Watershed Processes and Modeling

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1 Watershed Processes and Modeling Pierre Y. Julien Hyeonsik Kim Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado Kuala Lumpur - May Objectives Brief overview of Watershed processes and Modeling : 1. Watershed Processes;. Watershed Modeling; 3. Sediment Delivery Ratio. Upper Basin: high-elevation snowpack; snowmelt runoff Diverse Topography: highest mountains in Colorado Elbert, Massive, Harvard, etc. 1

2 Ilwol mountain of the Imha watershed, South Korea Crop field area of the Imha watershed, S.K.

3 Songwha stream, South Korea Mangun mountain, South Korea Peligre Dam (sedimentation) 3

4 Imha reservoir RUSLE Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation Widely used method for estimating soil erosion The original USLE is an empirical equation 1. Derived from more than 1, plot years of data. Natural runoff plots (7.ft length, 9% slope) Originally developed for agricultural purpose. Main parameters A = R K L S C P A is the computed average soil loss (tons/acre/year) R is the rainfall-runoff erosivity factor K is the soil erodibility factor L is the slope length factor S is the slope steepness factor C is the cover management factor P is the support practice factor

5 Imha Watershed, South Korea Watershed area: 1,31km² Channel length : 9 km Average watershed slope: % Fast and high peak runoff characteristics Methodology Precipitation R factor Soil Class. map Digital El. Mod. K factor Slope Length Slope Steepness Multiply LS Overlay Soil erosion Map Sediment Deli. Rat. Trap Efficiency Land Cover map C factor Slope & Cultivation P factor Parameter estimation: Rainfall erosivity (R) Basic equations (Wischmeier, 1959) n m 1 R = E I r n j = ( )( ) 3 R = 1 k = 1 EI (1 3 ) R=average annual rainfall erosivity (ft tonf in acre -1 h-1 yr-1 ) E=Total storm kinetic energy (ft tons in acre-1 h-1) I 3 = Maximum 3-min rainfall intensity j=index of number of years K=Index of number of storms in a year n=number of yrs used to obtain average R, m=number of storms E = 91 + (331)log1( I), I 3. in / hr E =17, I > 3. in / hr I=Rainfall intensity 5

6 Isoerodent Map 9 R values were transformed into spatial isoerodent lines Method: Kriging Ordinary Interpolation method Soil Classification Map 35 soil types Source: Korea National Institute agricultural and science technology Soil Erodibility Factor (K) Applied soil erodibility factor (Schwab, 191)

7 Soil Erodibility Map Slope length/steepness factor (LS) Basic equations (Renard, McCool, 1997) X h L = ( ) 7. m Xh: the horizontal slope length (ft) m: a variable slope length factor S = 1. SINθ +.3, S = 1. SINθ.5, σ 9% σ > 9% θ: the slope angle (degree) σ: the slope gradient percentage(%) Digital Elevation Model 3 x 3m resolution. Source: Korea Ministry of Construction and Transportation 7

8 Slope Length/Steepness Map Method: Arcinfo AML code (Van Remortel, 1) ( Cover Management Factor (C) Applied cover management factor Num Land cover type Cover Management Factor (C) Applied method 1 Water. Urban.1 Urban density 3 Wetland. Forest.3 Trial and Error 5 Paddy field. Kim, Crop field.37 NIAST, 3 Land Cover Map 3 x 3m resolution. Source: Korea Ministry of Construction and Transportation

9 Cover Management Map Support Practice Factor (P) Applied support practice factor Cultivation method and slope (Shin, 1999) Slope (%) Contouring Strip Cropping Terracing > Support Practice Map 9

10 Results: Annual average soil loss map Annual average soil loss: 3,5 tons/km /year. CASCD-SED Water 1. Rainfall. Infiltration 3. Overland and Channel Flow Sediment 1. Upland Erosion and Deposition. Channel Processes 3. Sediment yield CASCD-SED 1 So Infiltration 1 7 Rainfall Interception Retention CASCD- Julien et al. (1995) CASCD-SED Johnson et al. (), Rojas () 1

11 California Gulch Watershed EPA Superfund Site Location: Lake County (CO) 1-year flood: -h: 1.73 in Leadville Physical characteristics of sites Elevation Range: m Mean Slope: 1. % Topography: V-shaped valley with an intermittent stream that flows to west. Basin is 3. km and extends 1. km from its headwaters to the Arkansas River. Input Data (DEM) Ark ans as R iver Digital Elevation Model 1. Channel Network. Terrain Slopes 11

12 Input data (soil type) Land Use Data Input data (land use) 1

13 Input data (rainfall) Raingage location. 1/17/1 event: Duration: 3.5 hr. Intensity (in/h) Depth: 73 mm.. Rain Gage Number Time (min) Water depths from a rainfall event* * 1-in-1 year intensity, hour duration uniform rainfall event. CASCD-SED Hydrographs Runoff [mm/h] Observed Simulated Runoff [mm/h] Runoff [mm/h] 1 1 Runoff [mm/h] Runoff [mm/h] Runoff [mm/h]

14 Erosion and Sediment Transport and Deposition Sediment Routing Available material Suspension Deposition Parent material Advection Capacity vs. supply Suspension Outgoing Cell q sx q sy Deposition Receiving Cell Receiving Cell 1

15 Upland Erosion (-D) Modified Kilinc and Richardson equation for sheet and rill erosion: Land use Soils q (tons / m*s) = 31 S t 1. o Q W.35 K C P.15 DEM Hydraulics Event transport of sediment (TSS)* * Transport is computed by grain size. Total solids shown. CASCD-SED Sediment graphs Qs [tons / ha / day] Observed Simulated Qs [tons / ha / day] Qs [tons / ha / day] Qs [tons / ha / day] Qs [tons / ha / day] Qs [tons / ha / day]

16 Net Erosion and Deposition* * Net difference between erosion and deposition. Sediment Delivery Ratio Defined as the ratio of the sediment yield at a given stream cross section to the gross erosion from the watershed upstream SDR = Y - Y: sediment yield A T SDR equations -A T : gross erosion Boyce (1975):.3 SDR =.31 A Vanoni(1975):. 15 SDR =. A - A : the catchment area (mile ) Renfro (1975): log( SDR ) = log( R L ) Williams (1977): SDR = A ( R L) CN - A : the catchment area (Km ) - R : relief of a watershed (difference elevation between max. and outlet) - L : maximum length of a watershed - CN: the long-term average SCS curve number Sediment Delivery Ratio 1

17 Trap Efficiency Defined as the percentage of the total inflowing sediment that is retained in the reservoir Ys ( in) Ys ( out) TE = Y ( in) TE equations Julien (199): Brown (193): Brune (1953): s TE = 1 TE = 1 - Ys (in) : sediment yield in inflow - Ys (out) : sediment yield in outflow e X ω i Vh 1 (1 TE =.97 + KC log.19 C I - Vh = q (unit discharge) / W ) - K : coeffiecient k ranges from. to 1. - C : reservoir capacity (acre-ft) - W: watershed area (miles ), I : inflow rate (acre-ft/year) Results of trap efficiency Methods Julien(199) Brown(193) Brune(1953) TE (%) Results of TE range from 9 to 99% at the Imha reservoir. Considering the spillway discharge for flood season, TE of Imha reservoir might be around 95% CASCD-SED Web Page At Colorado State University Under direction of Dr. Pierre Julien pierre@engr.colostate.edu Current manual, source code, example, MPEG movies projects/cascd-rosalia/index.htm 17

18 Acknowledgments Dr. Mark Velleux (CSU, now Hydroqual) Dr. John England (CSU, also US Bureau of Reclamation) Dr. Rosalia Rojas (formerly Colorado State University) Hyeon Sik Kim (KOWACO) CASCD-SED Modeling Thank You 1

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