Investigation on relationships between soil, plant and geomorphology units

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1 ymposium no. 65 Paper no Presentation: poster Investigation on relationships between soil, plant and geomorphology units AZARNIVAND Hossein Iran Desert Research Center, and Natural Resources College of Tehran University, P.O. Box , Karaj, Iran Abstract oil is a function of factors such as relief, climate, parent material, vegetation and time. Geomorphology as a complex of items such as slope, height and aspect has a high relationship with vegetation. An area of about 82,605 hectars was chosen in southern slope of Albors Mountains in Damghan. To study the relationship between soil, vegetation cover and geomorphologic units based on geologic and topographic maps, with the aid of aerial photo-interpretation and geomorphologic units, ten soil types and twenty-six rangeland types plant were identified. Geomorphologic units show close relationship with soil and vegetation characteristics. Therfore, these units could successfully been used for the preparation of comprehensive land use plan. If different items are disturbed, the disturbance could be identified and recommendations be given for restoring the original state of the ecosystem. Keywords: geomorphology units, vegetation characteristics, soil types, ecosystem Introduction The total area of rangelands in Iran have been predicted million hectares including central regions with very poor and sparse vegetation cover; and northern and western parts with very good vegetation cover. Although these rangelands with forage production about 10 million tone/year are the major source of livestock nutration but in most areas because of different reasons such as overgrazing, shrub cutting and degradation cover, changing ranges to agricultural areas and so on, the trend of degradation has been accelerated. Then for preventing degradation of soil and vegetation cover, detailed investigations will be needed to know current conditions, capabilities as well as finding relevant and suitable ways to meet fundamental principles of range management. One thing must be considered that vegetation cover is a part range ecosystem that has close interactions with other elements such as climate, bedrock, geomorphology, topography, soil and organisms. Ahmadi (1995) believes that studying relations among distribution of plant communities, geomorphology and soil need broad understanding and investigation of ecological factors like relief, climate, soil, vegetation, geology and geomorphology. Generally, each geomorphological unit has formed in a special process and situation. Then, with considering to the type of bedrock, topography and climate in a given unit must be expected a distribution of special plant community unless some factors affect and change them that should be studied. Wilson (1986) suggests that in some cases, separated boundaries of soil units partly are equal to plant community. In other cases, they are not the same with each other. Therefore, it should be stated that soil and vegetation classifications have rarely

2 AZARNIVAND 17 th WC, August 2002, Thailand proportion 1:1. Meanwhile, researches showed that separated boundaries in lanscape maps have strong relationship with soil classification units. Threrefore, understanding and study of rangeland to prepare solving methods without considering to ecosystem element is not possible. Also, study of each element in ecosystem without attention to relationships among them wont be useful in management and planning. This study was carried out to investigate relations between various environmental parameters affecting on formation and establishment of vegetation cover. Materials and Methods The study area is about 82,605 ha and located in southern slopes of Alborz mountain between latitudes 54 º 34 ' and 55 º 55 '. Minimum and maximum elevation are 1,060 m and 2,690 m respectively and overall slope is southern. To study relations among geomorphic units, soil and vegetation, using lithology, morphology, topography and geology maps as well as aerial photos (all in scale 1:50,000), the geomorphology map of this area was prepared and after using elevation, slope and aspect maps. They all were compared with geomorphology map. For determining vegetation map, using aerial photos, topography and lithology maps (with scale 1:50,000), the primary classification of soil and vegetation types were prepared and after checking with field observations, the final vegetation map was determined. oil studies carried out according to topography, lithology, geomorphology, vegetation maps and aerial photos. Finally, information of geomorphology, soil and vegetation units were composed. Results Results show that in units (geomorphic facies), slope and elevation play major role in changing vegetation cover. According to this method, whole of study area was divided to three parts (Table 1) including: (1) Playa: It has a geomorphologic unit of Holocene, three types and four facies. oils are less developed, deep with heavy texture and have high salinity because of existing salt and gypsum minerals. Vegatation are mostly halophyte and agricultural areas and because of over utilization of ground water, it becomes gradually saline. (2) Piedmont: It has a geomorphologic unit of Pliostocene, three types and four facies. The piedment facies is the furthest part of this basin that has deep depositional soil with heavy texture and some gypsum minerals. It was occupied with Anabasis aphylla. Other facies of this region are bed of ephemeral s, bare pediment and regular slopes that have shallow and less developed calcareous regosol. In the case of existing gypsum, minerals, the area will be covered with mixed of Ephedra intermedia and Pteropyrum olivieri, otherwise Artemisia sieberi will be dominant species. (3) Mountains regions: This part includes six geomorphologic units with various types, facies and because of effects of elevation, slope and in some cases aspect, vegetation and soil have more diversity than other parts. Paleogene unit because of chemical characteristics of soil, human activities and overgrazing becomes saline and alkaline. Other units mostly have thin topsoil with calcareous regosol. In some parts, geomorphologic units are: Pliostocene, Neogene, Paleogene, Georasic, Permian, Devonian and Camberian. Also, the major vegetation types include: Juniperus-Acantholimon Amygdalus-Artemisia Amygdalus-Acanthophyllum Amygdalus-Juniperus

3 AZARNIVAND 17 th WC, August 2002, Thailand Table 1 Assesment of vegetation cover related to geomorphology and soil units of the study area. Vegetation type oil Lifhology Aspect slope Elevation Facies Formation Unit Era ection Current bed Tamarix Exteral elonckek Halocnemum-Halostachys Tamarix-Halocnemum edimentary alt Fine with high salt Fine with high salt Cultivation edimentary Fine Anabasis-Lycium edimentary Fine with gravel Pteropyrum olivieri Pteropyrum-Ephedra Artemesia- Pteropyrum Pteropyrum-Ephedra Calcereous with Gypsum, regosol or calcareous cut gypsum Pteropyrum-Artemesia Eurotia-Zygophyllum Calcareous cut gypsum Coarse s alluvial and culluvial Coarse s alluvial and culluvial -W 0-2 Ephemeral -W 0-2 1,060-1,080 Kavir humid area -W 0-2 1,080-1,200 Plain Fine particle wurm -W 0-2 1,070-1,200 Epandage Fine particle Riss -E -E ,200-1,700 Ephemeral Piedmont N 1,600-1,800 Regular hillslope Coarseparticle Riss Holocene Quaternary Playa Plioctoene Piedmont Quaternary Not vegetation Boulder and rock 1,600-1,700 Ephemeral Gunz

4 AZARNIVAND 17 th WC, August 2002, Thailand Table 1 (cont.). Vegetation type oil Lithology Aspect slope Elevation Facies formation Unit Era ection Halfway Pteropyrum-Convoivusus Calcareous Conglomerate N-NW Ephedra-pteroyrum Anabsis-Ephedra Acnthophyllum-Ephedra Artemisia-alsola Arid aline and Alkaline Tuff, shale Lava, Gypsum N -NW WE ,200-1,400 1,500-1,700 1,540-1,600 1,300-1,200 1,600-1,900 2,150-2,200 Regular slope Conglomer ate Pliopliostoc Water erosion Karaj Third Ephedra-Aremisia Arid andston E-NE 1,800-2,100 Piping Neogene- Paleogene Acantholimon-Astrsagalus Astragalus-Acanthophyllum Lithosole andstone, tuff, shale NW E 1,900-2,200 Regular hillslope Mountai n Amygdalus-Juniperus Amygdalus-Acanthophyllum Amygdalus-Juniperus Lithosole Basalt volcanic rocks Calcite N W-EW 20 2,000 1,700-2,100 1,840-2,240 Massive rock shemshac Gorasic ecound Larr Artemisia-Eurotia Acantholimon-Juniperus Juniperus-Acantholimon Lithosole Calcareos and andstone E EN-E NE-W >40 1,600-1,800 Rock facies Routah Permian First 1,700-2,400 2,000-2,696 Pteropyrum-Amygdalus Amygdalus-Artemisia Lithosole andstone Red sandstone Dolomite -W -w Ew 1,700-1,850 Rock facies Badehat Devonian 1,540-1,700 2,000-2,220 Amygdalus lycioides Artemisia-Amygdalus Amygdalus-Artmisia Lithosole Red sandstone andstone Dolomite Ew 1,700-1,850 1,540-1,700 2,000-2,320 Rock facies Milla Camberian Laloun

5 AZARNIVAND 17 th WC, August 2002, Thailand Discussion and Conclusion Conducted researches is the study area should close relationship among vegetation, soil, geomorphology, climate and organisms. For this fact, without considering to these factors, their effects and interactions on environments, it is not possible to suggest any fundamental solving methods in projects related natural resources. Generally, this region has been divided to three separate parts including playa, piedmont and mountain with special soil and vegetation characteristics. The major factor in this selection is elevation. Meanwhile, other topographic factors such as slope and aspect are not corresponded with soil and vegetation cover differences. Considering to the current relationships among geomorphology, soil units and vegetation cover in the case of no changes in natural conditions of the area, it is possible to use geomorphology units as a base of working unit in preparing detailed projects in natural resources. Also, with focusing on study of geomorphologic factors can reduce additional expenses and prevent iterative samplings with plots and digging many profiles and after finding problems and causes can propose suitable and real methods to manage and recovering ecosystem to its primary situations. References Ahmadi, H Applied Geomorphology, Vol. 1: Water Ersion, University of Tehran Press. Ahmadi, H Applied Geomorphology, Vol. 2: Wind Erosion, University of Tehran Press. Ahmadi, H Relationships among geomorphology, soil and vegetation cover in natural resources projects. Iranian Journal of Natural Resources 47(1). Feiznia,. and H. Ahmadi Quaternery Formations, University of Tehran Press. Ghiti, A., A. Ahmadi, N. Mashhadi and A. Reihi tudy and comparison of the coincidence of geomorphology facies boundry and land component with vegetation types boundry(case study: Mashhad Ardahal Basin, Kashan), Iranian Journal of Natural Resources 54(2): Wilson, J Controlling black greasewood with fire and tebuthiuron on depleted great basin wildrye sites in northwestern Nevada. (M.. Thesis) Univ. of Nev. Reno-U..A

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