Evolution of human diversity. The history of Homo sapiens
|
|
- Rosa Johnston
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Evolution of human diversity The history of Homo sapiens!1
2 The primates Gibbon Orangutan Gorilla Bonobo Chimpanzee Human Human Chimpanzee Gorilla Orangutan Gibbon Macaque Millions years ago!2 Macaque Orangutan Gorilla Bonobo Chimpanzee Human
3 The last most recent common ancestor of humans and chimps 6 7 MYA fossils Problems assigning fossils to lineages 5 6 MYA sequence comparisons Different models give different results (up to 2x) Not earlier than 8 MYA As distant from humans, as from chimps we do not come from chimps or any other modern primate!3
4 Complex relations Many primate fossils found, some existed at the same time Difficult to establish phylogeny Ancestors or side lineages?!4
5 Sahelanthropus tchadensis - Toumaï Close to the MRCA of humans and chimps? Skull the size of chimp, but proportions more human About the time of speciation Could be a side lineage? Only a fragment of one skull found ~ 6-7 MYA!5
6 Orrorin tugenensis Discovered: 2001 ~ 5-6 MYA Ancestor of Homo? If so, was Australopithecus a side lineage? Bipedal? Some characteristics more human-like than Australopithecus based on bone structure at least partially Habitat forest or savanna? forest or border!6
7 Ardipithecus ramidus - Ardi Discovered in 1994, published in MYA Oldest hominin At least partially bipedal Ancestor of Australopithecus (?)!7
8 Ardipithecus ramidus - Ardi!8
9 Ardipithecus!9
10 Debate It is difficult to assign the older fossils to a lineage human lineage (hominins)? chimpanzee lineage? another lineage, with no surviving descendants!10
11 Evolution is not a straight line!!11
12 Australopithecus Many species found gracile and robust 4 2 MYA Most famous: A. afarensis Lucy (~3.6 mln lat) Mrs. Ples A. africanus The Taung child A. boisei - Olduvai!12
13 Australopithecus sediba Described in 2010, Age: ~ 2 MY Many traits between Australopithecus and Homo!13
14 Australopithecus sediba Skull volume closer to Australopithecus (~420 cm3), but some morphological traits closer to Homo - lateral asymmetry language?!14
15 Human ancestry? Australopithecus afarensis -> Homo habilis A. sediba side lineage! A. africanus -> A. sediba -> Homo A. afarensis side lineage!15
16 Homo ~ 2.3 MYA older than A. sediba one had to be a side branch The Olduvai culture tools (1.9 MYA) Homo habilis Homo erectus, H. ergaster ( pithecanthropus ) 1.5 MYA, extinct YBP First to leave Africa First to use fire Hunting (spears) Social structures Narzędzie sprzed 1,8 mln. lat z Olduvai British Museum!16
17 !17
18 Homo Fossils found in Republic of Georgia (Dmanisi) (~1.8 MYA) suggest that H. habilis, H. ergaster and H. rudolfensis could be the same species as H. erectus Based on morphological variation (no ancient DNA that old)!18
19 The cradle of humanity Australopithecus afarensis (Lucy) oldest Homo fossils (a jawbone ~ 2.3 MY) Australopithecus, Homo habilis, H. erectus, H. sapiens Australopithecus africanus A. sediba!19
20 The cradle of humanity!20
21 !21
22 The first migrations from Africa!22
23 About 2 MYA!23
24 Multiregional hypothesis = regional continuity!24
25 Multiregional evolution Human ancestors left Africa ~ 2 million years ago and evolved in parallel on different continents Gene flow (continuity) between regional populations if that were the case, TMRCA of modern humans should be ~ 2 MYA mtdna studies showed TMRCA ~ years!25
26 The OAR model (Out of Africa Replacement)!26
27 OAR Out of Africa ~ an ancestral population (already anatomically modern H. sapiens) migrated from Africa to other continents New migrants displaced the previous hominids, without mixing and drove them to extinction All modern humans are descendants of this last wave of migration!27
28 mtdna polymorphism mtdna is highly polymorphic inherited as a single genetic unit (uniparental inheritance) sets of polymorphism inherited together as haplotypes haplogroups (clusters of haplotypes sharing common polymorphisms) correlate with population history - used in anthropology, forensics etc.!28
29 mtdna haplogroups!29
30 mtdna tree!30
31 !31
32 Y chromosome haplogroups!32 Jobling & Tyler-Smith (2003) Nature Rev. Genet. 4,
33 !33
34 !34
35 Conclusions mtdna and chromosome Y trees are both rooted in African populations TMRCA years Supports OAR (recent African descent)!35
36 Human genetic diversity is low Two chimpanzees (e.g. Central and Western African) have up to 5 x more genetic differences than most distant humans Human genetic diversity highest in Africa Bottlenecks Migrations - serial founder effect Natural disaster years ago (Toba volcano)? Population reduced in Africa before migrations (~ years ago, climate change)?!36
37 Population bottleneck An episode of reduction in population size, leading to reduced allelic diversity!37
38 Founder effect A new population started by a small subgroup of original population can have radically different allele frequencies Some rare human genetic diseases are frequent in particular isolated populations Reduction in human genetic diversity serial founder effect genetic diversity decreases with increasing distance from African ancestors!38
39 The island of the colorblind In 1775 the Pingelap atoll was devastated by a typhoon, killing ~90% of the population, ~20 people survived One of them was the ruler Nahnmwarki Mwanenised, who was a carrier of the rare autosomal recessive achromatopsia Currently 10% of islanders are colorblind, a 30% are carriers In the USA the incidence of achromatopsia is 1: Achromatopsia (nonfunctional cones) is not daltonism!!39
40 Recent changes in diversity The Star cluster of Y haplotypes in Mongolia ~1,000 ( ) years ago Currently in ~8% men in Central-Eastern Asia, ~0.5% worldwide Genghis Khan?!40 Zerjal et al. (2003) Am. J. Hum. Genet. 72,
41 Neanderthals Earliest fossil traces (Asia) ~ years b.p. Lived in Europe, extinct~ years b.p. Modern humans colonized Europe~ years b.p. Were Neanderthals ancestors of Europeans, did they interbreed with humans?!41
42 Neanderthals Human and Neanderthal lineages split ~ years ago Was in Europe before H. sapiens (earlier migration) Culture (burials), tools, probably speech Wikimedia commons, Anthropological Institute, University of Zürich!42
43 !43
44 The Neanderthal genome project mtdna fragments of several specimens (1997) ~ 10 6 bp of ndna (2006) 60% of nuclear genome (2010) more complete genome of several specimens (2013)!44
45 mtdna!45 Krings M., Stone A., Schmitz R.W., Krainitzki H., Stoneking M., and Pääbo S. (1997), Cell, 90:19-30.
46 mtdna tree!46 Knight A. (2003): Journal of Human Evolution, 44:
47 mtdna - conclusions Neanderthal mtdna outside the human tree Not closer to Europeans than to other populations No sign of interbreeding in Neanderthal maternal lineage Low population genetic diversity!47
48 ndna results - evolution!48
49 Genome sequencing conclusions Human and Neanderthal lineages split long before the last common ancestor of modern humans Neanderthals were not our ancestors What about interbreeding?!49
50 The 2010 genome analysis Confirmed the final split of lineages ~ years ago SNP polymorphic sites Neanderthal alleles found in human genomes, but only from Europe, Asia, and Oceania No Neanderthal SNPs in African genomes!50
51 Did humans and Neanderthals interbreed? ~ 4% of polymorphisms in Eurasian genomes of Neanderthal origin! Low level of interbreeding between Neanderthals and ancestors of Eurasian populations!51
52 Scenarios Amount of Neanderthal alleles is the same in Europe, Asia and Papua New Guinea Interbreeding with the ancestors of E, A i PNG, somewhere in the Middle East Intermixing was rare wavefront effect rapid expansion of migrant population amplifies the alleles intermixed from the encountered local populations!52
53 Not just Neanderthals Fossils from the Denisova cave (Altai mountains) Contemporary of Neanderthals probably a sister group Traces of interbreeding in human populations from Oceania intermixing episode during migration to SE Asia!53
54 Interbreeding Recent Denisovan genome sequence (2013) suggests interbreeding with H. sapiens, H. neanderthalensis and a fourth unknown hominid!54
55 The Sima de los Huesos mystery DNA from a years old bone fragment from Northern Spain- mtdna closer to Denisovan than Neanderthal bones and teeth look closer to Neanderthal ancestor of Denisovans and Neanderthals? a separate lineage?!55
56 !56
57 Conclusions OAR is essentially supported, but more complex than thought Migrants could interbreed with earlier populations!57
58 Not so simple story mtdna of modern Europeans is different from European mtdna from before years ago neolithic migrations (~7 000 YBP) subsequent migrations also early and late Neanderthal mtdna is different significant inbreeding among Neanderthals - small population size (cause of extinction?)!58
59 European prehistory First settlement from Africa (~ YBP) Glacial period - repeopling from southern refugia and postglacial recolonization ( YBP) Neolithic farmer migration from Near East (7 000 YBP) later migrations Indo-European migration YBP!59
60 European prehistory 3 ancestral populations West European Hunter-Gatherers (earliest) Ancient North Eurasians (Siberia), also contributed to Native Americans Early European Farmers (Middle East, Neolithic revolution) Based on ancient DNA sequences from year old skeletons!60
61 !61
62 Descendants of the first Europeans? All European populations are a mixture of pre-neolithic (hunter-gatherer) and neolithic (farming) ancestry The only signs of continuity from pre-neolithic times - the Basque!62
63 Out of Africa - human genetic diversity!63
64 Genetic diversity gradient!64
65 More than genes Genetic diversity correlates with language diversity!65
66 The diversity of languages classification based on phonemes (sounds) phoneme diversity!66 Atkinson, Science (2011) 332:
67 The spread of language!67
68 The question of race Lewontin s argument variation within group higher than between groups traits allowing to distinguish races - ~6% of all variability Traditional classification of races is based on traits that are not a good measure of genetic similarity skin colour (~6 genes), nose and eye shape under selection Some traits do show correlation (covariance) gradients, not groups A continuum of genetic variability reflecting population history is real!68
69 The question of race A continuum of genetic variability reflecting population history is real But it does not allow to create meaningful divisions A monophyletic group that would include all the descendants of a common ancestor of Africans would also include all non-africans!69
31/10/2012. Human Evolution. Cytochrome c DNA tree
Human Evolution Cytochrome c DNA tree 1 Human Evolution! Primate phylogeny! Primates branched off other mammalian lineages ~65 mya (mya = million years ago) Two types of monkeys within lineage 1. New World
More informationHuman Evolution
http://www.pwasoh.com.co Human Evolution Cantius, ca 55 mya The continent-hopping habits of early primates have long puzzled scientists, and several scenarios have been proposed to explain how the first
More informationHuman Evolution. Darwinius masillae. Ida Primate fossil from. in Germany Ca.47 M years old. Cantius, ca 55 mya
http://www.pwasoh.com Human Evolution Cantius, ca 55 mya The continent-hopping habits of early primates have long puzzled scientists, and several scenarios have been proposed to explain how the first true
More informationPrimate Diversity & Human Evolution (Outline)
Primate Diversity & Human Evolution (Outline) 1. Source of evidence for evolutionary relatedness of organisms 2. Primates features and function 3. Classification of primates and representative species
More informationEvolution Problem Drill 10: Human Evolution
Evolution Problem Drill 10: Human Evolution Question No. 1 of 10 Question 1. Which of the following statements is true regarding the human phylogenetic relationship with the African great apes? Question
More informationHUMAN EVOLUTION 17 APRIL 2013
HUMAN EVOLUTION 17 APRIL 2013 Lesson Description In this lesson, we: Consider the following aspects of Human Evolution: - Interpretation of a phylogenetic tree to show the place of the family Hominidae
More informationCasey Leonard. Multiregional model vs. Out of Africa theory SLCC
Casey Leonard Multiregional model vs. Out of Africa theory SLCC 2 It is debated where humans came from and how they spread across the world. Since people don't all look the same, or are categorized into
More informationHomo habilis males feeding in East Africa. Two robust australopithecines are approaching. ( Myr ago) The Homo radiation
The Homo radiation Homo habilis males feeding in East Africa. Two robust australopithecines are approaching. (1.5-2.0 Myr ago) Average 640cm 3 brain compared to 500cm 3 in the Australopithecines 1965-Louis
More informationOut of Africa: The origin of Homo Sapiens (Us!)
Out of Africa: The origin of Homo Sapiens (Us!) Our History from the DNA Record and other methods Robin Clegg Genetics, DNA A Detective Story Involving. Fossils, skulls and skeletons - new extraction of
More informationHomework. Guided Reading Recent Hominids (#22-31) Need ear buds/headphones for Monday!!
Homework Guided Reading Recent Hominids (#22-31) Need ear buds/headphones for Monday!! Learning Target I can explore various hominids from the skull lab and describe the evolution of hominids. What are
More informationBiosc 41 Announcements 12/1
Biosc 41 Announcements 12/1 Review: evolution (chapters 22, 23) Today s lecture: speciation and human evolution Today s lab: work on group presentations for Wed Wed s lecture: conservation biology Wed
More informationANTHROPOLOGY 202 October 6, 2014 An Introduction to World Prehistory. VI. Out of Africa: Middle Homo
ANTHROPOLOGY 202 October 6, 2014 An Introduction to World Prehistory VI. Out of Africa: Middle Homo ANT 202 Wednesday October 6, 2014 STUDENTS WITH LAST NAMES S-Z PLEASE STAY FOR A DEMONSTRATION AT THE
More informationUnit 4 Evolution (Ch. 14, 15, 16)
Ch. 16 - Evolution Unit 4 Evolution (Ch. 14, 15, 16) 1. Define Evolution 2. List the major events that led to Charles Darwin s development of his theory of Evolution by means of Natural Selection 3. Summarize
More informationEvolution and Our Heritage
BIOLOGY OF HUMANS Concepts, Applications, and Issues Fifth Edition Judith Goodenough Betty McGuire 22 Evolution and Our Heritage Lecture Presentation Anne Gasc Hawaii Pacific University and University
More informationEarly primates and hominins
Early primates and hominins 1 Wild Card slide part deux 2 Hominins ~7-6 mya split from chimpanzees and bonobos -emerged and stayed in Africa until later Homo Mosaic evolution - these characteristics evolved
More informationLevel 3 Biology, 2014
91606 916060 3SUPERVISOR S Level 3 Biology, 2014 91606 Demonstrate understanding of trends in human evolution 9.30 am Thursday 13 November 2014 Credits: Four Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement
More informationORIGIN OF MODERN HUMANS
ORIGIN OF MODERN HUMANS Cut marks in bone 3.4 mya Stone tools 3.3 mya Harmand et al. Nature 521, 310-315 (2015) Oldowan tools 2.6-1.5 mya Figs. 17.13 & 17.14 Z&E 1 APPEARANCE OF THE GENUS HOMO Increasingly
More informationLecture 11 Friday, October 21, 2011
Lecture 11 Friday, October 21, 2011 Phylogenetic tree (phylogeny) Darwin and classification: In the Origin, Darwin said that descent from a common ancestral species could explain why the Linnaean system
More informationCh. 19 The Neogene World
Ch. 19 The Neogene World Neogene Period includes Miocene, Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs Beginning of Holocene was approx. 12,000 years ago 12,000 years Cenozoic 1.8 5.3 Neogene 24 Paleogene 65 Holocene
More informationSeveral species of early hominids may be living at the same time. A parental species may continue to exist after a daughter species emerges.
Primates: Human Ancestors? Fossil Evidence Binocular eyesight: depth perception Hands that can grasp (nails not claws) Monkeys: (tails) Apes: no tails Hominids (bipedalism, slower, but able to use hands
More informationQuiz # How did the genus Homo differ from the earlier hominins? How did it s skull differ? How did its limb bones differ?
Physical Anthropology Dr. Leanna Wolfe Quiz #13 Chapter 9 The Rise of Modern Humans 1. How did the genus Homo differ from the earlier hominins? How did it s skull differ? How did its limb bones differ?
More informationYEAR 12 HUMAN BIOLOGY EVOLUTION / NATURAL SELECTION TEST TOTAL MARKS :
YEAR 12 HUMAN BIOLOGY EVOLUTION / NATURAL SELECTION TEST TOTAL MARKS : 1.Natural selection is occurring in a population. Which of the following statements is CORRECT? The population must be completely
More informationWho Were Neanderthals and Did They Interbreed with Modern Humans?
Anthropology 1020 Sharon Vidriales-Estrada Who Were Neanderthals and Did They Interbreed with Modern Humans? References 1. Wikipedia (Internet) www.wikipedia.org Neanderthals search 2. Scientific American
More informationCHAPTER 10. Premodern Humans
CHAPTER 10 Premodern Humans Chapter Outline * Premodern Humans of the Middle Pleistocene * Middle Pleistocene evolution and culture * Neandertals: Premodern Humans of the Late Pleistocene -Molecular Connections:
More informationExamples of Phylogenetic Reconstruction
Examples of Phylogenetic Reconstruction 1. HIV transmission Recently, an HIV-positive Florida dentist was suspected of having transmitted the HIV virus to his dental patients. Although a number of his
More informationAnnouncements. Today. Chapter 8 primate and hominin origins. Keep in mind. Quiz 2: Wednesday/Thursday May 15/16 (week 14)
Announcements Today Chapter 8 primate and hominin origins Keep in mind Quiz 2: Wednesday/Thursday May 15/16 (week 14) Essay 2: Questions are up on course website 1 Recap the main points of ch 6 and 7 Evolutionary
More informationLesson Topic Learning Goals
Unit 2: Evolution Part B Lesson Topic Learning Goals 1 Lab Mechanisms of Evolution Cumulative Selection - Be able to describe evolutionary mechanisms such as genetic variations and key factors that lead
More informationThe Evolution of Primates
The Evolution of Primates Bởi: OpenStaxCollege Order Primates of class Mammalia includes lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans. Non-human primates live primarily in the tropical or subtropical regions
More informationGrade 12 Term Use the following diagram and list the characteristics we share with other African apes. 12 and 13 (13)
Grade 1 Term 3 Total: 100 Time: hours Assignment: Hominid evolution Objectives To list the characteristics that humans and African apes share To compare the skulls of human ancestors, cousins and other
More informationFirst human-like ancestor = 4Ma. Misconceptions:
Misconceptions: A Recipe for Disaster: Rise of the Hominids 1) Our ancestors were apes Contrary to popular belief, evolutionists do not claim we evolved directly from apes. More likely, we evolved from
More informationThe Evolution of Speech
The Evolution of Speech Q: How did speech arise in humans? A: We don t know. 1 How did speech arise in humans? scholars: interminable, acrimonious debates limited scientific data 1860: Paris Linguistic
More informationHominin Evolution Overview
Genotype and Phenotype: - Each individual has a genotype (which genes they have) and a phenotype (the way in which those genes are expressed) - Some phenotypic traits will be beneficial for survival, some
More information6 HOW DID OUR ANCESTORS EVOLVE?
6 HOW DID OUR ANCESTORS EVOLVE? David Christian introduces the science of taxonomy and explains some of the important methods used to identify and classify different species and several key human ancestors.
More informationANTHROPOLOGY 150: EVOLUTION AND HUMAN EMERGENCE NM HED Area III: Laboratory Science Competencies UNM Core Area 3: Physical and Natural Sciences
ANTHROPOLOGY 150: EVOLUTION AND HUMAN EMERGENCE NM HED Area III: Laboratory Science Competencies UNM Core Area 3: Physical and Natural Sciences Student Learning Objectives: At the end of the course, the
More informationNJBibleScience.org. Early Man. Gerald Lenner, Ph.D. November 17, 2010
Early Man Gerald Lenner, Ph.D. November 17, 2010 Talk Outline Review The Short Story - A Tale of Two Buckets False Ancestors of Man Candidate Ancestors - Neanderthals - Australopithecines - Homo erectus
More informationBio1B Evolution 12 Last lecture: Fossil record
Bio1B Evolution 12 Last lecture: Fossil record Fossil record - significance & interpretation Extinction - Background extinction rates and the big 5 mass extinction The K/T boundary - asteroid hypothesis;
More information1/24/2008. The Creation of Two Worlds. The Creation of Two Worlds. The Creation of Two Worlds. Topics of Discussion. I. The Earth Calendar
Topics of Discussion I. The Earth Calendar II. 225-200 MYA: Pangaea III. Centralization of Evolution IV. 200-180 MYA: Break-up of Pangaea V. Decentralization of Evolution VI. Hominids and Humans VII. Culture
More information1 low Humans Evolved
1 low Humans Evolved Robert Howl IOIIIB Silk UNIVERS1. i 1 \..UK I..1 I \ Nv I Technische Unive-^itdt Darmstadt FACHDCRLICH 10 BIOLOGIE B i!. I i o t h p k -_ ScLninspilinstiafiG 10 D-6 4287 Darmstadt
More informationBiological Anthropology
Biological Anthropology Sample Exam 3 Fall 2017 This sample exam, which contains questions from exams given sometime in the past, will provide you with an idea of the types of questions you will face on
More informationBio1B Evolution 13 Last lecture:
Bio1B Evolution 13 Last lecture: Macro-evolution (cont.) Mass extinctions Species selection Transitional forms - tetrapods, birds: exaptation Today Human evolution Evolutionary origins of Homo sapiens:
More informationThe Human Animal. Molecular Evidence. H. Habilis Tools. Early Homo Evolution. Relationship with Large Cats. Homo ergaster and Homo erectus
The Human Animal Molecular Evidence Humans and Chimps/ Bonobos share 95% of our DNA in common The 5% is responsible for the important difference in body, brains and behaviours Gorilla Chimp. Bonobos Human
More informationBio1B Evolution 12 Last lecture: Speciation: outcomes of secondary contact Fossil record - significance & interpretation (Ch 18)
Bio1B Evolution 12 Last lecture: Speciation: outcomes of secondary contact Fossil record - significance & interpretation (Ch 18) Today Extinction - Background extinction rates vs big 5 mass extinctions
More informationThe big 5 mass extinctions. The asteroid impact hypothesis - Luiz & Walter Alvarez, UC Berkeley (see Science, 5th March, p1214)
Bio1B Evolution 12 Last lecture: Speciation: outcomes of secondary contact Fossil record - significance & interpretation (Ch 18) Today Extinction - Background extinction rates vs big 5 mass extinctions
More informationThe Human Animal. Molecular Evidence. Early Homo Evolution
The Human Animal 1 Molecular Evidence Humans and Chimps/ Bonobos share 95% of our DNA in common The 5% is responsible for the important difference in body, brains and behaviours Gorilla Chimp. Bonobos
More informationSession 17: Episode 5(2) Genomics, our African genesis and family tree
Session 17: Episode 5(2) Genomics, our African genesis and family tree William P. Hall President Kororoit Institute Proponents and Supporters Assoc., Inc. - http://kororoit.org william-hall@bigpond.com
More informationThe Human Animal. BIO 1300: The Human Animal
The Human Animal 1 Molecular Evidence Humans and Chimps/ Bonobos share 95% of our DNA in common The 5% is responsible for the important difference in body, brains and behaviours Gorilla Chimp. Bonobos
More informationExcavating the Piltdown gravels in 1911, with Dawson (right) and Smith Woodward
G02: Set in Stone The long way round WC 2030 Just over half a century ago, on 21 November 1953, and 40 years after his discovery in a Sussex gravel pit, so-called Piltdown Man was officially exposed as
More informationThe Evolution of Life
APPENDIX 3 The Evolution of Life Life on Earth Air-breathing life cannot exist without oxygen, which was not part of earth s original atmosphere. However, life in the form of primeval bacteria and algae
More informationHBio Evolution 2 Practice test
HBio Evolution 2 Practice test Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. The genes carried by all members of a particular population make up the
More informationRelative dating methods. Paleoanthropology. Chronometric dating methods. Dating as probability statement
Relative dating methods Paleoanthropology Fossil Man and Fossil Men Stratigraphy: based on superposition of geologic and cultural deposition More recent deposits lie on top of older deposits Biostratigraphy:
More informationHUMAN EVOLUTION. Where did we come from?
HUMAN EVOLUTION Where did we come from? www.christs.cam.ac.uk/darwin200 Darwin & Human evolution Darwin was very aware of the implications his theory had for humans. He saw monkeys during the Beagle voyage
More informationOrganizing Life s Diversity
17 Organizing Life s Diversity section 2 Modern Classification Classification systems have changed over time as information has increased. What You ll Learn species concepts methods to reveal phylogeny
More informationText 3: Discoveries in Africa and Beyond. Topic 1: The Origins of Civilization (Prehistory B.C.E) Lesson 1: Learning About Our Past
Text 3: Discoveries in Africa and Beyond Topic 1: The Origins of Civilization (Prehistory - 300 B.C.E) Lesson 1: Learning About Our Past Discoveries in Africa and Beyond Since the 1870s, scholars have
More informationDate Hominin Significance
Date Hominin Significance 7.0 mya Sahelanthropus tchadensis Oldest possible hominin ancestor - foramen magnum suggests bipedalism 6.0 mya Orrorin tugenensis Earliest known hominin, CT scans of the proximal
More informationAssessment Schedule 2016 Biology: Demonstrate understanding of trends in human evolution (91606)
NCEA Level 3 Biology (91606) 2016 page 1 of 6 Assessment Schedule 2016 Biology: Demonstrate understanding of trends in human evolution (91606) Evidence Statement Q Evidence Achievement Merit Excellence
More informationHomo habilis. Classification as Homo
Homo habilis Homo habilis is a species of the tribe Hominini, during the Gelasian and early Calabrian stages of the Pleistocene period, between roughly 2.8 and 1.5 million years ago. In its appearance
More informationPopulation Genetics of Modern Human Evolution
Population Genetics of Modern Human Evolution John H Relethford, State University of New York College at Oneonta, Oneonta, New York, USA Rosalind M Harding, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK The aim of
More informationLecture 4 Chapters: Hominid Paleobiology (1h 30 )
BONES, STONES, AND GENES The Origin of Modern Humans HHMI 2011 Howard Hughes Medical Institute www.biointeractive.org REVIEW Click Here For PDF Version of This Review The two DVD discs in this package
More informationEvolution & Natural Selection
Evolution & Natural Selection Human Origins & Adaptations Charles Darwin Darwin did not discover evolution Darwin explain how natural selection decided which genes would be selected and passed on to the
More informationThe Creation of Two Worlds
Topics of Discussion I. The Earth Calendar II. 225-200 MYA: Pangaea III. Centralization of Evolution IV. 200-180 MYA: Break-up of Pangaea V. Decentralization of Evolution VI. Hominids and Humans VII. Culture
More informationHuman Evolution. Chapter Learning objectives Laboratory exercises Primates. Sebastián Vélez and Eli Minkoff
Chapter 12 Human Evolution Sebastián Vélez and Eli Minkoff 12.1 Learning objectives 1. Understand the evolutionary relationships among primates. 2. Describe the evolutionary relationships between chimps,
More informationLast class. What are all the species in the Australopithecines?
Last class What are all the species in the Australopithecines? Which are robust? Which are gracile? What are the differences between robust and gracile? When do they occur in time? Space? How did they
More informationDiversity and Human Evolution. Homo neanderthalensis. Homo neanderthalensis. Homo neanderthalensis. Homo neanderthalensis. Part II
Diversity and Human Evolution Part II Neanderthal 1 La Chapelle-aux-Saints Photograph byrheinisches LandesmuseumBonn Photographs by John Reader Mount Circeo Photograph by Ministry of Culture, Italy An
More informationAlgorithms in Bioinformatics
Algorithms in Bioinformatics Sami Khuri Department of Computer Science San José State University San José, California, USA khuri@cs.sjsu.edu www.cs.sjsu.edu/faculty/khuri Distance Methods Character Methods
More informationChapter 29 Vertebrates 819
Chapter 29 Vertebrates 819 (a) (b) Figure 29.37 (a) The platypus, a monotreme, possesses a leathery beak and lays eggs rather than giving birth to live young. (b) The echidna is another monotreme. (credit
More informationCharles Darwin ( ) Sailed around the world
Charles Darwin (1809-1882) Sailed around the world 1831-1836 2. What did Darwin s Travels reveal The diversity of living species was far greater than anyone had previously known!! These observations led
More informationClicker Questions, Test 4. April 8, 2015, Outline 19
Clicker Questions, Test 4 April 8, 2015, Outline 19 1. What is the name of the orogeny that formed the Rocky Mountains, including the Teton Mountains of Wyoming? A. Laramide B. Alpine C. Caledonian D.
More informationH. habilis H. rudolfensis H. erectus. H. ergaster H. antecessor. H. heidelbergensis H. sapiens neanderthalensis H. floresiensis H.
H. habilis H. rudolfensis H. erectus H. ergaster H. antecessor H. heidelbergensis H. sapiens neanderthalensis H. floresiensis H. sapiens Homo floresiensis A recent discovery on Flores Island, Indonesia,
More informationThe Evolving Brain. Communication Intelligence Technologies Social Complexity Cultural Complexity
LENScience Senior Biology Seminar Series 2011 The Evolving Brain: social interaction and complexity Peter Gluckman, Alan Beedle, Tatjana Buklijas and Jacquie Bay 2 June 2011 The Evolving Brain Communication
More informationHumanity on the Record
Humanity on the Record Humanity on the Record In the summer of 2012, paleontologists working on a fossil excavation in Kenya announced that the human race, as we know it, was never alone. Scientists unveiled
More informationANTHROPOLOGY 202 Wednesday October 8, 2014 An Introduction to World Prehistory. VII The Emergence of modern humans: Late Homo or Homo sapiens
ANTHROPOLOGY 202 Wednesday October 8, 2014 An Introduction to World Prehistory VII The Emergence of modern humans: Late Homo or Homo sapiens ANT 202 Wednesday October 8, 2014 STUDENTS WITH LAST NAMES S-Z
More informationStudy of Homo sapiens. Four subfields: Cultural Anthropology (participant observation) Anthropological Linguistics
What is Anthropology? Study of Homo sapiens Four subfields: Cultural Anthropology (participant observation) Anthropological Linguistics Biological Anthropology (Physical Anthro) Archaeology Anything &
More information7A Evidence of Evolution
7A Evidence of Evolution Fossil Evidence & Biogeography 7A analyze and evaluate how evidence of common ancestry among groups is provided by the fossil record, biogeography, and homologies, including anatomical,
More informationChoose the strongest accurate answer
1. JD Fossil evidence indicates that hominin brains probably got larger, then smaller, then larger again. This provides evidence against : A. Inheritance of acquired characteristics B. Goal-directed evolution
More informationSurprise! A New Hominin Fossil Changes Almost Nothing!
Surprise! A New Hominin Fossil Changes Almost Nothing! Author: Andrew J Petto Table 1: Brief Comparison of Australopithecus with early Homo fossils Species Apes (outgroup) Thanks to Louise S Mead for comments
More informationUnderstanding Natural Selection
Understanding Natural Selection Charles Darwin (1809-1882) Sailed around the world 1831-1836 What did Darwin s Travels reveal The diversity of living species was far greater than anyone had previously
More informationChoose the strongest accurate answer
1. JD According to the class material, how do scientists know that our hominin ancestors had less sexual dimorphism in tooth size than chimpanzees do? A. The overall distribution of adult tooth sizes in
More information(2) The drawings show stages in the evolution of the human skeleton.
GENETICS AND EVOLUTION. Thornton College NAME.. Q. Charles Darwin proposed the theory of natural selection. (a) What is meant by natural selection? (b) The drawings show stages in the evolution of the
More informationHOMINID SERIES. Lesson Plan. Skullduggery, Inc. 624 South B Street Tustin, CA (800) FAX (714)
HOMINID SERIES Lesson Plan Skullduggery, Inc. 624 South B Street Tustin, CA 92680 (800) 336-7745 FAX (714) 832-1215 HOMINIDS OBJECTIVE The hominid set provides an opportunity for an up close, hands on
More informationThe History of Life on Earth
CHAPTER 9 VOCABULARY & NOTES WORKSHEET The History of Life on Earth By studying the Vocabulary and Notes listed for each section below, you can gain a better understanding of this chapter. SECTION 1 Vocabulary
More informationFour kinds of hominins lived about 1.8 mya near Lake Turkana N. Kenya: Australopithecus boisei, H. rudolfensis, H. habilis and H. erectus foraged in
Four kinds of hominins lived about 1.8 mya near Lake Turkana N. Kenya: Australopithecus boisei, H. rudolfensis, H. habilis and H. erectus foraged in the same area. We don t know if they interacted. H.
More informationChapter 20 Human Evolution Barry Sinervo 1997
Chapter 20 Human Evolution Barry Sinervo 1997 Index Early Origins When did Bipedalism Evolve? A phylogeny for the evolution of tool use When did Large Brain Size Evolve? Neotony and the Evolution of Large
More information9/15/2014. Rock types. The fossil record. A dynamic planet. Tectonic processes
Rock types The fossil record Chapter 4 Three major rock classifications: Igneous Solidified magma Most common type of rock Sedimentary Sediment that becomes compacted into rock Usually distinctly layered
More informationAnthropology 207: Hominid Evolution Fall 2010
Anthropology 207: Hominid Evolution Fall 2010 Instructor: Adam Van Arsdale Office Hours: PNE 348: Tu 4-5, Fr 10-11, and by appointment Lecture: PNW 117, Tu/Fr 11:10-12:20 Contact: 781-283-2935 (office)
More informationThe Cell Theory, Evolution & Natural Selection. A Primer About How We Came To Be
The Cell Theory, Evolution & Natural Selection A Primer About How We Came To Be The Forces That Created Life Physics Chemistry - Time 13.8 billion years ago 4.5 billion years ago 3.5 billion years ago
More informationYes. 1 ENGL 191 * Writing Workshop II. 2 ENGL 191 * Writing Workshop II. Yes
COURSE DISCIPLINE : COURSE NUMBER : COURSE TITLE (FULL) : COURSE TITLE (SHORT) : ANTHR 101 CATALOG DESCRIPTION ANTHR 101 introduces the concepts, methods of inquiry, and scientific explanations for biological
More informationHOMO SAPIENS EXHIBITION
HOMO SAPIENS EXHIBITION 1 HOMO SAPIENS The first exhibition in the world that tells the story of mankind through a large multidisciplinary fresco An international project involving over 14 countries 15
More informationWeek 7.2 Ch 4 Microevolutionary Proceses
Week 7.2 Ch 4 Microevolutionary Proceses 1 Mendelian Traits vs Polygenic Traits Mendelian -discrete -single gene determines effect -rarely influenced by environment Polygenic: -continuous -multiple genes
More informationReview sheet for the material covered by exam III
Review sheet for the material covered by exam III WARNING: Like last time, I have tried to be complete, but I may have missed something. You are responsible for all the material discussed in class. This
More informationOur Origins Discovering Physical Anthropology
W. W. Norton & Company Our Origins Discovering Physical Anthropology Second Edition by Clark Spencer Larsen Chapter 12 Clark Spencer Larsen Our Origins DISCOVERING PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY C. Milner-Rose
More informationGenetic Drift in Human Evolution
Genetic Drift in Human Evolution (Part 2 of 2) 1 Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Center for Computational Molecular Biology Brown University Outline Introduction to genetic drift Modeling genetic drift
More informationbs148h 18 September 2007 Read: Text pgs , ch 25 & 26
bs148h 18 September 2007 Read: Text pgs 400-410, ch 25 & 26 geology & fossils Linnean systematics vs phylogenetic cladistics five kingdoms three domains tree of life homologous vs analogous (convergent)
More informationLecture #19. Evolution of Humans. Next Week: Habitability! Chpt 7
Lecture #19 Evolution of Humans Next Week: Habitability! Chpt 7 Recent Asteroid in the News Asteroid 2012 DA14 discovered a few weeks ago 40-meter wide rock February 16, 2013, it will pass about 27,000
More informationHeredity and Evolution
Heredity and Variation Heredity and Evolution Living organisms have certain recognisable heritable features such as height, complexion, colour of hair and eyes, shape of nose and chin etc. These are called
More information15.3 Darwin Presents his Case. Biology Mr. Hines
15.3 Darwin Presents his Case Biology Mr. Hines Darwin returned to England with a wealth of new data. He brought many specimens from the Galapagos to further his studies and to present his data to others.
More informationReview sheet for Mendelian genetics through human evolution. What organism did Mendel study? What characteristics of this organism did he examine?
Review sheet for Mendelian genetics through human evolution WARNING: I have tried to be complete, but I may have missed something. You are responsible for all the material discussed in class. This is only
More informationAlles Introductory Biology: Illustrated Lecture Presentations Instructor David L. Alles Western Washington University
Alles Introductory Biology: Illustrated Lecture Presentations Instructor David L. Alles Western Washington University ----------------------- Part Three: The Integration of Biological Knowledge Major Events
More informationName Class Date. 1. What group of mammals do apes, monkeys, lemurs, and humans belong to? a. primates b. cold-blooded c. hominid d.
Skills Worksheet Directed Reading B Section: Humans and Other Primates PRIMATES 1. What group of mammals do apes, monkeys, lemurs, and humans belong to? a. primates b. cold-blooded c. hominid d. primitive
More informationA Summary of the Theory of Evolution
A Summary of the Theory of Evolution Raúl Esperante Geoscience Research Institute Loma Linda, California What is Evolution? What does the term evolution mean? The word has three meanings that are relevant
More informationLast day we ended with the division of prosimians into two main groups:
Last day we ended with the division of prosimians into two main groups: A Recipe for Disaster: Rise of the Hominids (plus condensed version of remaining course material) Reminder: Earth Sciences 083F Final
More information