Unit 1 A. The early life and the Diversification of Prokaryotes (Ch24) B. Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes (Ch25) C.

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1 Unit 1 A. The early life and the Diversification of Prokaryotes (Ch24) B. Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes (Ch25) C. Broad Patterns of Evolution (Ch23) D. Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles (Ch 10)

2 Remember Age of earth and solar system Billion

3 Figure Total extinction rate (families per million years): What do you notice? Write about 8 bullet points describing this graph. 1,100 1, Number of families: 0 Era Period 0 Paleozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic E O S D C P Tr J C P N Q Time (mya)

4 Precambrian before about 500mya Prokaryotes Eukaryotes-1.8bya is fossil date for evolution of Eukaryotes+multicellularity but is some evidence for much earlier Cambrian explosion Paleozoic

5 Cambrian explosion about 500mya (550mya) Nearly all major styles or body plans of animals appear! Major evidence is from Burgess Shale in B.C. CANADA (also from China and Greenland) Are earlier fossils of animals but are soft and squishy= Ediacaran (see Fig 25.2 p338)

6 Cambrian explosion community

7 Paleozoic Period about mya Climate-Moist Swampy Plants-ferns, mosses, horsetail Giant insects

8 Many diverse amphibians, some were large! 9ft And scary fish Science Daily Tiktaalik roseae, an early tetrapodomorph (late Devonian period, ~380 M. y. ago) (Credit: Arthur Weasley, GNU Free Documentation licence)

9 Many Diverse Synapsids (p 441 mentioned) A dicynodont Thrinaxodon-cynodont nationalgeographic.com

10 More Synapsids

11 Figure 23.4a Why do we care about Synapsids? OTHER TETRAPODS Synapsids Therapsids Cynodonts Dimetrodon Reptiles (including dinosaurs and birds) Very late (nonmammalian) cynodonts Mammals

12 Figure ,100 1, Total extinction rate (families per million years): Number of families: Era Period 0 Paleozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic E O S D C P Tr J C P N Q Time (mya)

13 End Permian-250mya Effect 90-96% of all species ngm/0009/feature4/ Who Extinct? Synapsids, many Amphibians! Giant insects-dragonflies, cockroaches Horsetail trees, Tree ferns (some) Why? Huge amounts of lava oozing out of the earth Siberia Formation of Pangaea Mixing of oceans slows-anoxic

14 Mesozoic about mya Since Pangaea had formed===dry Plants-conifers Dinos super diverse! Mammals barely around.. Flying and pollinating insects begin to diversify with flowering plants

15 Many different reptile groups Pterosaurs Plesiosaurs Ichthyosaurs Dinosaurs

16 Evolution of feathers

17 Figure Cretaceous Extinction event (K/T)! 1,100 1, Total extinction rate (families per million years): Number of families: Era Period 0 Paleozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic E O S D C P Tr J C P N Q Time (mya)

18 7 miles across

19 Cretaceous (K/T) Effect 50% of all species Who? Dinosaurs, Pterosaurs, Plesiosaurs, many small marine species On land nothing bigger than 25 kgs survived-all survivors were small Why? Impact

20 There is debate about the precise role of the impact on Dinosaur Extinctions.. Opinions range from. Impact was the cause Impact was one of the causes Impact was the straw that broke the camel s back (dinos were in decline before the impact)

21 Cenozoic -65mya to present Spreading apart of continents.. Flowering plant diversity accelerates Insects continue dramatic diversification Mammals diversify.

22 Mammal diversification

23 More Mass Extinction Catastrophism So.. Although classic Darwinian slow adaptive evolution is important. we now appreciate the role of catastrophic events (chance events) in the evolution of the diverse forms of life on the planet!

24 Remember there is a creative side.. Extinctions open up new space for adaptive radiations Ex. Mammals after Cretaceous extinction event Ex. Dinos diversified after End-permian extinction when Synapsids extinct

25 Are we in the midst of another mass extinction?

26 Figure Total extinction rate (families per million years): How long did it take for diversity to recover after Permian extinction event? ESTIMATE!!! 1,100 1, Number of families: 0 Era Period 0 Paleozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic E O S D C P Tr J C P N Q Time (mya)

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