8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET

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1 1. What are the rock name and map symbol used to represent the sedimentary rock that has a grain size of to 0.2 centimeters? A) 2. The map below shows the area that, at one time, was covered by ancient Lake Bonneville. Evidence of ancient shorelines indicates that, near the end of the last ice age, Lake Bonneville existed in western Utah and eastern Nevada. The Great Salt Lake in Utah is a remnant of the former Lake Bonneville. B) C) D) Which material that was formerly on the bottom of Lake Bonneville is most likely exposed on the land surface today? A) folded metamorphic bedrock B) flat-lying evaporite deposits C) coarse-grained coal beds D) fine-grained layers of volcanic lava 3. Which mineral precipitates from oceans and forms rock salt? A) quartz B) fluorite C) halite D) olivine 4. Most rocks that form from fragmental rock particles are classified as A) extrusive igneous B) intrusive igneous C) clastic sedimentary D) chemical sedimentary

2 5. A student classified the rock below as sedimentary. 8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET Which observation about the rock best supports this classification? A) The rock is composed of several minerals. B) The rock has a vesicular texture. C) The rock contains fragments of other rocks. D) The rock shows distorted and stretched pebbles. 6. Soil that contains large quantities of calcium was most likely formed by the weathering of A) rock salt B) quartzite C) coal D) limestone 7. Most sandstone bedrock is composed of sediment that was A) sorted by size and not layered B) sorted by size and layered C) unsorted and not layered D) unsorted and layered 8. Which process led to the formation of thick salt deposits found in the bedrock at some locations in New York State? A) melting B) runoff C) condensation D) evaporation

3 9. Base your answer to the following question on the cross sections below, which represent two bedrock outcrops 15 kilometers apart. The rock layers have been numbered for identification and some contain the index fossil remains shown. When these rocks were deposited as sediments, this area was most likely A) under the ocean B) a desert between high mountains C) repeatedly covered by lava flows D) glaciated several times

4 Base your answers to questions 10 through 12 on the drawings of six sedimentary rocks labeled A through F. 10. Which table shows the rocks correctly classified by texture? A) B) C) D) 11. Which two rocks are composed primarily of quartz, feldspar, and clay minerals? A) rock salt and conglomerate B) rock salt and breccia C) sandstone and shale D) sandstone and limestone 12. Most of the rocks shown were formed by A) volcanic eruptions and crystallization B) compaction and/or cementation C) heat and pressure D) melting and/or solidification 13. A student obtains a cup of quartz sand from a beach. A saltwater solution is poured into the sand and allowed to evaporate. The mineral residue from the saltwater solution cements the sand grains together, forming a material that is most similar in origin to A) an extrusive igneous rock B) an intrusive igneous rock C) a clastic sedimentary rock D) a foliated metamorphic rock

5 14. The diagram below shows a drill core of sediment that was taken from the bottom of a lake. 8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET Which types of rock would most likely form from compaction and cementation of these sediments? A) sandstone and limestone B) shale and coal C) breccia and rock salt D) conglomerate and siltstone 15. Which type of rock most likely contains fossils? A) scoria B) gabbro C) schist D) shale Base your answers to questions 16 and 17 on the cross section below, which shows a typical bedrock structure where oil and natural gas deposits are found. 16. According to the diagram, in which type of rock are these natural gas and oil deposits found? A) coarse-textured igneous rock B) foliated metamorphic rock C) porous clastic sedimentary rock D) intrusive crystalline sedimentary rock

6 17. The natural gas, oil, and saltwater have formed layers at different levels in the same rock layer due to the A) principle of superposition B) principle of original horizontality C) differences in the density of the three materials D) differences in the geologic age of the three materials 18. The profile below shows the average diameter of sediment that was sorted and deposited in specific areas A, B, C, and D by a stream entering an ocean. As compaction and cementation of these sediments eventually occur, which area will become siltstone? A) A B) B C) C D) D 19. Base your answer to the following question on the cross sections below, which show widely separated outcrops at locations X, Y, and Z. Which rock layer was formed by the compaction and cementation of particles that were all less than centimeter in diameter? A) red sandstone B) green shale C) brown siltstone D) conglomerate

7 20. Which type of rock is most likely to contain fossils? A) granite B) gneiss C) shale D) metaconglomerate 21. Particles of sediment collected from a lake bottom averaged 1.2 centimeters in diameter. If left on the lake bottom to become buried by more sediment and compressed into rock, these particles would form A) sandstone B) conglomerate C) quartzite D) granite 8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET Base your answers to questions 22 and 23 on the diagram below, which represents a cross section of rock layers that have not been overturned. 22. The breccia layer is composed mostly of A) cemented, rounded rock fragments B) cemented, angular rock fragments C) intergrown, fine-textured crystals D) microscopic shells 23. Within which rock type would a fossil most likely be found? A) B) C) D)

8 24. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which represents a rock sample containing fossilized Coelophysis footprints. 28. Base your answer to the following question on the rock sample shown below. The siltstone layer containing the dinosaur footprints was turned into rock by A) folding and faulting B) burial and cementation C) weathering and erosion D) deformation and melting 25. A rock is composed of several large, rounded pebbles and sand grains cemented together. Which inference about the rock is best supported by this description? A) The rock is older than the pebbles. B) The rock is igneous. C) The rock is sedimentary. D) The rock resulted from evaporation of sea water. 26. A stream slows to a velocity of 300 centimeters per second. Which type of sedimentary rock would most likely form from the deposition occurring at this location? A) shale B) siltstone C) sandstone D) conglomerate 27. Which sedimentary rocks are clastic and consist of particles that have diameters smaller than centimeter? A) conglomerate and sandstone B) siltstone and shale C) bituminous coal and breccia D) fossil limestone and chemical limestone The rounded pebbles of this rock have been cemented together to form A) granite, an igneous rock B) conglomerate, a sedimentary rock C) siltstone, a sedimentary rock D) Weiss, a metamorphic rock 29. Which rock is made up of angular fragments of rock held together by a natural cement? A) breccia B) scoria C) granite D) quartzite 30. Which sedimentary rock would be formed by the compaction and cementation of particles 1.5 centimeters in diameter? A) shale B) sandstone C) conglomerate D) siltstone 31. Which sedimentary rock is formed by the compaction and cementation of sorted sediments 0.05 centimeter in diameter? A) shale B) siltstone C) sandstone D) conglomerate

9 32. The diagram below shows a sedimentary rock drawn actual size. 37. The diagram below shows actual sizes and shapes of particles removed from a clastic sedimentary rock. This rock is classified as having a A) elastic texture consisting of sand-size particles B) clastic texture consisting of mixed grain sizes C) nonclastic texture with mixed grain sizes D) nonclastic texture with coarse-grained particles 33. Which statement about the formation of a rock is best supported by geologic evidence? A) Magma must be weathered before it can change to metamorphic rock. B) Sediment must be compacted and cemented before it can change to sedimentary rock. C) Sedimentary rock must melt before it can change to metamorphic rock. D) Metamorphic rock must melt before it can change to sedimentary rock. 34. Which symbol represents the sedimentary rock with the smallest grain size? A) B) The sediments are from A) chemical limestone B) conglomerate C) granite D) sandstone 38. Which land-derived sedimentary rock could have formed by the compaction and cementation of particles smaller than centimeter in diameter? A) shale B) siltstone C) sandstone D) limestone C) D) 35. Which sedimentary rock is formed by compaction and cementation of land-derived sediments? A) siltstone B) dolostone C) rock salt D) rock gypsum 36. Which bedrock would be most likely to contain fossils? A) Precambrian granite B) Cambrian shale C) Pleistocene basalt D) Middle-Proterozoic quartzite

10 Base your answers to questions 39 and 40 on the diagram below, which is a geologic cross section of an area where a river has exposed a 300-meter cliff of sedimentary rock layers. The rock layers are labeled A through I. Line XY represents a gap in the geologic record (an unconformity). 43. Which group lists rocks in order by grain size from smallest to largest? A) conglomerate, sandstone, shale B) sandstone, shale, conglomerate C) shale, sandstone, conglomerate D) shale, conglomerate, sandstone 44. Which type of rock is likely to show ripple marks and fossils? A) intrusive igneous B) extrusive igneous C) metamorphic D) sedimentary Base your answers to questions 45 and 46 on the diagram below. 39. Rock layer H was most likely formed as a result of A) cooling of melted rock material B) compaction and cementation of sediments C) heat and pressure from overlying rock layers D) recrystallization of minerals due to crustal uplift 40. If rock layer G contained angular fragments instead of rounded fragments, it would be classified as a A) breccia B) gneiss C) siltstone D) chemical limestone 41. Which processes most often cause fossil evidence to be preserved in rock? A) weathering and erosion B) melting and faulting C) deposition and cementation D) folding and metamorphism 42. Which feature is characteristic of sedimentary rocks? A) layering B) foliation C) distorted structure D) glassy texture 45. Which two processes formed this rock? A) folding and faulting B) melting and solidification C) compaction and cementation D) heating and application of pressure 46. Which sedimentary rock is shown in the diagram? A) conglomerate B) sandstone C) siltstone D) shale 47. Which kind of bedrock would most likely contain fossils? A) a high-grade metamorphic rock layer made from mixed igneous and sedimentary layers B) a series of alternating layers of shale and sandstone C) a basalt lava flow from an ancient volcano D) a mass of granite in the core of a mountain

11 48. Which sequence of events occurs in the formation of a sedimentary rock? A) B) C) D) 49. The dot below is a true scale drawing of the smallest particle found in a sample of cemented sedimentary rock. What is this sedimentary rock? A) conglomerate B) sandstone C) siltstone D) shale 50. Which rock was most likely formed from pebble sized sediment deposited in shallow water at an ocean shoreline? A) shale B) basalt C) siltstone D) conglomerate 51. The diagram below represents a conglomerate rock. Some of the rock particles are labeled. Which conclusion is best made about the rock particles? A) They are the same age. B) They originated from a larger mass of igneous rock. C) They all contain the same minerals. D) They have different origins. 52. A rock that forms directly from land-derived sediments is A) sandstone B) dolostone C) gabbro D) granite 53. Which characteristic determines whether a rock is classified as a shale, a siltstone, a sandstone, or a conglomerate? A) the absolute age of the sediments within the rock B) the mineral composition of the sediments within the rock C) the particle size of the sediments within the rock D) the density of the sediments within the rock 54. Which property best describes a rock which has formed from sediments? A) crystalline structure B) distorted structure C) banding or zoning of minerals D) fragmental particles arranged in layers 55. Which sedimentary rock would be composed of particles ranging in size from centimeter to centimeter? A) conglomerate B) dolostone C) siltstone D) shale 56. Which characteristic would best indicate that a rock was formed from sediments deposited in shallow water near shore rather than in deep water? A) hardness B) a dark color C) a large grain size D) a large amount of cement 57. Brachiopod fossils were found in a layer of limestone rock. In which type of environment did the limestone layer form? A) shallow marine B) tropical forest C) coastal plain D) interior grassland 58. Which rock is sedimentary in origin and formed as a result of chemical processes? A) granite B) shale C) breccia D) dolostone

12 59. Dolostone is classified as which type of rock? A) land-derived sedimentary rock B) chemically formed sedimentary rock C) foliated metamorphic rock D) nonfoliated metamorphic rock 8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET 60. Base your answer to the following question on the maps below, which show changes in the distribution of land and water in the Mediterranean Sea region that scientists believe took place over a period of 6 million years. Which type of rock was precipitated from seawater as the Mediterranean Sea evaporated between million years ago and 5.5 million years ago? A) rock salt B) basalt C) sandstone D) metaconglomerate 61. Which process most likely formed a layer of the sedimentary rock, gypsum? A) precipitation from seawater B) solidification of magma C) folding of clay-sized particles D) melting of sand-sized particles

13 Base your answers to questions 62 and 63 on the map and cross section below. The shaded areas on the map represent regions of the United States that have evaporite rock layers (layers of rock formed from the evaporation of seawater) under the surface bedrock. The cross section shows the generalized structure of the area in which the evaporite layers are found in New York State. 62. The surface rocks overlying these evaporite rock layers are most likely which type of rock? A) sedimentary B) plutonic igneous C) regional metamorphic D) contact metamorphic 63. Each of these evaporite rocks is normally formed by A) chemical processes B) cooling of lava C) decreased heat and pressure D) melting of magma 64. Large deposits of rock gypsum and rock salt usually form in areas of A) active volcanoes B) continental ice sheets C) fault zones in the crust D) shallow evaporating seas 65. Which type of rock is represented by the map symbol below? 66. The chemical precipitation of dissolved minerals from ocean water results in the formation of A) sedimentary rock B) metamorphic rock C) fine-grained igneous rock D) coarse-grained igneous rock A) clastic sedimentary rock formed from organic substances B) chemically formed sedimentary rock that consists mainly of the mineral calcite C) regional metamorphic rock with block like foliation D) contact metamorphic rock that results from the alteration of limestone by contact with an igneous intrusion

14 67. The diagram below represents a geologic cross section of a location in Texas where an oil well has been drilled into the bedrock. 69. The map below shows certain mineral deposits in the surface bedrock in areas of the United States. Oil, water, and natural gas can collect and stay in the sandstone layer because sandstone often A) has a grain size ranging from fine to coarse (0.006 to 0.2 cm) B) is composed mainly of grains of quartz C) contains air spaces, making it porous and permeable D) metamorphoses to quartzite 68. Which process could lead most directly to the formation of a sedimentary rock? A) metamorphism of unmelted material B) slow solidification of molten material C) sudden upwelling of lava at a mid-ocean ridge D) precipitation of minerals from evaporating water What do each of these areas of mineral deposits have in common? A) They are active fault zones of the Earth's crust. B) They were once covered by evaporating seas. C) They presently have hot, dry climates. D) They are sites of active volcanoes. 70. Limestone can form as a result of A) cooling of molten rock under the oceans B) metamorphosis of conglomerate rock C) precipitation from evaporating water D) radioactive decay of dolostone 71. Which sedimentary rocks are formed by chemical precipitation from seawater? A) gypsum and limestone B) fossil limestone and shale C) sandstone and siltstone D) conglomerate and dolostone 72. Which rock is formed by precipitation from evaporating water? A) granite B) sandstone C) shale D) salt

15 73. Limestone, gypsum, and salt are rocks formed by the processes of A) melting and solidification B) evaporation and precipitation C) erosion and deposition D) weathering and metamorphism 74. Large rock salt deposits in the Syracuse area indicate that the area once had A) large forests B) a range of volcanic mountains C) many terrestrial animals D) a warm, shallow sea 75. Dolostone is formed by the A) local metamorphism of marble B) biological deposition of skeletons and shells C) chemical replacement of limestone D) mechanical deposition of silts 76. Which sedimentary rock could form as a result of evaporation? A) conglomerate B) sandstone C) shale D) limestone 8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET Base your answers to questions 77 and 78 on the diagram below, which represents a rock composed of cemented pebbles and sand. 77. Which change would most likely occur if this rock became buried deep within Earth's crust and was subjected to intense heat and pressure, but did not melt? A) The density of the pebbles and sand would decrease. B) The rock would become a plutonic rock composed mostly of quartz. C) The rock would become more felsic with a higher concentration of magnesium. D) The pebbles would become distorted and the sand would be recrystallized. 78. This rock should be classified as A) an intrusive igneous rock B) an extrusive igneous rock C) a bioclastic sedimentary rock D) a clastic sedimentary rock

16 79. Most of the sediment that is compacted and later forms shale bedrock is A) clay B) silt C) sand D) pebbles 8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET 80. The geologic cross section below shows several rock units of Earth's crust. Some rock units are labeled A through E. Which two rock units formed from sediments deposited in horizontal layers? A) A and B B) B and C C) C and D D) D and E 81. The diagram below shows three stages in the formation of a specific rock. Which rock is formed as a result of these three stages? A) limestone B) gneiss C) schist D) coal 82. Which two processes lead directly to the formation of both breccia and conglomerate? A) melting and solidification B) heat and pressure C) compaction and cementation D) evaporation and precipitation

17 83. The diagram below shows some features in a cave. 8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET Which type of rock was chemically weathered by acidic groundwater to produce the cave and its features? A) siltstone B) basalt C) quartzite D) limestone 84. The presence of brachiopod, nautiloid, and coral fossils in the surface bedrock of a certain area indicates the area was once covered by A) tropical vegetation B) glacial deposits C) volcanic ash D) ocean water 85. Which rock was organically formed and sometimes contains fossilized plant impressions? A) rock gypsum B) phyllite C) breccia D) coal

18 86. The fossil below was found in surface bedrock in the eastern United States. 8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET Which statement best describes the formation of the rock containing this fossil? A) The rock was formed by the metamorphism of sedimentary rock deposited in a terrestrial environment during the Cretaceous Period. B) The rock was formed by the compaction and cementation of sediments deposited in a terrestrial environment during the Triassic Period. C) The rock was formed by the compaction and cementation of sediments deposited in a marine environment during the Cambrian Period. D) The rock was formed from the solidification of magma in a marine environment during the Triassic Period. 87. Which phrase best describes coal? A) low density, mafic B) chemical precipitate C) organic plant remains D) glassy texture, volcanic

19 88. The sequence of diagrams below represents the gradual geologic changes in layer X, located just below Earth's surface. Which type of sedimentary rock was formed at layer X? A) conglomerate B) shale C) rock salt D) coal 89. The diagram below represents the fossils found in a bedrock formation located in central Rhode Island. 90. Which map symbol is used to represent an organically formed sedimentary rock composed mostly of carbon? A) B) C) D) 91. Fossils would most likely be found in a sample of A) limestone B) granite C) quartzite D) metaconglomerate In which type of rock were the fossils most likely found? A) sedimentary rock that formed in an ocean environment B) sedimentary rock that formed in a land environment C) igneous rock that formed in an ocean environment D) igneous rock that formed in a land environment

20 92. Base your answer to the following question on the index fossil below, which was found in surface bedrock in Connecticut. The surface bedrock in which this index fossil was found is most likely composed of A) basalt B) granite C) limestone D) anthracite coal 93. Which sedimentary rock may form as a result of biologic processes? A) shale B) siltstone C) fossil limestone D) breccia 94. Which rock most likely formed as a result of biologic processes? A) granite B) basalt C) sandstone D) limestone 95. Which rock type most often contains fossils? A) gabbro B) quartzite C) limestone D) metaconglomerate 96. Sedimentary rocks of organic origin would most likely be formed from A) sediments eroded by running water B) materials deposited by glaciers C) shells of marine animals D) particles removed from the atmosphere by precipitation 97. Which sedimentary rock formed from the compaction and cementation of fragments of the skeletons and shells of sea organisms? A) shale B) gypsum C) limestone D) conglomerate 98. Limestone is a sedimentary rock which may form as a result of A) melting B) recrystallization C) metamorphism D) biologic processes 99. The photograph below shows an igneous rock with mineral crystals ranging in size from 2 to 6 millimeters. The rock is composed of 58% plagioclase feldspar, 26% amphibole, and 16% biotite. What is the name of this rock? A) diorite B) gabbro C) andesite D) pumice 100. Which processes lead directly to the formation of igneous rock? A) weathering and erosion B) compaction and cementation C) heat and pressure D) melting and solidification 101. Which texture best describes an igneous rock that formed deep underground? A) glassy B) vesicular C) fine grained D) coarse grained 102. Mineral crystals of quartz, biotite mica, and amphibole are produced primarily by the A) chemical reaction of elements in seawater B) cooling and solidification of magma C) deposition of sediments by a glacier D) metamorphism of bituminous coal

21 103. What is the color and type of rock that forms oceanic crust at mid-ocean ridges? A) light colored and igneous B) light colored and sedimentary C) dark colored and igneous D) dark colored and sedimentary 104. Obsidian's glassy texture indicates that it formed A) slowly, deep below Earth's surface B) slowly, on Earth's surface C) quickly, deep below Earth's surface D) quickly, on Earth's surface 105. The flowchart below illustrates the change from melted rock to basalt. 8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET The solidification of the melted rock occurred A) slowly, resulting in fine-grained minerals B) slowly, resulting in coarse-grained minerals C) rapidly, resulting in coarse-grained minerals D) rapidly, resulting in fine-grained minerals 106. Which graph best represents the relative densities of three different types of igneous rock? A) B) C) D)

22 107. Which igneous rock is dark colored, cooled rapidly on Earth's surface, and is composed mainly of plagioclase feldspar, olivine, and pyroxene? A) obsidian B) rhyolite C) gabbro D) scoria 8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET 108. Base your answer to the following question on on the data table below, which shows information about the four largest asteroids found in our solar system. The surface rocks of Vesta contain significant amounts of the mineral pyroxene. If rocks on Vesta are similar to rocks on Earth, which two igneous rocks would most likely be found on the surface of Vesta? A) basalt and scoria B) dunite and granite C) peridotite and pumice D) rhyolite and pegmatite

23 109. Base your answer to the following question on on the photographs and news article below. 8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET Old Man's Loss Felt in New Hampshire FRANCONIA, N.H. Crowds of visitors were drawn to Franconia Notch on Sunday to mourn the loss of New Hampshire's well-known symbol the Old Man of the Mountain granite profile. The 700-ton natural formation was just a pile of rocks after breaking loose from its 1,200-foot-high mountainside perch. It was unclear when the outcropping fell because clouds had obscured the area Thursday and Friday; a state park trail crew discovered the collapse Saturday morning. The famous mountain's history dates millions of years. Over time, nature carved out a 40-foot-tall profile resembling an old man's face, and it eventually became New Hampshire's most recognizable symbol. The Buffalo News, May 5, 2003 The granite bedrock formed when A) sediments were buried B) a volcano erupted C) magma cooled underground D) limestone recrystallized

24 110. Base your answer to the following question on the passage and map below. The map shows the generalized landscape regions of Vermont. Landscape Regions of Vermont Most of Vermont's landscape regions consist of ancient, weathered mountains that were covered by several ice sheets during the last ice age. When the ice melted, sand, cobbles, and boulders were deposited throughout the state, Vermont is divided into six landscape regions. (1) The Vermont Lowlands region has a mild climate, with Lake Champlain moderating its temperature. (2) The Green Mountains run the length of Vermont and were formed over 400 million years ago. Most of the bedrock is metamorphic and the region is known for its deposits of talc and asbestos. (3) The Taconic Mountains extend into New York State. Slate and marble are commonly mined in this region. (4) The Valley of Vermont is a narrow valley between two mountain ranges. Most of the bedrock in the region is limestone and marble. (5) The Vermont Piedmont covers the largest area of the state. This region consists of rolling hills and valleys. Granite mining is an important industry. (6) The Northeast Highlands is a mountainous region composed of granite bedrock.

25 Which processes formed the granite that is mined in Vermont? A) compaction and cementation of sediments B) cooling and solidification of magma C) uplift and weathering of bedrock D) application of heat and pressure to shale Base your answers to questions 111 and 112 on the block diagram below, which shows a portion of Eath's crust. Letters A, B, C, and D indicate sedimentary layers Which processes produced rock layer B? A) subduction and melting B) uplift and solidification C) heat and pressure D) compaction and cementation

26 112. The igneous rock is mostly composed of potassium feldspar and quartz crystals that have an average grain size of 3 millimeters. The igneous rock is most likely A) granite B) pegmatite C) gabbro D) pumice 113. The photograph below shows an igneous rock. What is the origin and rate of formation of this rock? A) plutonic with slow cooling B) plutonic with rapid cooling C) volcanic with slow cooling D) volcanic with rapid cooling 114. Which igneous rock has a vesicular texture and contains the minerals potassium feldspar and quartz? A) andesite B) pegmatite C) pumice D) scoria 115. What is the origin of fine-grained igneous rock? A) lava that cooled slowly on Earth s surface B) lava that cooled quickly on Earth s surface C) silt that settled slowly in ocean water D) silt that settled quickly in ocean water

27 116. Base your answer to the following question on the map below. The black triangle represents Mt. Hekla, a volcano in Iceland. The isolines represent the thickness of ash, in centimeters, that settled on Earth's surface after a volcanic eruption of Mt. Hekla on March 29, Point X is a location on the surface of the ash. In addition to the ash, solid rock formed on Mt. Hekla from the lava extruded during this eruption. This rock is most likely A) light-colored metamorphic B) dark-colored metamorphic C) fine-grained igneous D) coarse-grained igneous

28 Base your answers to questions 117 and 118 on the two tables below and on your knowledge of Earth science. Table 1 shows the composition, hardness, and average density of four minerals often used as gemstones. Table 2 lists the minerals in Moh's Scale of Hardness from 1 (softest) to 10 (hardest) Sapphire is a gemstone variety of which mineral on Moh's scale of hardness? A) corundum B) diamond C) fluorite D) topaz 118. Part of a gemstone's value is based on the way the gemstone shines in reflected light. The way a mineral reflects light is described as the mineral's A) fracture B) hardness C) luster D) streak

29 119. Which intrusive igneous rock could be composed of approximately 60% pyroxene, 25% plagioclase feldspar, 10% olivine, and 5% amphibole? A) granite B) rhyolite C) gabbro D) basalt 120. Biotite mica and muscovite mica have different chemical compositions. Compared to the magma from which biotite mica forms, the magma from which muscovite mica forms is usually A) more mafic and less dense B) more mafic and more dense C) more felsic and less dense D) more felsic and more dense 121. Which igneous rock, when weathered, could produce sediment composed of the minerals potassium feldspar, quartz, and amphibole? A) gabbro B) granite C) andesite D) basalt 122. The photograph below shows the intergrown crystals of a pegmatite rock Which process could lead directly to the formation of pumice rock? A) precipitation of minerals from evaporating seawater B) metamorphism of unmelted rock material C) deposition of quartz sand D) explosive eruption of lava from a volcano 124. Which three minerals are most commonly found in the igneous rock granite? A) amphibole, calcite, and hematite B) amphibole, biotite mica, and gypsum C) plagioclase feldspar, pyroxene, and olivine D) plagioclase feldspar, potassium feldspar, and quartz Which characteristic provides the best evidence that this pegmatite solidified deep underground? A) low density B) light color C) felsic composition D) very coarse texture

30 125. The graph below shows the relationship between the cooling time of magma and the size of the crystals produced. Which graph correctly shows the relative positions of the igneous rocks granite, rhyolite, and pumice? A) B) C) D) 126. When granite melts and then solidifies, it becomes A) a sedimentary rock B) an igneous rock C) a metamorphic rock D) sediments

31 127. Which rock most probably formed directly from lava cooling quickly at Earth's surface? A) 128. The photograph below shows actual crystal sizes in a light-colored igneous rock that contains several minerals, including potassium feldspar, quartz, and biotite mica. B) C) The rock should be identified as A) granite B) gabbro C) basalt D) rhyolite D)

32 129. Base your answer to the following question on the map below of Iceland, a country located on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Four locations are represented by the letters A through D. The fine-grained texture of most of the igneous rock formed on the surface of Iceland is due to A) rapid cooling of the molten rock B) high density of the molten rock C) numerous faults in the island's bedrock D) high pressure under the island 130. Which common rock is formed from the solidification of molten material? A) rock gypsum B) slate C) rhyolite D) coal

33 131. The diagrams below represent four rock samples. Which rock was formed by rapid cooling in a volcanic lava flow? [The diagrams are not to scale.] A) 8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET B) C) D)

34 A) B) 8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET 132. The diagrams below show the crystals of four different rocks viewed through the same hand lens. Which crystals most likely formed from molten material that cooled and solidified most rapidly? C) D) 133. Compared to felsic igneous rocks, mafic igneous rocks contain greater amounts of A) white quartz B) aluminum C) pink feldspar D) iron 134. An extrusive igneous rock with a mineral composition of 35% quartz, 35% potassium feldspar, 15% plagioclase feldspar, 10% biotite, and 5% amphibole is called A) rhyolite B) granite C) gabbro D) basaltic glass 135. Which process is necessary for the formation of igneous rocks? A) erosion B) deposition C) solidification D) metamorphism 136. For an igneous rock to be classified as rhyolite, it must be light colored, be fine grained, and contain A) quartz B) calcite C) pyroxene D) olivine 137. The picture below shows the igneous rock obsidian. The obsidian's glassy texture indicates that it formed from a magma that cooled A) slowly, deep below Earth's surface B) slowly, on Earth's surface C) quickly, deep below Earth's surface D) quickly, on Earth's surface

35 138. The table below provides information about the mineral composition of a sample of beach sand from Hawaii The geologic cross section below shows variations of mineral composition that can be observed in the Palisades Sill. The Palisades Sill is an intrusive igneous rock called diabase. If the sand deposited on this beach recently weathered from only one type of igneous rock, the rock was most likely A) granite B) peridotite C) diorite D) basalt 139. A fine-grained igneous rock composed mostly of plagioclase feldspar and hornblende and containing no quartz or pyroxene would be classified as A) granite B) andesite C) peridotite D) scoria 140. Which characteristic provides the best evidence that obsidian rock formed in an extrusive environment? A) layers of rounded fragments B) distorted bands of large mineral crystals C) noncrystalline glassy texture D) mineral cement between grains Which other igneous rock is closest to diabase in mineral composition? A) andesite B) granite C) rhyolite D) gabbro

36 142. Base your answer to the following question on the map below, which shows seismograph recording stations at locations A, B, and C. Location D is an earthquake epicenter. The distances from locations A and B to this epicenter are given in kilometers Which two igneous rocks could have the same mineral composition? A) rhyolite and diorite B) pumice and scoria C) peridotite and andesite D) gabbro and basalt 146. A fine-grained igneous rock was probably formed by A) weathering and erosion B) great heat and pressure that did not produce melting C) rapid cooling of molten material D) burial and cementation of sediment Which statement best describes the igneous crustal bedrock below locations A, B, C, and D? A) The bedrock below D is mostly basalt; below A, B, and C, the bedrock is mostly granite. B) The bedrock below D is mostly granite; below A, B, and C, the bedrock is mostly basalt. C) The bedrock below A, B, C, and D is mostly basalt. D) The bedrock below A, B, C, and D is mostly granite Which extrusive igneous rock is composed of approximately 40% quartz, 20% potassium feldspar, 20% plagioclase feldspar, 10% biotite mica, and 10% hornblende? A) rhyolite B) gabbro C) granite D) basalt 144. Some Moon rock samples have coarse intergrown crystals composed of plagioclase feldspar, hornblende, and olivine. These Moon rock samples are most similar to Earth rock samples of A) gabbro B) marble C) breccia D) pumice

37 Base your answers to questions 147 through 150 on the block diagram below which shows a cross section of Earth's crust. Letter A identifies a lake, and letters B through G represent different types of bedrock Rock C most likely resulted from the A) rapid cooling of lava from volcanic eruptions. B) regional metamorphism of a previously existing rock C) compaction and cementation of angular quartz fragments D) precipitation of minerals from evaporating water 148. Rock B is a dark-colored crystalline rock that formed when a lava flow cooled and solidified quickly on the surface of Earth. Rock B is classified as an A) extrusive igneous rock with a coarse texture and felsic composition B) extrusive igneous rock with a fine texture and a mafic composition C) intrusive igneous rock with a coarse texture and a felsic composition D) intrusive igneous rock with a fine texture and a mafic composition 149. Which diagram best represents a sample of rock G? A) B) C) D)

38 150. Which graph best represents a possible comparison of the average grain sizes for rocks D, E, and F? A) B) C) D) 151. Which relative concentration of elements is found in a mafic rock? A) a high concentration of silicon and a low concentration of iron B) a high concentration of iron and a low concentration of aluminum C) a high concentration of aluminum and a low concentration of iron D) a high concentration of aluminum and a low concentration of magnesium 152. Which relative concentrations of elements are found in a felsic rock? A) a high concentration of aluminum and a low concentration of iron B) a high concentration of iron and a low concentration of aluminum C) a high concentration of magnesium and a low concentration of iron D) a high concentration of magnesium and a low concentration of aluminum 153. A fine-grained igneous rock contains 11% plagioclase, 72% pyroxene, 15% olivine, and 2% amphibole. This rock would most likely be classified as A) granite B) rhyolite C) gabbro D) basalt 154. The diagrams below represent four rock samples. Which rock took the longest time to solidify from magma deep within the Earth? A) B) C) D)

39 155. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which represents samples of soil and bedrock at Earth's surface. The arrows represent possible infiltration of rainwater In the diagram below, each angle of the triangle represents a 100 percent composition of the mineral named at that angle. The percentage of the mineral decreases toward 0 percent as either of the other angles of the triangle is approached. Letter A represents the mineral composition of an igneous rock. Which three minerals are usually found in granite? A) biotite, olivine, and hornblende B) quartz, pyroxene, and olivine C) potassium feldspar, quartz, and hornblende D) plagioclase feldspar, biotite, and pyroxene Rock A is a coarse-grained igneous rock that can best be identified as A) rhyolite B) pumice C) granite D) gabbro 157. The bedrock of the flat areas on the Moon is mostly basalt. This fine-grained igneous rock was most likely formed by the A) cementing and compacting of sediments B) changes caused by heat and pressure on preexisting rocks C) slow cooling of magma deep under the surface D) rapid cooling of molten rock in lava flows 158. The end product of the weathering of gabbro or basalt rocks is a solution of dissolved material that most likely would contain high amounts of A) iron and magnesium B) magnesium and potassium C) aluminum and iron D) aluminum and potassium 159. Which is the best description of the properties of basalt? A) fine-grained and mafic B) fine-grained and felsic C) coarse-grained and mafic D) coarse-grained and felsic

40 160. Base your answer to the following question on the information and the cross section below. The cross section represents a possible model of the Moon's interior. Seismographs left on the Moon by astronauts have provided enough data to develop a model of the Moon's interior. Scientists believe that the Moon has a layered interior and that its crustal thickness varies greatly from one side of the Moon to the other Which granite sample most likely formed from magma that cooled and solidified at the slowest rate? A) B) C) D) 163. The four igneous rocks below are classified into two groups. What is the basis for this classification? A) density B) color C) crystal grain size D) mineral content 164. The diagram below shows the mineral composition of an igneous rock drawn actual size. According to the cross section, which kind of surface bedrock is found in large amounts on the Moon? A) fossil limestone B) volcanic rock C) sedimentary conglomerate D) nonclastic evaporite 161. Which minerals are present in granite but are never present in gabbro? A) quartz and plagioclase feldspar B) potassium feldspar (orthoclase) and quartz C) plagioclase feldspar and potassium feldspar (orthoclase) D) biotite mica and hornblende amphibole This igneous rock is A) gabbro B) granite C) basalt D) rhyolite

41 165. Base your answer to the following question on the field map below, which shows the average size of particles deposited by streams that drained an area of Maryland during the Pleistocene Epoch. The field values represent particle diameters in centimeters. Particles of sediment collected at location Y contain intergrown crystals of quartz, potassium feldspar, and hornblende. From which rock did these sediments most likely weather? A) granite B) gabbro C) sandstone D) limestone 166. Rock X and rock Y are igneous rocks with identical mineral composition. Rock X has no visible crystals and rock Y has large, visible crystals. What can be inferred about rock Y? A) It cooled at the Earth's surface, more slowly than rock X. B) It cooled beneath the Earth's surface, more slowly than rock X. C) It cooled at the Earth's surface, more quickly than rock X. D) It cooled beneath the Earth's surface, more quickly than rock X Analysis of a granite pebble would probably show that the pebble consists mostly of the A) minerals quartz and feldspar B) minerals calcite and gypsum C) elements iron and magnesium D) elements carbon and hydrogen 168. Which two processes result in the formation of igneous rocks? A) solidification and evaporation B) melting and solidification C) crystallization and cementation D) compression and precipitation 169. Which property is common to most dark-colored igneous rocks? A) high density B) intrusive formation C) abundant felsic minerals D) coarse-grained texture 170. Olivine and pyroxene are commonly found in igneous rocks that are A) felsic, with low density B) felsic, with high density C) mafic, with low density D) mafic, with high density 171. A mafic igneous rock is most likely to be relatively A) high in density and dark in color B) high in density and light in color C) low in density and dark in color D) low in density and light in color

42 172. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below which shows a top view of the bedrock geology of a portion of the Earth's surface. Two faults (F1 and F2) and three periods of igneous activity have occurred in this area Which graph best represents the relationship between the length of time molten magma takes to cool and the size of the crystals in the rock formed by the magma? A) B) C) D) Based on the diagram of a sample of igneous rock Y, its mineral composition and crystal size, what is igneous rock Y? A) rhyolite B) basalt C) conglomerate D) granite 173. Which minerals are found in the igneous rocks gabbro and basalt? A) olivine and quartz B) olivine and pyroxene C) pyroxene and orthoclase D) orthoclase and quartz 174. The best evidence for determining the cooling rate of an igneous rock during its solidification is provided by A) index fossils B) faults in the rock C) the crystal size of its minerals D) the disintegration of radioactive substances 175. Rhyolite is an example of a A) monomineralic igneous rock B) polymineralic igneous rock C) monomineralic sedimentary rock D) polymineralic sedimentary rock 177. Which substances could be found in the same igneous rock? A) pebbles and cobbles B) sandstone and limestone C) plagioclase feldspar and pyroxene D) quartz and olivine

43 A) B) 8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET 178. Which graph best shows the relationship between the compositions of different igneous rocks and their densities? C) D) 179. The igneous rock gabbro most likely formed from molten material that cooled A) rapidly at Earth's surface B) slowly at Earth's surface C) rapidly, deep underground D) slowly, deep underground 180. A coarse-grained rock contains 50% plagioclase, 45% pyroxene, and 5% hornblende. This rock should be identified as A) basalt B) granite C) rhyolite D) gabbro 181. Large crystals in an igneous rock most likely form as a result of the A) mineral composition of the magma B) cooling rate of the magma C) fossil content of the rock D) color of the rock 182. A fossil is not likely to be found in A) limestone B) sandstone C) basalt D) shale 183. Rhyolite and granite are alike in that they both are A) fine-grained B) dark-colored C) mafic D) felsic 184. Which property would be most useful for identifying igneous rocks? A) kind of cement B) mineral composition C) number of minerals present D) types of fossils present

44 185. Which graph best represents the comparison of the average grain sizes in basalt, granite, and rhyolite? A) B) 188. Which statement best describes the percentage of plagioclase feldspars in a sample of gabbro? A) The percentage of plagioclase feldspars in gabbro can vary. B) Gabbro always contains less plagioclase than pyroxene. C) Plagioclase feldspars always make up 25% of a gabbro sample. D) Gabbro contains no plagioclase feldspars The diagrams below represent magnifications of rocks. Which is most likely a diagram of a non-sedimentary rock? C) A) B) C) D) D) 186. Compared to basalt, granite is A) lighter in color B) greater in density C) more mafic in composition D) more fine grained in texture 187. Which two mineral grains would most likely be found in soil formed from granite? A) olivine and pyroxene B) potassium feldspar and quartz C) plagioclase and pyroxene D) olivine and nepheline 190. Which is a fine-grained igneous rock made up primarily of pyroxene and plagioclase feldspar? A) gabbro B) basalt C) granite D) rhyolite 191. Most igneous rocks form by which processes? A) melting and solidification B) heat and pressure C) erosion and deposition D) compaction and cementation 192. Gabbro is composed mainly of A) plagioclase feldspars and pyroxene B) hornblende and quartz C) biotite and olivine D) potassium feldspar and quartz 193. Which rock is of felsic composition, low in density, light in color, and coarse grained? A) rhyolite B) basalt C) granite D) gabbro

45 194. Which graph best shows the relationship between the size of the crystals in an igneous rock and the length of time it has taken the rock to solidify? A) B) 199. The photograph below shows the texture of a rock composed of various minerals as seen through a microscope. C) D) 195. Which is usually a characteristic of igneous rocks with a high density? A) They are light in color. B) They are felsic. C) They have a high aluminum content. D) They contain iron A coarse-grained igneous rock contains plagioclase feldspars and pyroxenes, but no quartz. This rock is most likely A) basalt B) rhyolite C) granite D) gabbro 197. Which rock was subjected to intense heat and pressure but did not solidify from magma? A) sandstone B) schist C) gabbro D) rhyolite 198. The photograph below shows a large outcrop of rock composed primarily of visible crystals of mica, quartz, and feldspar. Which rock is most likely shown above? A) sandstone B) anthracite coal C) dunite D) schist Based on the composition and foliated texture, this rock can best be identified as A) marble B) schist C) slate D) anthracite coal

46 Base your answers to questions 200 through 202 on the graph below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The graph shows the temperature, pressure, and depth environments for the formation of the three major rock types. Pressure is shown in kilobars (kb). Letters A through D identify different environmental conditions for rock formation Which letter represents the environmental conditions necessary to form gneiss? A) A B) B C) C D) D 201. Which rock is most likely to form directly from rock material at a depth of 30 km and a temperature of 1000 C? A) quartzite B) scoria C) shale D) granite 202. At what pressure and temperature is sand most likely to be compacted into sandstone? A) 2 kb and 150 C B) 6 kb and 200 C C) 10 kb and 400 C D) 12 kb and 900 C

47 203. The data table below lists characteristics of rocks A, B, C, and D. Which rock is most likely phyllite? A) A B) B C) C D) D 204. Which rock is only formed by regional metamorphism? A) slate B) hornfels C) dunite D) marble 205. Base your answer to the following question on the geologic cross section below. Location A is within the metamorphic rock. The metamorphic rock at location A is most likely A) marble B) quartzite C) phyllite D) slate 206. Wavy bands of light and dark minerals visible in gneiss bedrock probably formed from the A) cementing together of individual miner grains B) cooling and crystallization of magma C) evaporation of an ancient ocean D) heat and pressure during metamorphism

48 Base your answers to questions 207 and 208 on the graph below, which shows the crustal temperature and pressure conditions under which three different minerals with the same chemical composition (Al2SiO5) crystallize If bedrock at a collisional plate boundary contains andalusite crystals, these crystals are changed into sillimanite and/or kyanite as temperature and pressure conditions increase. What is this process called? A) weathering B) solidification C) metamorphism D) cementation 208. Under which crustal temperature and pressure conditions will andalusite form? A) 300 C and 6000 atmospheres B) 500 C and 2000 atmospheres C) 600 C and 4000 atmospheres D) 700 C and 8000 atmospheres

49 209. The rock shown below has a foliated texture and contains the minerals amphibole, quartz, and feldspar arranged in coarse-grained bands. Which rock is shown? A) slate B) dunite C) gneiss D) quartzite 210. Which physical characteristic best describes the rock phyllite? A) glassy texture with gas pockets B) clastic texture with angular fragments C) bioclastic texture with cemented shell fragments D) foliated texture with microscopic mica crystals 211. During the Permian Period, sedimentary bedrock in the Appalachian Region was subjected to high temperature and pressure. Calcite deposits that had existed in this environment would most likely have formed A) schist B) gabbro C) marble D) gneiss 212. Which nonfoliated rock forms only in a zone of contact metamorphism? A) conglomerate B) hornfels C) pegmatite D) quartzite 213. During the intrusion of the Palisades Sill, contact metamorphism changed sandstone and shale into A) diorite B) marble C) limestone D) hornfels 214. Which rock is foliated, shows mineral alignment but not banding, and contains medium-sized grains of quartz and pyroxene? A) phyllite B) schist C) gneiss D) quartzite 215. Which two kinds of adjoining bedrock would most likely have a zone of contact metamorphism between them? A) shale and conglomerate B) shale and sandstone C) limestone and sandstone D) limestone and granite 216. Which sedimentary rock is most likely to be changed to slate during regional metamorphism? A) breccia B) conglomerate C) dolostone D) shale 217. The diagram below shows four rock samples. Which sample best shows the physical properties normally associated with regional metamorphism? A) A B) B C) C D) D 218. Which sequence of change in rock type occurs as shale is subjected to increasing heat and pressure? A) shale schist phyllite slate gneiss B) shale slate phyllite schist gneiss C) shale gneiss phyllite slate schist D) shale gneiss phyllite schist slate 219. How do the metamorphic rocks schist and quartzite differ? A) Quartzite contains the mineral quartz and schist does not. B) Quartzite forms from regional metamorphism and schist does not. C) Schist is organically formed and quartzite is not. D) Schist is foliated and quartzite is not.

50 Base your answers to questions 220 through 224 on the diagrams below which represents the same rock material at five stages of development. The graph below shows the temperature and depth of burial at which stages A through D develop Stage E has intentionally been omitted from the graph Which graph correctly shows where magma would begin to crystallize into granite (stage E)? A) B) C) D) 221. In the simple rock-cycle diagram, which processes along path X would change the schist (stage C) directly into a pile of sediments (stage A)? A) uplift, weathering, and erosion of the schist B) cementing of sediment grains followed by compaction C) melting of the schist followed by cooling D) heat and/or pressure applied to the schist

51 222. The rocks in stages C and D are both 8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET A) noncrystalline B) foliated C) clastic D) glassy 223. Clayey sandstone will form gneiss if the A) temperature and pressure both decrease B) temperature and pressure both increase C) temperature decreases and the pressure increases D) temperature increases and the pressure decreases 224. According to the graph, gneiss is formed at a depth of approximately A) 10 km B) 7 km C) 3 km D) 0 km 225. The cartoon below presents a humorous look at history The geologic cross section below shows limestone that was intruded. Part of the limestone (zone A) was heated intensely but was not melted. Which type of rock most likely formed in zone A? A) gneiss B) slate C) marble D) obsidian 227. Which diagram best represents a sample of the metamorphic rock gneiss? (Diagrams show actual size.) A) B) What kind of rocks does the complaining rock collector want? A) felsic volcanic rocks B) clastic sedimentary rocks C) inorganic sedimentary rocks D) regionally metamorphosed rocks C) D)

52 228. Base your answer to the following question on the geologic cross section shown below. At which location is metamorphic rock most likely to be found? A) A B) B C) C D) D 229. The recrystallization of unmelted material under high temperature and pressure results in A) metamorphic rock B) sedimentary rock C) igneous rock D) volcanic rock 230. Where is metamorphic rock frequently found? A) on mountaintops that have horizontal layers containing marine fossils B) within large lava flows C) as a thin surface layer covering huge areas of the continents D) along the interface between igneous intrusions and sedimentary bedrock 231. What is one difference between the metamorphic rocks quartzite and hornfels? A) Hornfels is foliated; quartzite is nonfoliated. B) Hornfels contains plagioclase; quartzite does not contain plagioclase. C) Hornfels is produced by regional metamorphism; quartzite is produced by contact metamorphism. D) Hornfels is medium grained; quartzite is fine grained Heat and pressure due to magma intrusions may result in A) vertical sorting B) graded bedding C) contact metamorphism D) chemical evaporites 233. Which rock forms by the recrystallization of unmelted rock material under conditions of high temperature and pressure? A) granite B) gneiss C) rock gypsum D) bituminous coal 234. Which processes change sedimentary rocks into metamorphic rocks? A) erosion and deposition B) melting and solidification C) evaporation and condensation D) temperature and pressure changes

53 Base your answers to questions 235 and 236 on the cross section below which shows the surface and subsurface rock formations near New York City The diagram below represents a rock with a distorted layer structure The rock types shown on the left side of this geologic cross section were mainly the result of A) heat and pressure exerted on previously existing rock B) melting and solidification of crustal rocks at great depths C) tectonic plate boundaries diverging at the mid-ocean ridge D) compaction and cementation of sediments under ocean waters 236. Which rock formation was originally limestone? A) Palisades sill B) Fordham gneiss C) Inwood marble D) Manhattan schist 237. Most metamorphic rocks are formed when A) sediments are cemented and compacted B) magma cools slowly, deep underground C) flows of lava cool rapidly D) rocks are subjected to heat and pressure The distorted structure of this rock is most likely the result of A) a long period of weathering B) glacial activity C) wind erosion D) extreme pressure 239. Which metamorphic rock will have visible mica crystals and a foliated texture? A) marble B) quartzite C) schist D) slate 240. The diagram below shows an igneous rock intrusion in sedimentary rock layers. At which point would metamorphic rock most likely be found? A) A B) B C) C D) D

54 Base your answers to questions 241 through 245 on the diagrams below of five rock samples. 8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET 241. Which sample would most likely contain fossils? A) gneiss B) granite C) sandstone D) basalt 242. Which sample is composed of sediments centimeter to 0.2 centimeter in size that were compacted and cemented together? A) conglomerate B) sandstone C) gneiss D) granite 243. Which sample is igneous and has a coarse texture? A) sandstone B) conglomerate C) basalt D) granite 244. The basalt was most likely formed by A) heat and pressure B) melting and solidification C) compaction and cementation D) erosion and deposition 245. If granite were subjected to intense heat and pressure, it would most likely change to A) conglomerate B) sandstone C) gneiss D) basalt 246. Metamorphic rocks form as the direct result of A) precipitation from evaporating water B) melting and solidification in magma C) erosion and deposition of soil particles D) heat and pressure causing changes in existing rock

55 247. The diagram below indicates physical changes that accompany the conversion of shale to gneiss. Which geologic process is occurring to cause this conversion? A) sedimentary layering B) intrusion of magma C) metamorphism D) weathering 248. Metamorphic rocks result from the A) erosion of rocks B) recrystallization of rocks C) cooling and solidification of molten magma D) compression and cementation of soil particles 249. Which rocks would most likely be separated by a transition zone of altered rock (metamorphic rock)? A) sandstone and limestone B) granite and limestone C) shale and sandstone D) conglomerate and siltstone 250. What is the main difference between metamorphic rocks and most other rocks? A) Many metamorphic rocks contain only one mineral. B) Many metamorphic rocks have an organic composition. C) Many metamorphic rocks exhibit banding and distortion of structure. D) Many metamorphic rocks contain a high amount of oxygen-silicon tetrahedra Which characteristic of rocks tends to increase as the rocks are metamorphosed? A) density B) porosity C) permeability D) number of fossils present 252. Most of the sand that makes up the sandstone found in New York State was originally deposited in which type of layers? A) tilted B) horizontal C) faulted D) folded

56 253. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram of Earth shown below. Letters B, C, and D represent layers of Earth. Letter Q represents a location on Earth's surface. What is the probable density of the granitic bedrock at Q? A) 1.0 g/cm 3 B) 2.7 g/cm 3 C) 3.0 g/cm 3 D) 5.5 g/cm 3

57 Base your answers to questions 254 and 255 on the cross section below. Rock units are labeled 1 through 8. The line between A and A' indicates an unconformity Which rock most probably formed in the contact metamorphic zone within rock unit 6? A) marble B) basalt C) quartzite D) hornfels 255. Which characteristic of the granite intrusion provides the most evidence that it solidified deep underground? A) very hard B) coarse texture C) light color D) felsic composition

58 A) B) 8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET 256. Which diagram represents a landscape where fine-grained igneous bedrock is most likely to be found? C) D) 257. Rocks are classified as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic based primarily on their A) texture B) crystal or grain size C) method of formation D) mineral composition 258. The diagram below shows a rock with deformed structure and intergrown crystals. Base your answers to questions 260 and 261 on the pictures of four rocks shown below. Magnified views of the rocks are shown in the circles. The rock was probably formed by A) sediments that were deposited on the ocean floor B) heat and pressure that changed a preexisting rock C) volcanic lava that cooled on Earth's surface D) a meteor impact on Earth's surface 259. Rocks can be classified as sedimentary, igneous, or metamorphic based primarily upon differences in their A) color B) density C) origin D) age 260. What do all four rock samples have in common? A) They show cleavage. B) They contain minerals. C) They are organically formed. D) They formed on Earth s surface Which rock is metamorphic and shows evidence of foliation? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4

59 Base your answers to questions 262 and 263 on the diagram below which shows the structure of a student-developed chart for identifying some rock samples. The circles labeled choice 1 through choice 4 represent decision-making steps leading either to path (a) or path (b). Choice 5 has not been completed Before the student can select either path (a) or path (b) at choice 1, the student must make a decision about A) mineral composition B) crystal size C) the temperature at which rocks form D) the appearance of the rock grains 263. At choice 2, the student should generally select path (a) if the student observes A) a random arrangement of mineral crystals B) distorted structure and crystal alignment C) bands of mineral crystals D) layers of same-sized crystals

60 264. The diagram below represents a sample of a rock. This rock would be classified as metamorphic because it shows A) distorted banding B) an organic composition C) a mixture of minerals D) crystals from precipitation 265. Which diagram best represents a sample of the metamorphic rock gneiss? [Diagrams show actual size.] A) 267. The main difference between sedimentary and nonsedimentary rocks is the A) means by which they are located B) conditions under which they are formed C) minerals of which they are composed D) locations in which they are found 268. Which characteristic of nonsedimentary rocks would provide the least evidence about the environment in which the rocks were formed? A) structure B) color C) crystal size D) mineral composition 269. Which diagram below shows an area in which fine-grained igneous rocks are most likely to be found? A) B) B) C) C) D) D) 266. Which characteristic of an igneous rock would provide the most information about the environment in which the rock solidified? A) color B) texture C) hardness D) streak 270. Which characteristic provides the best evidence about the environment in which a rock was formed? A) the color of the rock B) the size of the rock C) the texture of the rock D) the thickness of the rock 271. Volcanic ash deposits found in the geologic record are most useful in correlating the age of rock layers if the volcanic ash was distributed over a A) large area during a short period of time B) large area during a long period of time C) small area during a short period of time D) small area during a long period of time

61 272. The graph below shows the concentration (percentage) of copper at various depths in the bedrock at a mine in Arizona. 8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET Between which depths should the bedrock be mined in order to obtain rock with the highest percentage of copper? A) ft B) ft C) ft D) ft Base your answers to questions 273 and 274 on the table below which provides information about the crystal sizes and the mineral compositions of four igneous rocks, A, B, C, and D Which diagram best represents the texture, composition, and intergrown crystals of rock A? A) B) C) D)

62 274. Which two rocks most likely formed farthest below the surface of Earth? A) A and B B) B and C C) C and D D) A and D Base your answers to questions 275 through 278 on the diagram below, which represents a scheme for classifying rocks. The letters A, B, C and X, Y, Z represent missing labels Which rocks could be represented by circles X, Y, and Z? A) shale, slate, and schist B) sandstone, shale, and siltstone C) anthracite coal, metaconglomerate, and rock salt D) breccia, gneiss, and rhyolite 276. Which processes would form the type of rock that is represented by circle B? A) deposition and compaction B) weathering and erosion C) melting and solidification D) faulting and folding 277. If the rock in circle C formed from limestone, it would be called A) schist B) anthracite coal C) marble D) slate 278. The classification of rocks into sedimentary or nonsedimentary groups is based primarily on the rocks' A) origin B) density C) color D) age

63 279. In which part of the Earth are felsic rocks most likely to be found? A) continental crust B) oceanic crust C) plastic mantle D) rigid mantle 280. Where are the Earth's sedimentary rocks generally found? A) in regions of recent volcanic activity B) deep within the Earth's crust C) along the mid-ocean ridges D) as a thin layer covering much of the continents 281. Which rocks form relatively thin layers, compared to the thickness of the continent, over large areas of the continents? A) granite and gabbro B) sandstone and shale C) metamorphic rocks D) intrusive igneous rocks 8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET Base your answers to questions 282 and 283 on the photograph and cross section below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The sequence of rock types found in the walls of the Grand Canyon are shown. The names of rock formations are shown and the upper and lower boundaries of each formation are indicated by dashed lines. The rock layers have not been overturned The granite formation was primarily formed by A) metamorphism of layered sandstone B) solidification of felsic magma C) compaction of precipitated gypsum D) cementation of clastic sediments

64 283. If the Vishnu schist had been exposed to greater heat and pressure during metamorphism, it could have formed A) gneiss B) marble C) quartzite D) phyllite 284. The table below lists some information about the minerals graphite and diamond. Some properties of diamond are different from those of graphite because diamond A) has a different arrangement of atoms B) forms larger crystals C) has a different composition D) is older in geologic age 285. The diagram below represents the intensity of the shaking that occurs on different Earth surfaces during the same earthquake. The greatest earthquake hazard to homes exists when they are built on A) hard igneous rock B) sedimentary rock C) coarse sediments D) silt and mud 286. Which igneous rock has a vesicular texture and a felsic composition? A) pumice B) basalt C) granite D) scoria

65 287. Base your answer to the following question on The diagram below shows magnified views of three stages of mineral crystal formation as molten material gradually cools. Which rock normally forms when minerals crystallize in these stages? A) shale B) gneiss C) gabbro D) breccia 288. Base your answer to the following question on the geologic cross section of bedrock shown below. A through G identify rock layers and Q represents a fault. Lines W, X, Y, and Z are locations of unconformities. The rocks have not been overturned. Which rock or feature is oldest? A) rock A B) rock G C) fault Q D) unconformity Z

66 289. The diagram below represents a sedimentary rock composed of pebbles and sand. 8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET Which statement most accurately compares the ages of the cracks and pebbles to the age of the sedimentary rock in which they are found? A) The cracks and pebbles are both younger than the sedimentary rock. B) The cracks and pebbles are both older than the sedimentary rock. C) The cracks are younger and the pebbles are older than the sedimentary rock. D) The cracks are older and the pebbles are younger than the sedimentary rock.

67 290. Base your answer to the following question on the chart below, which shows the changing climatic conditions that led to alternating glacial and interglacial periods. The interglacial stages were most likely caused by A) a drop in worldwide sea levels B) an increase in average worldwide temperature C) crustal plate movement D) a large increase in the amount of snowfall

68 291. The diagram below shows a sample of conglomerate rock The diagram below represents a rock consisting of granite pebbles and sand grains cemented together. The oldest part of this sample is the A) conglomerate rock sample B) calcite cement C) limestone particles D) mineral vein 292. How would the age of sandstone fragments found in a conglomerate rock compare with the age of the conglomerate rock? A) The sandstone fragments are younger than the conglomerate rock. B) The sandstone fragments are older than the conglomerate rock. C) The sandstone fragments and the conglomerate rock are the same age. D) The sandstone fragments may be either younger or older than the conglomerate rock. How does the age of the granite pebbles compare to the age of the rock itself? A) The pebbles are younger than the rock. B) The pebbles are older than the rock. C) The pebbles are the same age as the rock. D) The relative age of the pebbles cannot be determined One difference between a breccia rock and a conglomerate rock is that the particles in a breccia rock are A) more aligned B) more angular C) harder D) land derived 295. The diagram below represents a layer of sandstone containing a vein of calcite and a crack labeled XY. Which is oldest? A) the calcite vein B) the crack labeled XY C) the sandstone layer D) the individual sand grains in the rock 296. A sedimentary rock consists of grains of sand cemented together. What is the relative age of the sand grains? A) younger than the rock B) older than the rock C) the same age as the rock

69 Base your answers to questions 297 and 298 on the flowchart below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The boxes labeled A through G represent rocks and rock materials. Arrows represent the processes of the rock cycle The arrows in the block diagram below represent forces forming mountains in a region of Earth's lithosphere. Metamorphic rocks that formed from these forces are represented by which lettered box in the flowchart? A) A B) B C) E D) F 298. Which lettered box could represent the rock conglomerate? A) E B) G C) C D) D

70 299. Base your answer to the following question on the block diagrams of four rock outcrops, A, B, C, and D, located within 15 kilometers of each other. The rock layers have not been overturned. By which process was the quartzite formed? A) deposition of clastic sediment B) precipitation from seawater C) metamorphism of sandstone D) cementation of shells

71 300. The diagram below represents geological processes that act continuously on Earth to form different rock types. Which table correctly classifies each rock type? A) B) C) D)