Peat Slope Failures in Ireland & Stability Assessment
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1 Reinforced Water, Edinburgh 11 th March 28 Peat Slope Failures in Ireland & Stability Assessment Noel Boylan University College Dublin Supervisor: Dr. Mike Long UCD School of Architecture, Landscape and Civil Engineering. Scoil na hailtireachta, na Tírdhreacha agus na hinnealtóireachta Sibhialta UCD. Presentation Outline Background Peat Slope Failures in Ireland Engineering Stability Assessment Undrained Shear Strength ( ) Recent Research UCD-DSS Full Flow Penetrometers Outline Irish Failures Stability DSS Full Flow Pens 2/29 1
2 Pollatomish, Co. Mayo 19 th September 23 ~4 Failures ~11 Failure Occurred in Peat 2
3 Derrybrien, Co. Galway 16 th October 23 45,m 3 Peat moved ~3m wide 3
4 Derrybrien Head of Failure ~4m Wide Outline Irish Failures Stability DSS Full Flow Pens 7/29 4
5 Peat Slope Failures in Ireland Peat Distribution & Annual Rainfall Ward et al. (27) National Landslide Database Geological Survey of Ireland Location of Peat Failure 13.8% Peat >7 Events 1km Outline Irish Failures Stability DSS Full Flow Pens 9/29 Assessment of Peat Stability - Ireland Planning Guidelines 1 for windfarm developments require an assessment of peat stability to take place Qualative Risk Assessments generally used to assess risks from array of causal factors Current (recent) practice is to carry out Engineering stability assessmentsing results of in-situ vane tests (-vane ) 1 DOEHLG (26) Wind Energy Development Guidelines Outline Irish Failures Stability DSS Full Flow Pens 1/29 5
6 Engineering Stability Assessment Infinite Slope Stability Calculation z w z W τ Passive resistance and vertical portions of failure surface ignored. Z/L generally much less than.1 for peat failures. β N su FOS = γzsinβcosβ FOS 1.4 Outline Irish Failures Stability DSS Full Flow Pens 11/29 In-situ Vane Tests Current (recent) practice is to use from field vane tests FVT known to be misleading in peat Anisotropy of peat due to fibres. /σ' v = 1-2 Compression of peat by vane.failure surface differs from theoretical Voids open up behind the vane facilitating drainage reduces with increasing vane diameter Doesn t seem appropriate as dominant failure is horizontal sliding Outline Irish Failures Stability DSS Full Flow Pens 12/29 6
7 Insitu Vane Tests / σ v ' H4 peat 1 H5 / H6 peat Depth (m) 2 H6 / H7 peat 3 Triaxial Compression (TC) 4 Direct Simple Shear (DSS) Marl / Silty Sand Outline Irish Failures Stability DSS Full Flow Pens 13/29 Strength appropriate to failure surface TC TE DSS Normal Force Shear Force α Outline Irish Failures Stability DSS Full Flow Pens 14/29 7
8 DSS Testing of Peat Some Experience of DSS testing of Peat Carlsten (2), Farrell et al. (1998), Zwanenburg (25) Largely carried out at high stress levels above insitu condition to define / σ' v relationship Need to develop apparatus to test a low stress levels (dejong, 27) Outline Irish Failures Stability DSS Full Flow Pens 15/29 Development of DSS for Peat Criteria for DSS to satisfy: Simulate the low apparent effective stresses that peat experiences insitu ( 2-5kPa) Method to ensure that peat is indeed undergoing shear strain and not slipping at patten Monitor deformation of peat to learn about peat strength Outline Irish Failures Stability DSS Full Flow Pens 16/29 8
9 UCD-DSS Apparatus Outline Irish Failures Stability DSS Full Flow Pens 17/29 UCD-DSS Deformation Analysis Markers Patches 1. Break image up into a fine mesh 2. Using cross-correlation techniques, find location of each square in second image 3. Close range photogrammetry to calibrate strains 4. Plot strains & contours of shear strain (White et al., 23) Outline Irish Failures Stability DSS Full Flow Pens 18/29 9
10 Deformation Monitoring - Example y/d Shear Strain, yx (%) -5 y/d 1.5 Global = 2% xy Volumetric Strain, vol (%) Outline Irish Failures Stability DSS Full Flow Pens 19/29 Vane & DSS Results / σ v ' Depth (m) FVT - DSS Outline Irish Failures Stability DSS Full Flow Pens 2/29 1
11 Insitu Testing Not always feasible to test large amounts of specimens in laboratory Difficulties obtaining samples Sample Disturbance Difficulties preparing specimen for testing Need an insitu test to relate to Problems with cone penetration testing (CPT) in peat Outline Irish Failures Stability DSS Full Flow Pens 21/29 Problems with CPTU in Peat q c and u 2 (kpa) u 2 f s Depth b.g.l. (m) 4 q c u 2 f s 6 q c f s (kpa) Problems of negative resistances in peat Outline Irish Failures Stability DSS Full Flow Pens 22/29 11
12 Full Flow Penetrometers Standard 1cm 2 Cone T-bar Penetrometer 1cm 2 Ball Penetrometer 1cm 2 Outline Irish Failures Stability DSS Full Flow Pens 23/29 Relationship to Undrained Shear Strength ( ) Measured Resistance requires minimal correction compared to CPTU I J Ext Ext H DSS G Comp q su = T bar T bar s = u q Ball Ball DSS F Deformation relates closest to -AVG -DSS B C Comp Comp D DSS E Ext Randolph & Andersen (26) Outline Irish Failures Stability DSS Full Flow Pens 24/29 12
13 Bothkennar Soft Clay - Ball Undrained Shear Strength, (kpa) Depth (m) CAUE DSS CAUC Ball N Ball = 15.3 Estimated from Plasticity Solutions & Strain Rate Effect & Strain Softening Good Agreement with -DSS 16 2 Outline Irish Failures Stability DSS Full Flow Pens 25/29 CPTU, Tbar & Ball q net, q T-bar and q Ball (MPa) Depth b.g.l. (m) 2 CPTU Ball Test 1 Ball Test 2 Tbar 3 Outline Irish Failures Stability DSS Full Flow Pens 26/29 13
14 Tbar Testing / σ v ' N Tbar = 28 Depth (m) 2 High repeatability of Tbar & Ball Reduces scatter in /σ' v FVT - DSS Tbar 12 Tbar 16 Outline Irish Failures Stability DSS Full Flow Pens 27/29 Summary In-situ vane tests can be misleading in peat soils However, often used in site investigations on peatlands Taking into account the strength anisotropy of peat and the nature of deformation in a peat failure DSS more appropriate test UCD-DSS is capable of testing at appropriate stress levels Full flow penetrometers can be a useful tool for in-situ measurements and correlation with laboratory data Outline Irish Failures Stability DSS Full Flow Pens 28/29 14
15 Thank you for Listening Acknowledgements Dr. Paul Jennings (AGEC) Lankelma Ltd. BOGLAND Funded by Outline Irish Failures Stability DSS Full Flow Pens 29/29 15
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