I. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background and Problem Statement
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1 I. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background and Problem Statement The declining of global oil and gas reserves has encouraged the exploration campaign to both the frontier area and the revisit to the mature basins. Most Neogene reservoirs of western Indonesia have been exploited. Thus, deeper Paleogene systems become the next potential main exploration target. Since most of the Paleogene system consists of rift plays, then a good understanding of the rift related petroleum system and its pitfalls are required (Noeradi et al., 2005). East Java-Lombok basin is one of the promising exploration targets for synrift plays. The finding of a commercial oil and gas accumulation from Ngimbang clastic synrift play in Pagerungan field proved that the system worked effectively in this area. However, although all the required ingredients for hydrocarbon accumulation found in the area, in fact the exploration success ratio is relatively low. Based on the previous studies (Priyono et al., 2007; Robertson Research, 2002) and some well reports (L-49-1, ST-P1, ST-Z1 and ST-A1) suggested that in general the dry holes in East Java-Lombok Basin were mostly caused by the migration problems due to the absence or lack of communication between reservoirs and source rock. So, in absence of the faults intersected the source and the upper reservoir strata for vertical migration, then the petroleum system in this area will be much rely on the lateral up-dip migration through the synrift sandstone carrier bed. The synrift sandstone deposit of Ngimbang and Pre-Ngimbang Formations is considered to be the main migration carrier bed and in some cases it is also act as the active reservoir (L46-1 well & Pagerungan field). While the synrift lacustrine shale act as the hydrocarbon main source rock and some act as the seal. So it is very important to understand the synrift facies distribution in this area, in order to reduce the migration uncertainty, predicting the reservoir geometry and other general implication to the hydrocarbon exploration in this area. I-1
2 1.2. Research Location The study area is located in the eastern part of Laut Bali, to the north of Lombok Island (Figure-1.1). The terrain is offshore area with depth ranging from 200 to 1000 m. Due to this deepwater environment, this area become largely under-explore and there was only a few operators worked in this area. Figure-1.1: The study area is located in eastern part of Laut Bali area and about 30 km to the north of Lombok Island Research Subject The research subject is to model the facies distribution of Pre-Ngimbang and Ngimbang Formations synrift deposit and its implication to the hydrocarbon exploration in Laut Bali Timur area of East Java-Lombok Basin Research Data Objects The main object for this research is 2D seismic and well data acquired by previous operator companies or by multi-client speculation survey data provider companies. Regionally, about 3500 km of 2D seismic lines, 18 wells with checkshot, standard wire line logs and well reports available, and used for the regional interpretation, velocity modeling, time-depth conversion and regional mapping which were done prior to this research. Within the study focus area, 20 lines of I-2
3 depth converted-seismic 2D with total length about 815 km and a selected key well were utilized for this research. The previous research results, regional interpretations, maps, and the modern analog available in publish and internal unpublished literatures are also included as the secondary and supporting data. Since the study area is largely under explored, then the main challenge is the scarcity of data, it will be very difficult to directly map the synrift facies distribution from those limited data. The integration between the existing data and the conceptual geological model is proposed to overcome this problem Research Objectives and Scopes This research is designed to generate the synrift facies distribution model by using the 3D geo-cellular modeling technique which integrates the existing well and seismic data with a fine conceptual geological model. By having a high quality facies distribution model of the synrift deposit, it is expected to be used as a guidance to understand the Pre-Ngimbang and Ngimbang synrift sandstone distribution pattern as the carrier bed for hydrocarbon migration pathway as well as for the reservoir geometry prediction and other general implication to the hydrocarbon exploration in East Java Lombok Basin. Another objective is to introduce the application of 3D geo-cellular modeling technique to a new venturing type of work in frontier area. The 3D geocellular modeling is generally only applied for reservoir characterizations in the active hydrocarbon production area, where a dense of data is required to generate a high resolution geological model. Although there will be a limitation on the accuracy due to the scarcity of data, however it is expected that we can still have a better data controlled geological model, instead of only rely on a conceptual model. Due to the time constrain and hardware limitation, then synrift facies distribution modeling will be limited only in central portion of the area of interest. Considering that the 3D geo-cellular modeling has a wide technical aspect spectrum which involves many scientific disciplines, so for this research will be limited to the application of Object Modeling or SGS Modeling technique. I-3
4 1.6. Assumptions Several assumptions adopted as some basic foundation for this research building block: East Java-Lombok Basin is a continental rift basin. Pre-Ngimbang and Ngimbang Formations are synrift deposits. Lithologic unit can be recognized from the seismic properties. The lithologic unit deposited in same depositional environment, basically will have the similar physical properties which can be recognized from the seismic properties. The rift-related linked depositional system can be recognized from the seismic reflector configuration pattern (Prosser, 1992). There is a spatial dependency among the modeling variable, so the geo-statistic approach is applicable to model any properties distributions in this area. All the existing data such as well log, seismic, and well reports, are considered to be valid. The available seismic depth conversion result is considered to be valid Hypotheses The following are the working hypotheses for this research: 1. The synrift deposit distribution will be pretty much controlled by the rift geometry. 2. The synrift deposit in this area can be divided into three main depositional phases: rift initiation, rift climax and immediate postrift. 3. The synrift sandstone deposit would have the different distribution pattern for each rift depositional phase Research Methodology In general the methodology applied for this research involved several methods of data collecting, data processing and analysis; I-4
5 Data Collecting The first step of this research is to collect the data. Then the well and 2D seismic data are loaded to the geology and geophysical application software for further data processing and interpretation; OpenWorks used as the main project database, Seisworks for seismic interpretation, StratWorks for well correlation, and Petrel for seismic multi attributes and pseudo log generation and for the geo-cellular modeling Data Processing Most of the data are ready to use, all of the seismic 2D data is already converted in depth domain and other data such as wire line log, composite log, well report are ready to use for interpretation and modeling. The generalized workflow is shown in figure-1.2; Figure-1.2: The generalized research workflow. I-5
6 In general, this research can be divided into five main steps: 1. The rift basin identification from seismic and well data, to reconstruct its geometry, size, position and orientation. 2. Divided the synrift interval into three depositional units based on the seismic internal character, i.e.: rift initiation, rift climax and immediate post-rift. 3. Recognized the facies/lithology from the well and seismic attributes in each synrift unit. 4. Model the lithology distribution using the geo-cellular modeling technique by integrating the rift geometry reconstruction, synrift depositional units, facies/lithology recognition from previous step and combined with the present day rift basin analog. 5. Analyzed the modeling results Analysis At the end of the modeling results will be analyzed and assessed based on the sedimentological approach and the petroleum system setting to predict the general implication to hydrocarbon exploration Expected Results and Contributions The expected results from this research are as follow: The rift geometry reconstruction model in the research location. A more detail rift depositional unit s division interpretation. Synrift facies distribution model of Pre-Ngimbang and Ngimbang Formations. Those results are expected to be able to contribute as a guidance to understand the carrier bed distribution, reservoir geometry, and other implication to the hydrocarbon exploration which in turn could reduce the exploration risks and uncertainties which at the end could increase the exploration success ratio in East Java-Lombok Basin. Another expected contribution from this research is to give an alternative workflow to have a better data-controlled geological model in exploring the frontier area. I-6
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
III. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 3.1. Rift Geometry Identification Based on recent analysis of modern and ancient rifts, many previous workers concluded that the basic structural unit of continental
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