Minerals and Rocks. Environmental Learning Community CORC 1332 Sept 21, 2010
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1 Minerals and Rocks Environmental Learning Community CORC 1332 Sept 21, 2010
2 Outline Quiz More on minerals Twinkies Rocks
3 How can you identify one mineral from another?
4 Distinguishing One Mineral from Another Crystal form Cleavage No cleavage Luster Color a
5 Tests to Help Identify Minerals Hardness Effervescence Streak Density Magnetism b
6 What Controls a Crystal s Shape? Halite (NaCl) Internal structure of halite Sizes and packing of atoms a
7 Orderly arrangement of atoms Crystal Lattice b Repeating pattern
8 How Are Atoms Arranged in a Mineral? Observe some ways atoms are arranged in a mineral c1-3 Cubic Tetrahedron Octahedron
9 Atomic Scale of Mineral Cleavage Brown atoms bonded with blue atoms into flat sheets (strong bonds) Sheets joined by long bonds between sheets (break along weakest bonds) Cleave into sheets a
10 Bonds with Same Strength Mineral can break along three sets of planes without passing through an atom Mineral breaks through the lattice in nearly any direction so it will fracture b
11 Observe the number of cleavage planes in this mineral c
12 Observe the number and relative orientation of cleavage planes in this mineral c
13 Observe the number and relative orientation of cleavage planes in this mineral c
14 Periodic Table Letters are abbreviation for element a1 # is atomic number (number of protons) Color represents type of element
15 Mineral families Geologist have identified approximately 4000 mineral species. Out of every kg of material in Earth s continental crust, only 12 elements are present in quantities greater than one gram: oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, titanium, hydrogen, manganese, and phosphorus.
16
17 Major Classes of Rock-Forming Minerals Oxides Carbonates Halides Silicates b4 Native minerals Sulfides Sulfates
18 Important Minerals Sulfides: contain sulfur Oxides: contain oxygen Metals Malleable, lustrous, conductors Iron, aluminum, copper Nonmetallic minerals Ore Rock with valuable mineral
19 Silicates
20 Nonsilicate Minerals: Carbonates Calcite Dolomite a
21 Nonsilicate Minerals: Halides and Sulfates Halite (halide) Gypsum (sulfate) a
22 Nonsilicate Minerals: Oxides Magnetite Hematite a
23 Nonsilicate Minerals: Sulfides Pyrite Galena Copper sulfide a
24 Some important minerals in soils Quartz Silicate Primary Minerals formed by cooling of molten rock Name Feldspar (orthoclase and plagioclase) Silicate Mica (muscovite and biotite) Silicate Dark minerals (e.g., hornblende) Silicate Properties SiO 2 ; hard; weathers very slowly; major component of sands Hard; weathers slowly or moderately to form clay; provides plant nutrients; minor component of sands Appears to glitter in rocks and sands; provides potassium; weathers to form clays Easily weather to form clay Source: Gardiner and Miller, Soils in Our Environment, 11 th ed., p. 6
25 Some important minerals in soils Secondary Minerals formed by precipitated or recrystallized from solutions that contained elements from the dissolution of other minerals. Name Carbonates (calcite and dolomite) Gypsum Sulfate Oxide clays (e.g., goethite and gibbsite) Silicate clays (montmorillonite, illite, vermiculite, kaolinite) Properties CaCO 3 and (Ca-Mg)CO 3 ; slowly soluble sources of plant nutrients; common in soils in arid regions CaSO 4-2H 2 O; soft; soluble materials common in soils of arid regions Hydrated (containing structural water) microscopic particles formed from iron and aluminum; common in tropical soils Microscopic particles formed mostly from silica and aluminum; common in soils of temperate climates Source: Gardiner and Miller, Soils in Our Environment, 11 th ed., p. 6
26 Minerals & Their Uses
27 Extracting Minerals Locate deposit Analyze mineral composition Mine for minerals: many different ways Process mineral Make product
28 Near the surface Less expensive Overburden removed Open-pit Dig quarry Iron, copper, gravel Surface Mining
29 Strip mining Surface Mining Dig trench to extract mineral Dig parallel trench Cover old trench with new overburden Spoil bank
30 Subsurface Mining Minerals deep in ground Less land disturbance More expensive More hazardous Shaft mine Direct vertical shaft Coal
31 Slope mine Subsurface Mining Slanting passage Ore hauled in cars
32 Processing Minerals Smelting Melt ore to separate impurities from desired mineral Blast furnace Slag disposed of
33 Mining & The Environment Disturbs land Land prone to erosion further damage Uses a lot of water Contaminated streams Acid-mine drainage
34 Impacts of Refining About 80% of mined ore made of impurities Tailings Waste left behind Left in piles Toxic
35 Impacts of Refining Smelting emits pollutants Acid precipitation Hazardous solid and liquid wastes A lot of energy required
36 Restoration of Mining Lands When mine no longer profitable Prevents further degradation Filling in and grading the area Planting vegetation Surface Mining Control & Reclamation Act of 1977 Lands mined for coal
37 Outline Quiz More on minerals Twinkies Rocks
38 What makes twinkies rise?
39 What do you think will happen with? Baking powder and water Baking soda and water Baking soda with vinegar Baking soda with vinegar
40 Leavenings Make baked goods like twinkies light and fluffy Rocks and minerals with phosphate, sodium and calcium Baking soda: sodium bicarbonate Baking powder: made from baking soda and phosphate acids
41 Trona: sodium rich mineral Chemistry: Na 3 (HCO 3 )(CO 3 ) - 2H 2 O, Hydrated Sodium Bicarbonate Carbonate
42
43 Lake Gosiute Trona deposits Formed during Eocene (over 50 million years ago) Mountain building period with lots of volcanic ash, organic matter, lake sediments, water, and heat Conditions right for the precipitation of trona over 6 million years
44
45 Trona Trona Sodium Carbonate (Soda Ash) Sodium Bicarbonate (Baking Soda) Other uses of trona: glass, detergents, making paper
46 Western phosphate field Marine sedimentary rocks Deposited about 265 million years ago over a period of about 10 million years Rocks consist primarily of organic carbon- and phosphate-rich mudstone, siltstone, phosphorite, carbonate, shale, and chert
47 Phosphate rock
48 Phosphate Refineries Create monocalcium phosphate and sodium acid pyrophosphate Mixed with sodium bicarbonate to make baking powder
49 Limestone calcium rich 08/06/28/limestone_mine.gif
50 Outline Quiz More on minerals Twinkies Rocks
51
52 Key points for rock cycle Rocks are transformed into different types over time Igneous: cooling and solidification of molten, material magma Intrusive Extrusive Sedimentary: transportation and deposition of particles Many different sedimentary environments Organic and inorganic particles Metamorphic: formed from igneous and sedimentary rocks through pressure and heat
53 Igneous rock examples *BASALT Environment of formation = extrusive (volcanic) Texture = fine Grain size = less than 1 mm Color = dark Density = high Composition = mafic *GRANITE Environment of formation = intrusive (plutonic) Texture = coarse Grain size = 1 mm to 10mm Color = light Density = low Composition = felsic
54 Metamorphic rock examples *SCHIST Texture = foliated (mineral alignment) Grain size = fine to medium Type of metamorphism = Regional (platy mica crystals visible from metamorphism of clay or feldspar) Composition = mica, quartz, feldspar, amphibole, garnet *GNEISS Texture = foliated (banding) Grain size = medium to coarse Type of metamorphism = Regional (high-grade metamorphism, some mica changed to feldspar, segregated by mineral type into bands) Composition = mica, quartz, feldspar, amphibole, garnet, pyroxene
55 Sedimentary rock examples *SANDSTONE Texture = clastic (fragmental) Grain size = sand (0.2 to cm) Comments = fine to coarse Composition = mostly quartz, feldspar, and clay minerals; may contain fragments of other rocks *LIMESTONE Texture = bioclastic Grain size = microscopic to coarse Comments = cemented shell fragments or precipitates of biologic origin Composition = calcite
56 Rocks and minerals Minerals Naturally occurring Inorganic Definite chemical composition Crystalline structure Physical characteristics Form in different pressure and heat environments Rocks Aggregates of minerals Differ in mineral composition and texture Texture: size, shape and distribution of particles in rocks
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