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1 Scientific Method Part I Scientific Method 1.From Myths to Science Early Concepts of the Universe 2. Thales and the Scientific Method 3. Scientific method Examples Motion of the Earth Cydonia Aliens on Mars Part 2 Have we been Visited? 1.Are UFOs Real? 2. Kinds of Sightings 3. What would be convincing evidence? 4. Sightings Roswell UFO Crash Abductions? 5. Crop Circles Myths In ancient Egypt the dome of the sky was represented by the goddess Nut, who arched her back over the earth so that only her hands and feet touched the ground. She was the night sky, and the sun, the god Ra, was born from her every morning. Hindu representation of the Sky Sec 1 Power of the Scientific Method Thales of Miletus He tried to predict eclipses of the Sun and Moon using periodicities, rather than the usual explanation that the Sun god was angry Thales of Miletus : First attempt to provide an explanation to the patterns that emerged from astronomical observations Thought that natural phenomena - including the heavens - could be discussed as processes governed by natural laws, rather than relying on supernatural explanations. On May 25, 585 BC, during a war between the Medes and the Lydians, a solar eclipse occurred. The darkness was so intense that it interrupted the hostilities. Surprisingly enough, the eclipse had been predicted by Thales of Miletus. He had predicted the date, as well as shape of the shadow on the earth. Unfortunately, no written account of Thales' methods exists. Accounts come to us from Aristotle.!Thales Model of the Universe!In the beginning there was only water, that the world and all things were composed of water. Water in this context was some unifying principle.!the Earth was a large (flat) disk floating on an infinite ocean of water, and that earthquakes resulted from disturbances in this ocean that shook and cracked the Earth. Thales Model of the Universe

2 The Scientific Method The principle of Occam's razor is a cornerstone of modern scientific thought. Named for William of Occam (also spelled Ockham), a 14th century philosopher.! Observations! Identifying Patterns & formulate Hypothesis Given a choice between two or more viable explanations for some phenomenon, Occam's razor cuts away the more complex explanations in favor of the simplest.! Prediction! Testing Hypothesis (more observations)! Formulate Theory The Razor doesn't tell us anything about the truth of a hypothesis, but rather it tells us which one to test first. Testing a theory doesn't guarantee that it's true, no matter how many times you get the right answer. But not testing the theory means that there's no way at all of separating good ideas from nonsense Which Model is Correct? ``Science is what we have learned about not fooling ourselves.' - Richard Feynman ourselves.' Hypothesis Are UFOs alien spacecraft piloted by extraterrestrial beings, or are they terrestrial objects that just haven't been properly identified? Evidence the Sun is the center of the universe and that the Earth had a double motion around this center. The orbit of the moon separated the imperfect terrestrial realm from the perfect heavens Heavenly bodies are perfect spheres and move on circles Celestial motion is perfect and caused by Prime Mover acting from outside sphere of stars Thousands of people around the world have reported occurrences of strange, unidentified flying craft that hover in the air or land on the ground. Are these unidentified flying objects -- UFOs, as they're called -- alien spaceships visiting us from faraway planets? Or are they simply high-tech military craft, weather balloons or other easily explainable sightings?

3 Kinds of Sightings 1 Close Encounters of the First Kind any UFO reported to have been within a maximum of 500 feet or less of the witness. 2 Close Encounters of the Second Kind a UFO that leaves markings on the ground, causes burns or paralysis, frightens animals, or interferes with engines or TV or radio reception. 3 Close Encounters of the Third Kind a purported sighting of the occupants of a UFO. 4 Close Encounters of the Fourth Kind a human is abducted 5 Close Encounters of the Fifth Kind contact events produced through the conscious, voluntary and proactive humaninitiated Roswell UFO Crash Aliens supposedly crashed in Roswell Suspicious debris recovered The stuff in the photo was pieces of the actual stuff we found. It was not a staged photo."-maj. Jesse Marcel Alien bodies supposedly found

4 Evidence for flying saucers Marked landing sites of UFOs Evidence Crop Circles Are they made by humans? 1965 hundreds of witnesses saw a strange object crash into the woods in Michigan 1980, two U.S. Air Force security patrolmen saw a glowing metallic object hovering above a Forest in Suffolk, England and 1990, hundreds of triangular objects were reported in the skies over Belgium , a business owner and several police officers in Illinois saw a huge, brightly lit object dart across the sky... Are they made by Aliens? Sightings are hard to explain after the fact with incomplete information based on eyewitness accounts Pyramids of Egypt Nazca Lines The apparent explanation is that the Egyptians 2500 BC built this enormous structure. Could these Pyramids be beacons for extraterrestrial beings to find this spaceport. Are they a natural phenomenon? Problems Hypothesis Man Made? Or Alien Assisted. Evidemce The image shows that the layout of the pyramids aligns with the stars of Orion's belt as it appeared before 10,450 BC. Given a choice between two or more viable explanations for some phenomenon, favor the simplest. Nazca Lines are geoglyphs etched in the surface of the desert pampa sand about 300 hundred figures made of straight lines, geometric shapes and pictures of animals and birds - and their patterns are only clearly visible from the air. Built by an extraterrestrial race for the future landing strips for space aliens. Or The etchings made over 2,000 years ago by Indians who cleared the stony surface, exposing the whitish soil underneath. Or a calendar, a map of underground water supplies,

5 What are Flying Saucers? Claims of sightings and journeys "None strongly substantiated "Most sightings are explained by optical illusions "Many sightings turn out to be fraud "No sign that extraterrestrials want to contact authorities - like the President "the simplest explanation that satisfies all the evidence is the best leads to the conclusion that reported UFO's are not extraterrestrial life "I think that it is much more likely that the reports of flying saucers are the results of the known irrational characteristics of terrestrial intelligence than of the unknown rational efforts of extra-terrestrial intelligence." Richard Feynman

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