Igneous Rocks. How Do Igneous Rocks Form? Liquid to Solid
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1 Igneous Rocks Answering the Big Question The activities in this lesson will help students answer the Big Question by modeling the result of different cooling rates of magma and lava and by learning how igneous rocks are identified and used in daily life. Liquid to Solid Observe gathering data to compare and contrast drops of melted wax that cool slowly with those that cool quickly Group Size Pairs Safety Caution students to be very careful when working with an open flame. All personal items (such as books or bags) should be placed on the floor. Students with long hair should tie it back. Students with hanging long sleeves or other loose clothing or jewelry should roll them up, tie them back, or remove them. Advance Preparation (10 minutes) Make sure you have enough candles for each pair of students to have one. If you determine that the students can light their candles themselves, provide enough matches to eliminate the need for walking around and sharing Tips 1. Tell students the wax paper is simply to catch any misplaced wax drops. 2. Tell students to hold a hand behind the flame when blowing out their candle. This will prevent melted wax from spattering. 1. Sample Answer: The drops of wax in the hot water formed thin discs that had an uneven texture. The drops of wax in cold water formed small round balls. 2. The drops of wax that hardened in the hot water cooled more slowly, allowing the hot wax to spread out into larger discs. This is similar to the way large grains have enough time to form when magma cools slowly. 3. Look for answers that show an understanding of the relationship between cooling rate and crystal size. Rocks that form when magma cools slowly would likely have large grains. How Do Igneous Rocks Form? Unlocking the Key Concept This activity will help students realize that the texture of an igneous rock is directly related to whether the rock formed from lava that cooled quickly at Earth s surface or from magma that cooled slowly deep beneath Earth s surface. Infer drawing a conclusion about how igneous rocks formed based on their textures Group Size Individuals or pairs Class Time 10 minutes Advance Preparation Obtain or order samples of obsidian and granite. Pairs or groups of four can share two specimens. Alternative (10 minutes) If samples of granite and obsidian are unavailable, use any two igneous rocks with similar compositions but obviously different textures, such as gabbro and basalt or diorite and andesite. Tips Challenge students to try to identify the minerals in the granite. (Granite is made of quartz, feldspar, and a dark mineral such as biotite, also known as mica, or hornblende.) Sample Data Comparing Obsidian and Granite Rock Obsidian Granite Texture No mineral grains are visible; glassy texture Coarse-grained crystalline texture; minerals interlock 1. Granite has a coarse-grained texture. Obsidian has a glassy texture with no visible mineral grains. 2. Sample Answer: The granite formed as magma slowly cooled and hardened deep beneath Earth s surface. The obsidian formed as lava cooled very quickly on the surface. This quick cooling rate did not allow any large crystals to form, thus giving the obsidian a glassy texture.
2 Sedimentary Rocks Answering the Big Question The activities in this lesson will help students answer the Big Question by inferring where certain types of sedimentary rocks form, how sedimentary rocks form, and how they are used in our daily life. How Does Pressure Affect Particles of Rock? Unlocking the Key Concept This activity will help students understand that compaction is a process whereby sediment is squeezed together. Observe using the senses to gather information about the process of sedimentary compaction Group Size Individuals or pairs Advance Preparation (15 minutes) 1. Ask for a few volunteers to each donate a loaf of inexpensive white sandwich bread. Each student or pair of students will need two slices of bread. To use less bread, students can cut one piece in half with their knives and then compress only half. 2. Cut the sheets of wax paper beforehand. Each piece should be slightly larger than the slice of bread. Tips To keep the bread from sticking to the work area, insist that students center the bread on the pieces of wax paper. 1. The books pressed on the bread and made it denser and thinner. 2. Sample Answer: The bread between the wax paper is more dense and has fewer pore spaces than the bread that was not compressed. 3. Look for an answer that discusses how pressure reduces the pore spaces within the sediment, causing the particles to compact, or get closer together. What Causes Layers? Unlocking the Key Concept This activity will help students better understand how clastic sedimentary rocks such as shale and sandstone form from layers of sediment. Make Models creating a physical representation of sediment settling out of moving water and observing how layers in sedimentary rock are formed Group Size Pairs Safety Caution students to hold on to the bottle tightly as they are shaking it. Advance Preparation (15 minutes) Fill bottles about two-thirds full with water. Place pebbles, sand, mud, and shells in the bottles. Make sure cap is fastened tightly onto each bottle. Alternative Clear, 2-L soda bottles can be substituted for the 1-L bottles. Any tall, clear bottle can be used for this exercise. Tips Have the last class let their bottles sit untouched overnight. Then the students can observe the bottles again for additional layering. 1. The pebbles settled the quickest. 2. the bottom layer 3. Sample Answer: Different types of sediment can settle out of a pond or lake at different rates. Because different sediments settle out at different rates, layers of sediment form at the bottom of the pond or lake.
3 Metamorphic Rocks Answering the Big Question The activities in this lesson will help the students answer the Big Question by having them visualize how pressure associated with metamorphism can cause minerals in a rock to align and by examining a variety of metamorphic rocks. A Sequined Rock Make Models creating a physical model of a process that cannot be seen; in this case, the alignment of minerals in a rock as a result of metamorphic pressure Group Size Individuals or pairs Advance Preparation (25 minutes) 1. Cut the string ahead of time. 2. Experiment to find out how much modeling clay each student or pair will need. 3. Make sure that the sequins are small enough to be adequately mixed into the ball of clay. Tips Instruct students to use a back-and-forth, or sawing, motion in Steps 4 and 8 in order to easily cut the clay with the string. 1. The sequins represent minerals. 2. In the single clay ball, the sequins are arranged randomly within the model rock. In Step 8, many of the sequins are aligned to form bands or layers. 3. Look for answers that link pressure and mineral alignment in a cause-and-effect relationship. Pressure associated with metamorphism can cause certain minerals to line up to form bands or layers. Students will learn later in this lesson that banded metamorphic rocks are called foliated rocks. How Do Grain Patterns Compare? Unlocking the Key Concept This activity will help students understand that when pressure causes metamorphism, the texture of a rock can change. Infer suggesting a possible explanation about how gneiss forms by comparing it to its parent rock, granite Group Size Individuals Advance Preparation (15 minutes) Obtain the rock samples from a scientific supply company. Because the color of gneiss and granite often varies, request samples of similarly colored rocks so that students focus their attention on differences in textures, not color. Pair up the rocks ahead of time so the samples can be as closely matched as possible. Tips Remind students to focus on differences in texture and not color. Sample Data Student drawing of granite should show mineral grains arranged randomly. Drawing of gneiss should show mineral grains arranged in layers. 1. Sample Answer: Granite can change to gneiss as high pressures and temperatures within the crust change the igneous rock. 2. Gneiss is a foliated rock. This means that it exhibits distinct layering caused by the alignment of the individual mineral grains. 3. Sample Answer: Changes in pressure often play a greater role in the formation of gneiss than changes in temperature do. Thus, the mineral composition of granite and gneiss is often very similar. Some students might simply say that their examination of the individual mineral grains reveals that they appear to be the same minerals. Other students may suggest that pressure and heat change the physical arrangement but not the chemical composition of the minerals.
4 Liquid to Solid Magma cools very slowly, but lava cools quickly. In this activity, you will model the difference between rocks that form from magma beneath Earth s surface and rocks that form from lava at or near Earth s surface. INQUIRY FOCUS Observe 1. Put on your safety goggles and apron. Place the candle in the candle holder. CAUTION: Make sure the candle fits tightly inside the candle holder so that it won t fall out in Step Fill one cup with cold water. Fill the other cup with hot tap water. Set both cups on the wax paper. 3. Tie back long hair, scarves, or other loose materials that might get in the way of the candle flame. Your teacher will use the matches to light your candle. CAUTION: Handle the lit candle carefully! 4. Carefully tilt the candle in the candle holder so that five drops of wax drip into the cup filled with cold water. Observe what happens. 5. Tilt the candle over the cup filled with hot tap water and allow five drops of wax to drip into the cup. Blow out your candle. Observe what happens. 6. Use the spoon to remove the hardened drops of wax from both cups. Observe the size, shape, and texture of the drops you removed. CAUTION: The water may still be hot. Compare the drops of wax that hardened in hot water and in cold water. hot and cold water two plastic cups candle candle holder matches spoon wax paper How does Step 5 model what happens when magma cools slowly? What grain size might you expect in rocks that form from magma that cooled slowly? 46 IGNEOUS ROCKS
5 How Do Igneous Rocks Form? Igneous rocks form when molten material cools and solidifies. The type and texture of rock that forms depend on whether the rock formed on or beneath Earth s surface. INQUIRY FOCUS Inferring 1. Look at the igneous rock samples. The black rock is obsidian. The multi-colored rock is granite. 2. Use the hand lens to examine the texture of each rock. Recall that the texture of a rock is determined by the hand lens size, shape, and arrangement of the minerals or other grains that make up the rock. Describe and record the textures of obsidian and granite in the table below. Use the terms coarse-grained, fine-grained, or glassy to describe your samples. 3. Wash your hands after you have completed this lab. Comparing Obsidian and Granite obsidian granite Rock Texture Obsidian Granite Which igneous rock sample has a coarse-grained texture? Which igneous rock sample has no visible mineral grains? From your observations and the texture you recorded in the table, what can you infer about how each of these igneous rocks formed? 47 IGNEOUS ROCKS
6 How Does Pressure Affect Particles of Rock? Many sedimentary rocks form when particles called sediment are deposited, compacted, and cemented to form rock. In this activity, you will model one of these processes and observe how it changes sediment. INQUIRY FOCUS Observe 1. Observe the texture of the pieces of bread with the hand lens. 2. Place one of the pieces of bread between the two pieces of wax paper. Center the bread between the pieces of paper. 3. Put the stack of books on top of the wax paper and bread. After 10 minutes, remove the books. Observe what happened to the bread. 4. Use the knife to carefully cut through the wax paper and the bread. 5. Now use the knife to cut through the other piece of bread. 6. Use the hand lens to view both pieces of bread from the cut edge. hand lens 2 pieces of wax paper 2 slices of bread stack of books plastic knife How did the books change the bread that was between the pieces of wax paper? How does the texture of the bread between the pieces of wax paper compare to the texture of the other piece of bread? Use your results to explain how pressure affects sediment. 50 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
7 What Causes Layers? Sedimentary rocks often contain layers of sediments. These layers can form when sediment settles out of a river or ocean. In this activity, you will investigate how differently sized sediments settle out of water to form layers. INQUIRY FOCUS Make Models 1. Make sure the cap is tightly fastened on the bottle. 2. Shake the bottle vigorously. 3. After all the materials inside the bottle are mixed together, set the bottle down on a flat surface. 4. Observe what happens inside the bottle. 5. Have your partner repeat Steps Draw a sketch showing the contents of the bottle after all the materials inside have settled. Label each layer that formed inside the bottle. clear 1-L soda bottle filled with water, pebbles, sand, mud, and shells Which material settled out of the water fastest? Does the material that settled the fastest form the top or the bottom layer in the bottle? Based on your observations of how materials in the bottle settled in the water, how do you think layers form from sediments in a pond or lake? 51 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
8 A Sequined Rock Metamorphic rocks form when existing rocks are changed by heat, by pressure, or by both. In this activity, you will model how pressure can change a rock. INQUIRY FOCUS Make Models 1. Tape a piece of wax paper to each block of wood. This will prevent the clay from sticking to the wood. 2. Make three balls of clay, each about 3 cm in diameter. 3. Gently mix the 25 sequins into one of the balls. 4. Use the 30-cm piece of string to cut the ball with the sequins in half. Hold the string straight and tight between both hands and move it back and forth in a sawing motion. Notice how the sequins are arranged. modeling clay metric ruler 25 small sequins 30-cm length of string 2 blocks of wood wax paper tape 5. Roll the clay with the sequins back into a ball. 6. Stack the three balls. Put the sequin ball in the middle. 7. Set the balls on the wax paper side of one of the blocks of wood. With the other block of wood, press down slowly until the stack of clay is about 3 cm high. 8. Use the string to cut the stack in half. Notice how the sequins are arranged. What do you think the sequins in this lab represent? How did the arrangement of the sequins differ in Steps 4 and 8? Use your results to explain how the pressure associated with metamorphism can change a rock. 61 METAMORPHIC ROCKS
9 How Do Grain Patterns Compare? Metamorphic rocks are rocks that form when heat, pressure, or both heat and pressure change existing rocks. In this activity, you will infer how the igneous rock granite can change to become the metamorphic rock gneiss. INQUIRY FOCUS Infer 1. Use the hand lens to observe the texture of the granite. Recall that texture is the size, shape, and arrangement of minerals or other grains in a rock. 2. Draw a detailed sketch of the texture of granite in the box on the left. hand lens granite gneiss colored pencils 3. Repeat Steps 1 and 2 for the sample of gneiss. Granite Gneiss Within Earth s crust, granite can become metamorphosed to form gneiss. Infer how this happens. What term is used to described the texture of the gneiss? What does this mean? Do you think the minerals in both rocks are the same? Explain.
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