appear as jealous women to kill the men 17

16 Through the use of fasting, drugs, and heat, shamans can induce a trance state where they die Maintain constant relationships with people who are dead 18

17 Wayusa speaking to the spirits 19

18 Soul of a dead individual that can manifest itself to the living In Western society, ghosts are bad (e.g., unfinished business). Not so elsewhere Belief that soul has detached from the body Symptoms Restlessness, listlessness, loss of appetite, etc. Some medical anthropologists see connections between soul death and extreme depression What happens when you suffer clinical death but are resuscitated? Are you alive or dead? In the U.S., the media portrays this event as though it happened to everyone all of the time 20

19 Among many groups, once your heart stops, you have died. If your body wakes up later, you have been inhabited by a demon or evil spirit The Serpent and the Rainbow Wade Davis documented two individuals who died and returned as zombies in Haiti in 1987 Hungans sorcerers who remove the soul of victims (and can then control their bodies) Tetradotoxin (puffer fish poison) induces a death-like quality in the right doses 21

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