Artisanal Mining & Biosphere Reserves in Central Africa

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Mavis Summers
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1 Artisanal Mining & Biosphere Reserves in Central Africa How to contribute from the Earth Sciences perspective Luc André Royal Museum for Central Africa

The ASM poverty trap How to alleviate this

Improving cartography The Rwanda-Burundi case

2 The ASM poverty trap How to alleviate this viscious circle The Congo case study Structure the mining code and cadastral polygons Shift ASM from illegal towards legal polygons Improving cartography The Rwanda-Burundi case study Reinforce geo-prospecting Transboundary Geology Conclusions

3 The ASM poverty trap (Hilson Hilson & pardie,, 2006) Low levels of technology And poor geo-prospecting Low recovery Low productivity Unskilled labour and inability to invest Low income In a balanced steady state: This circle might be: «the ladder that sends us to wealth» Being 3-5 times the income of other occupations itmaycontributeto povertyreduction!

4 The ASM poverty trap (Hilson Hilson & pardie,, 2006) Low levels of technology And poor geo-prospecting When it is destabilized! Low recovery Low productivity Unskilled labour and inability to invest Environmental damage Deteriorated quality of life and health Low income Poverty exacerbation Larger numbers of miners exploiting limited resources Clashes Biodiversity, educational and cultural damages Refugees Pressure on Commodities Environmental changes

5 The pressure on commodities is there and will grow

6 A strong pressure by refugees

7 A sad imposed modernity: the artisanal mining in DRC

8 Gold Copper Diamond Coltan + Rare Earths, Platinium group, Cobalt, Germanium, U

9 Kasai/Diamond Diamond

10 Ituri: Gold Gold

11 Katanga: Copper Copper

12 ppm Katemo Manda et al., 2011

13 A rush on every potentials A geodesic signal

14 Kivu: Coltan Coltan

15 How to alleviate the pressure on the environment, the biosphere reserves? Low levels of technology And poor geo-prospecting Low recovery Low productivity Unskilled labour and inability to invest Low income Improvements in the technical, environmental and socioeconomic performance of the ASM sector hinge on the Formalization of miners through rights recognition Step 1: Delineate with precision the location of the mining permits and the reserve areas Step 2: Improve geo-prospections to delineate appropriate areas for: 1. Artisanal mining, 2.small mining and 3. industrial minings

16 Improved mappings Integrate mining title maps with other information databases (Reserves, Resources potentialities, natural and environmental risks, Range modelings, Improve cartography Improve Geology Better prospecting Improved formations Exchange geological database Transboundary integrated geology Determine the environmental impacts

17 Integrated mapping Cadastral mapping and Parks and reserves D.R.C

18 The bonanza Delineate the permits

19 Parks and MABs The permits Yangambi Luki MAB reserves Lufira

20 The integration

21 No or Very limited overlapping

24 Upemba & Kundelungu

25 LUKI

26 LUFIRA

27 Integrated mapping What else? Risks Species Range modeling D.R.C

28 The Natural Hazards Database for Central Africa Number of hazards registered: >500 mega-gullies People impacted: ~ 12.2 M The Natural Disaster Database for Central Africa, on line from october 5 th Number of events reported Floods & Storms Landslides Reported hydric disasters Year

29 The importance of hydrological hazards in Central Africa

30 Study sites (UNIKIS) in the Salonga NP and near Kisangani : Collaboration with Emile Mulotwa Red dots: historical collection localities georeferenced in RMCA Congo Peacock

32 Improve mapping A geodesic survey is needed D.R.C

33 Belgian Geodesic surveys

34 Belgian

35 The difference between Rwanda, Burundi And DRC Coltan

36 New Kivu geological map

37 Rare Earth

38 «Fetish Modernity» From april 8 th to september 11 th Stepladders, handmade by wannabe refugees

A century of experience: Training and knowledge transfer in Africa 30 years of activities: Past, present and future

A century of experience: Training and knowledge transfer in Africa 30 years of activities: Past, present and future Royal Museum for central Africa A century of experience:1898-2012 Training and knowledge transfer in Africa 30 years of activities: Past, present and future Earth Sciences Field Geology Geodynamics Major