Salinity variability associated with changes in the hydrological cycle variables
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1 Salinity variability associated with changes in the hydrological cycle variables Olga Sato Paulo Polito Oceanographic Institute of the University of SÃčo Paulo Olga Sato (IOUSP) Salinity and Mode Waters 1 / 20
2 Outline 1 Interannual variations in the ocean 2 Investigating interannual changes in the South Atlantic 3 Links with Subtropical Mode Waters 4 Changes in the Hydrological Cycle 5 Concluding Remarks Olga Sato (IOUSP) Salinity and Mode Waters 2 / 20
3 Interannual variations in the ocean Sea surface height trend from satellites ( ) (AVISO) Global increasing trend of (3.6 ± 2.4) mm/year; SW Pac. (4.2 ± 2.1) mm/year; SW Atl. (3.3 ± 2.2) mm/year. Olga Sato (IOUSP) Salinity and Mode Waters 3 / 20
4 Interannual variations in the ocean Salinity trends at surface: GODAS Comparison between: and Olga Sato (IOUSP) Salinity and Mode Waters 4 / 20
5 Interannual variations in the ocean Implications for the Circulation Sato and Polito (2008) Haline contraction effect: Decrease in height salinity increase Increase in height salinity decrease Show opposite trends in the height in the SW South Atlantic. Weakening of the geostrophic currents in the subtropical gyre. Southward migration of the gyre. Olga Sato (IOUSP) Salinity and Mode Waters 5 / 20
6 Interannual variations in the ocean South Atlantic circulation Olga Sato (IOUSP) Salinity and Mode Waters 6 / 20
7 Some questions Interannual variations in the ocean About the changes in the SW corner of the South Atlantic: Are the salinity trends due to air sea interaction processes at the surface (E-P) or by changes in the water column (mode water formation, ventilation)? A local or remote process? Are the low frequency fluctuations associated with signals advected by currents, for instance, Agulhas leakage? Why is the signal so intense at the South Atlantic? Olga Sato (IOUSP) Salinity and Mode Waters 7 / 20
8 Investigating interannual changes in the South Atlantic Using global ocean models NCEP Global Ocean Data Assimilation System (GODAS) Based on the GFDL MOM. v3 and forced by variables from NCEP Reanalysis 2. Assimilation of TS in situ data with synthetic salinity profiles computed from climatological data when needed. Behringer and Xue (2004). OCEAN GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL (ECCO) Based on the MIT general circulation model (MITgcm). Combination the general circulation model with diverse observations to depict the time-evolving global ocean state. (ECCO Consortium) Olga Sato (IOUSP) Salinity and Mode Waters 8 / 20
9 Investigating interannual changes in the South Atlantic Temporal 52 W - 38 S - 50 m (GODAS) Olga Sato (IOUSP) Salinity and Mode Waters 9 / 20
10 Investigating interannual changes in the South Atlantic Salinity total change at surface from ECCO Olga Sato (IOUSP) Salinity and Mode Waters 10 / 20
11 Investigating interannual changes in the South Atlantic Salinity total change at 200m from ECCO Olga Sato (IOUSP) Salinity and Mode Waters 11 / 20
12 Investigating interannual changes in the South Atlantic Salinity total change at 38 S from ECCO Olga Sato (IOUSP) Salinity and Mode Waters 12 / 20
13 Links with Subtropical Mode Waters Mode Waters of the SW South Atlantic Three types of Subtropical Mode Waters (STMWs) (Provost et al., 1999). Specific (T, S, σ θ ) values and potential vorticity minimum. Brazil Malvinas Confluence region: Brazil Current (BC): southward, carries warm and salty South Atlantic Central Water (SACW) Malvinas Current (MC): northward, transports cool and fresh Subantarctic Surface Water (SASW) Southward extension of warm BC encounters cold weather STMW formation by convection; Northward flow of MC carries Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW) toward the confluence. Olga Sato (IOUSP) Salinity and Mode Waters 13 / 20
14 Links with Subtropical Mode Waters Subtropical Mode Water 3 The ventilation process occurs between July and October when the new STMWs are formed. STMWs are also identified at subsurface layers year round usually displaced from its formation region. Olga Sato (IOUSP) Salinity and Mode Waters 14 / 20
15 Changes in the Hydrological Cycle Total change in the hydrological cycle AMSR-E: 2003 to 2010 ECCO: 2003 to 2010 Olga Sato (IOUSP) Salinity and Mode Waters 15 / 20
16 Changes in the Hydrological Cycle Total change in Surface Heat Fluxes from OAFLUX Olga Sato (IOUSP) Salinity and Mode Waters 16 / 20
17 Concluding Remarks Concluding remarks Increasing trends for the second 15 year period, , correspond to more frequent and intense southward excursions of the BC (SACW); The surface heat budget presents spatial patterns that are consistent with the idea that heat losses trigger the subduction of BC waters. We found interannual trends in the surface heat budget at the western South Atlantic region where STMWs are observed. Evidences indicate that the inter annual signal comes from air sea interaction process rather than advection by the Agulhas Current. Olga Sato (IOUSP) Salinity and Mode Waters 17 / 20
18 Concluding Remarks Thank you! Olga Sato (IOUSP) Salinity and Mode Waters 18 / 20
19 Concluding Remarks Subtropical Mode Water 1 Olga Sato (IOUSP) Salinity and Mode Waters 19 / 20
20 Concluding Remarks Subtropical Mode Water 2 Olga Sato (IOUSP) Salinity and Mode Waters 20 / 20
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