Chapter 4 - Zeus' rise to power: The creation of mortals

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1 Chapter 4 - Zeus' rise to power: The creation of mortals The titanomachy: Zeus defeats his father, Cronus -When Zeus has grown into maturity, Cronus decided to bring up all the children that he had swallowed. Zeus then waged war against his father with his siblings as allies. Allied with him as well were the Hecatonchires and the Cyclopes for he had released them from the depths of the earth where their father Uranus had imprisoned them. Allied with Cronus were the Titans with the exception of Themis (Clymene) and her son Prometheus. Atlas, the brother of Prometheus was an important leader on the side of Cronus. The struggle is said to have lasted ten years. In the end, Cronus was conquered and the Hecatochires guarded the Titans imprisoned in Tartarus. Atlas was punished with the task of holding up the sky. The Gigantomachy: Zeus defeats the Giants and Typhoeus -Another threat Zeus had to face came from giants that Earth produced to challenge the new order of the gods, or that had been born when the blood from the mutilation of Uranus fell upon the ground; these creatures are called Gegeneis (earthborn). The fight ended with the imprisonment of the giants under the earth. One of the most vicious of the monsters who opposed Zeus was the dragon Typhoeus. The creation of Mortals -There are many versions. Very often they are the creations of Zeus alone or of Zeus and the other gods. Sometimes immortals and mortals spring from the same source. A dominant tradition depicts Prometheus as the creator of man; and sometimes woman is created later and separately through the designs of Zeus. Ovid describes the creation of the universe and animal life out of the elements of Chaos. He tells about the birth of mortals, depicting the superiority and lofty

2 ambition of this highest creature in the order of things. The four or five ages -Ovid describes the four ages: gold, silver, bronze and iron. Hesiod however includes the age of heroes. The Age of Gold -At the very first the immortals made a race of mortal humans. They existed at the time when Cronus was king in heaven and they lived as gods with carefree hearts completely trouble. Old age did not come upon them at all and they died as overcome with sleep. They lived in harmony and in peace managed their affairs with many good things, rich in flocks and beloved of the gods. But then earth covered over this race yet they inhabit the earth and are called holy spirits who are good and ward off spirits and are protectors of mortal beings. The Age of Silver -The immortals made a second race of silver, worse than the one of gold and unlike it both physically and mentally. They could not restrain their arrogance against one another and they did not wish to worship the immortals or sacrifice at the altars as is customary and right for human beings. Then in his anger, Zeus hid them away so the earth covered over this race too. They dwell under the earth and are also honored. The Age of Bronze -They were terrible and mighty and pursued the painful and violent deeds of Ares. Their world was made of bronze and they had been destroyed by their own hands. They went down into the dark house of Hades without leaving a name. The age of Heroes

3 -Zeus next made a godlike race of heroic men who are called demigods and who preceded our own race on the Earth. War and battle destroyed some of them and some were sent by Zeus to dwell at the ends of the earth where he has them live their lives. The age of Iron -Zeus finally made another race that ages quickly and that is selfish in nature and that hurts each other Prometheus against Zeus -Hesiod tells the stories of Prometheus and his conflict with Zeus, with the human race as the pawn in a gigantic clash of divine wills. -In the story, Prometheus played a trick against Zeus He placed two offerings before the Olympian: a selection of beef hidden inside an ox's stomach and the bull's bones wrapped completely in "glistening fat". Zeus chose the latter, setting a precedent for future sacrifices; henceforth, humans would keep the meat for themselves and burn the bones wrapped in fat as an offering to the gods. This angered Zeus, who hid fire from humans in revenge. Prometheus in turn stole fire and gave it back to mankind. This further enraged Zeus, who sent Pandora, the first woman, to live with men. She was fashioned by Hephaestrus out of clay and brought to life by the four winds, with all the goddesses of Olympus assembled to adorn her. Prometheus, in eternal punishment, is chained to a rock where his liver is eaten out daily by an eagle only to be regenerated by night, which, by legend, is due to his immortality. Years later, the Greek hero Heracles would shoot the eagle and free Prometheus from his chains. The creation of Pandora -Zeus commands Hephaestrus to make a woman out of clay that would torment the men because they could not have her. Hesiod goes on to lament that men who try to avoid the evil of women by avoiding marriage will fare no better. -In Hesiod's "works and days, he expands upon her origin, and

4 moreover widens the scope of the misery she inflicts on mankind. As before, she is created by Hephaestus, but now more gods contribute to her completion: Athena taught her needlework and weaving, Aphrodite "shed grace upon her head and cruel longing and cares that weary the limbs"; Hermes gave her "a shameful mind and deceitful nature" ; Hermes also gave her the power of speech, putting in her "lies and crafty words"; Athena then clothed her; next she, Persuasion and the Charites adorned her with necklaces and other finery; the Horae adorned her with a garland crown. Finally, Hermes gives this woman a name: Pandora "All-gifted" "because all the Olympians gave her a gift". In this retelling of her story, Pandora's deceitful feminine nature becomes the least of mankind's worries. For she brings with her a jar containing "burdensome toil and sickness that brings death to men", diseases and "a myriad other pains". Prometheus had warned his brother Epimetheus not to accept any gifts from Zeus. But Epimetheus did not listen; he accepted Pandora, who promptly scattered the contents of her jar. As a result, Hesiod tells us, "the earth and sea are full of evils". One item, however, did not escape the jar, hope. Interpretations of the myths of Prometheus and Pandora -The myth explains procedure in the ritual of sacrifice and the origin of fire-promethean fire, the symbol of defiant progress. Prometheus is the archetype of the divine or heroic trickster and the culture god or hero responsible for all the arts and sciences. -The elements in the myth of the creation of woman reveal attitudes common among early societies. Pandora is created after man and is responsible for his troubles. Some see the woman and her jar as symbols of the drive and lure of procreation, the womb and birth and life, the source of all our woes. -The theme of the first woman as the bringer of evil is particularly fraught with social, political and moral implications. Pandora was the first woman and responsible for evil. -Hope is the only one that remains in the jar. Human beings were without hope until Prometheus gave it to them along with the benefit of fire.

5 -Fundamental is the conception of Zeus as the oppressor of humankind and Prometheus as its benefactor. Aeschylus' prometheus bound -His play begins with Strength (Kratos) and Force (Bia), servants of Zeus, having brought Prometheus to the remote and uninhabited land of Scythia. Hephaestus accompanies them, Kratos urges him to obey the commands of Zeus and kill Prometheus. It was Hephaestus' own "flower" of fire that Prometheus stole and for this error, he must pay to all the gods. Hephaestus is not happy. He expresses an important theme of the play in his realization that Zeus has seized supreme rule of gods and mortals only recently. The contrast is possibly intended to foreshadow the later Zeus who will learn benevolence through experience, wisdom and maturity. Prometheus is saddened because he was Zeus' ally but now all he gets is torment. The play finishes with the fulfillment of the promised torment. Io, Zeus and Prometheus -Io was loved by Zeus and so Hera turned her into a white cow. Hera put Argus to guard her. Zeus sent Hermes to rescue Io which he did and Hera set Argus' eyes in the tail of the peacock. Zeus restored Io's human form and she gave birth to a son, Epaphus. Io was tormented by Argus' ghost but she eventually found peace in Egypt. Zeus and Lycaon and the wickedness of mortals -Prometheus had a son, Deucalion and Epimetheus had a daughter, Pyrrha. Their story involves a great flood sent by Zeus to punish mortals for their wickedness. -Lycaon was the cruel king of Arcadia who tested Zeus by serving him a dish of a slaughtered and dismembered child. In return for this gruesome deed Zeus transformed Lycaon into the form of a wolf, and killed Lycaon's fifty sons by lightning bolts, except possibly Nyctimus who was then the slaughered child, and instead became restored to

6 life. Deucalion and Pyrrha Deucalion and his wife, Pyrrha, were the only survivors. Even though he was imprisoned, Prometheus who could see the future and had foreseen the coming of this flood told his son, Deucalion, to build an ark and, thus, they survived. During the flood, they landed on, the only place spared by the flood. Once the deluge was over and the couple were on land again, Deucalion consulted an oracle of Themis about how to repopulate the earth. He was told to throw the bones of his mother behind his shoulder. Deucalion and Pyrrha understood the "mother" to be Gaia, the mother of all living things, and the "bones" to be rocks. They threw the rocks behind their shoulders, which soon began to lose their hardness and change form. Their mass grew greater, and the beginnings of human form emerged. The parts that were soft and moist became skin, the veins of the rock became people's veins, and the hardest parts of the rocks became bones. The stones thrown by Pyrrha became women; those thrown by Deucalion became men. Succession Myths and other motifs -The flood archetype is present worldwide, in all cultures. The wickedness of mortals and their punishment are also persistent themes as well as their salvation.

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