Regional 3D velocity structure
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1 Seismic imaging: Regional 3D velocity structure 3 Seismic anisotropy courtesy of Ed Garnero This is birefringence: tells us about the preferential orientation of minerals 1
2 Anisotropy beneath the East Pacific Rise Fast axes perpendicular to the ridge consistent with models of passive Iceland The plume beneath the Iceland hotspot 2
3 Anisotropic structure SKS splitting measuring anisotropy Measure seismic fast directions Relate fast axes to strain SKS splitting observations Xue and Allen, EPSL
4 Mantle flow geometries a) Relative Plate Motion b) Absolute Plate Motion c) Hotspot d) Ridge parallel flow e) Background mantle flow Bjarnason & Silver, 2002 Mantle flow geometries Absolute plate Relative plate Background mantle flow Hotspot Ridge parallel flow 4
5 Mantle flow geometries Absolute plate Relative plate Background mantle flow Hotspot Ridge parallel flow Mantle flow geometries Absolute plate Relative plate Background mantle flow Hotspot Ridge parallel flow 5
6 Mantle flow geometries Absolute plate Relative plate Background mantle flow Hotspot Ridge parallel flow Mantle flow geometries Absolute plate Relative plate Background mantle flow Hotspot Ridge parallel flow 6
7 Ridge channeled flow Xue and Allen, EPSL 2005 Iceland: Structure and flow 7
8 Flow in the uppermost mantle SKS splits: Nevada swirl NA Lithospheric topography Eddy Plume Fouch et al 2008 Savage & Sheehan 2000 Nevada swirl Toroidal flow around southern edge of slab Zandt & Humphreys
9 Slab edge effects Gorda slab slab gap 200 km Slab edge effects Gorda slab slab gap Zandt & Humphreys 2008 over DNA08-P at 200km 9
10 Slab edge effects Gorda slab slab gap Zandt & Humphreys 2008 over DNA08-P at 200km 4 Crustal receiver functions Delay time sensitive to Crustal thickness AND crustal P- and S-velocity 10
11 Crustal receiver functions Stacking arrivals Delay times change depending on the incident angle of the P-wave stack receiver functions to obtain optimal H: crustal thickness K: Vp/Vs ratio Zhu & Kanamori, 2000 Crustal receiver functions H-K stacking H: crustal thickness K: Vp/Vs ratio Zhu & Kanamori,
12 Crustal receiver functions H-K stacking H: crustal thickness K: Vp/Vs ratio EARS: Crotwell & Owens, 2005 Crustal receiver functions H-K stacking Station COR Corvallis, Oregon Crustal thickness: 38 km H: crustal thickness Vp/Vs: 2.03 Assumed Vp: from Crust km/s Estimated Vs: 3.24 km/s K: Vp/Vs ratio EARS: Crotwell & Owens,
13 Automatically determining crustal receiver functions using H-K stacking Using all data to the IRIS DMC, i.e. Earthscope + global datasets Crotwell & Owens, Crustal thickness estimates Thinnest CA Coastal Ranges Basin and Range Sierra Cascadia Arc Thickest 13
14 5 Ambient noise tomography Waveforms emerge from cross-correlations of continuous seismic data between two stations similar to Rayleigh waves excited by an earthquake map S-wave velocities without earthquakes Shapiro et al, 2005 Ambient noise tomography Rayleigh wave group velocities 7.5 sec period ~5 km depth 15 sec period ~15 km depth Shapiro et al,
15 Ambient noise tomography Rayleigh wave group velocities Mountain ranges: Sierra Peninsular Cascades Basins: Great Valley Columbia Basin Columbia River Basalts Yellowstone/Snake River Plain 8 sec period ~5 km depth 16 sec period ~ 15 km depth University of Colorado, Boulder: Moschetti, Ritzwoller and Shapiro, available online Sierra Nevada and Central Valley 10km below sea level Valley Sierras Valley Sierras 15
16 Passive seismic imaging Resolution Larger scale Surface wave tomography 100s period: 1000 km across, km depth Smaller scale Passive seismic imaging Resolution Larger scale Surface wave tomography 100s period: 1000 km across, km depth Body wave tomography 10s to 100s km resolution in the upper mantle Smaller scale 16
17 Passive seismic imaging Resolution Larger scale Surface wave tomography 100s period: 1000 km across, km depth Body wave tomography 10s to 100s km resolution in the upper mantle Shear wave splitting 1 or 2 layers, lithosphere and asthenosphere Smaller scale Passive seismic imaging Resolution Larger scale Surface wave tomography 100s period: 1000 km across, km depth Body wave tomography 10s to 100s km resolution in the upper mantle Shear wave splitting 1 or 2 layers, lithosphere and asthenosphere Crustal receiver functions crustal thickness and velocity Smaller scale 17
18 Passive seismic imaging Resolution Larger scale Surface wave tomography 100s period: 1000 km across, km depth Body wave tomography 10s to 100s km resolution in the upper mantle Shear wave splitting 1 or 2 layers, lithosphere and asthenosphere Crustal receiver functions crustal thickness and velocity Noise tomography crustal layers, 70 km laterally Smaller scale Passive seismic imaging Resolution Larger scale Surface wave tomography 100s period: 1000 km across, km depth Body wave tomography 10s to 100s km resolution in the upper mantle Shear wave splitting 1 or 2 layers, lithosphere and asthenosphere Crustal receiver functions crustal thickness and velocity Noise tomography crustal layers, 100 km laterally Smaller scale Combining these constraints provides the best resolution 18
19 Using a stereonet Fowler pages 137 & 138 Using the stereonet to find a focal mechanism Fowler, page
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