Littlefield I.S.D. Benchmark Targets / Eighth Grade [SUMMER 2005]

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August Black
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1 Science - Grade 8 ASSURANCES By the end of the eighth grade, the Student Will: 1. Understand that the study of science includes planning and conducting field and laboratory investigations using scientific methods, analyzing data, critical thinking, scientific problem solving, and using tools such as telescopes to collect and analyze information. Students will also use computers and information technology tools to support scientific investigations. 2. Be able to identify the roles of both human activities and natural events in altering Earth systems. 3. Explore interactions in matter and energy in solar, weather, and ocean systems as well as wells examine information on the periodic table and demonstrate loss or gain of energy. 4. Predict possible outcomes that result from different genetic combinations and explore the extinction of some species. 5. Know how science has built a vast body of changing and increasing knowledge described by physical, mathematical, and conceptual models, and also should know that science may not answer all questions. 6. Understand a whole in terms of its components and how these components relate to each other and to the whole. 7. Describe change and constancy in systems and observe them as measurable patterns. 8. Understand that certain types of questions can be answered by investigations, and that methods, models, and conclusions built from these investigations change as new observations are made. SCIENCE GRADE 8 TAKS OBJECTIVES Objective 1: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the nature of science. Objective 2: The student will demonstrate an understanding of living systems and the environment. Objective 3: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the structures and properties of matter. Objective 4: The student will demonstrate an understanding of motion, forces, and energy. Objective 5: The student will demonstrate an understanding of Earth and Space systems. Xandra Williams-Earlie Science 8 Page 1 Summer 2005

2 Science First Six Weeks Chemistry / Matter Atom atomic mass atomic number chemical change coefficient compound decomposition double replacement electron element endothermic VOCABULARY exothermic families group ions isotope mass matter molecule neutron nucleus periods physical change products proton reactant reactions single replacement specific heat subscript synthesis valence electron The Student Will: 1. Identify, demonstrate, and assess appropriate use of scientific processes and laboratory equipment. (SCIENCE TEKS 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8,5; SCIENCE TAKS 10 and 11) 2. Connect Grade 8 science concepts with the history of science and contributions of scientists. (SCIENCE TEKS 8.3E) 3. Demonstrate safe practices during field and laboratory investigations, including conservation of resources and the disposal or recycling of materials. (SCIENCE TEKS 8.1A & B, 8.4A) Safety Agreements/Signature Sheet per Texas Hazardous Communications Act 4. Describe the structure and parts of an atom. (SCIENCE TEKS 8.8A) Protons, electrons, neutrons, nucleus, and electron cloud 5. Identify the properties of an atom including mass and electrical charge and relate it to the organization of the periodic table. (SCIENCE TEKS 8.8B; SCIENCE TAKS 11, Obj. 4B) Atomic number, atomic mass number, energy levels, and valence electrons Xandra Williams-Earlie Science 8 Page 2 Summer 2005

3 6. Interpret information on the Periodic table to understand that physical properties are used to group elements. (SCIENCE TEKS 8.9B) 7. Represent the natural world using models and identify their limitations. (SCIENCE TEKS 8.3C; SCIENCE TAKS 10, Obj 4A) Distinguish between atoms, elements, molecules, and compounds 8. Illustrate interactions between matter and energy including specific heat. (SCIENCE TEKS 8.10A, 8.10C; SCIENCE TAKS 10 and 11) Heat capacity 9. Identify and demonstrate energy changes in exothermic and endothermic chemical reactions. (SCIENCE TEKS 8.10C; SCIENCE TAKS 10 and 11, Obj. 4A, 4C) 10. Demonstrate that substances may react chemically to form new substances and identify that physical and chemical properties influence the development and application of everyday materials such as cooking surfaces, insulations, adhesives, and plastics. (SCIENCE TEKS 8.9 A, 8.9 D; SCIENCE TAKS 10 and 11) Everyday examples of physical and chemical changes 11. Recognize the importance of formulas and equations to express what happens in a chemical reaction. (SCIENCE TEKS 8.9C; SCIENCE TAKS 10 and 11) Identify and balance the four types of chemical equations. Xandra Williams-Earlie Science 8 Page 3 Summer 2005

4 Science Second Six Weeks Energy, Force, and Motion Acceleration amplitude Archimede s principle Bernoulli s principle buoyancy compressional wave convection current crest density effort energy force frame of reference The Student Will: VOCABULARY frequency friction inertia infrared Law of Conservation of Energy longitudinal wave mass momentum motion power pressure resistance speed transverse wave trough ultraviolet velocity viscosity wave height wavelength wave period weight work X-ray 12. Identify, demonstrate, and assess appropriate use of scientific processes and laboratory equipment. (SCIENCE TEKS 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5; SCIENCE TAKS 10 and 11) 13. Connect science concepts with the history of science and contributions of scientists. (SCIENCE TEKS 8.3E) Identify and describe examples of Bernoulli s and Archimeade s principles. 14. Recognize that energy waves are generated and can travel through a medium. (SCIENCE TEKS 8.7B; SCIENCE TAKS 10 and 11, Obj. 5B) Describe the basic characteristics and types of waves [crest, trough, amplitude, wavelength, frequency, transverse, and longitudinal] Relate wave speed to frequency and wavelength. Xandra Williams-Earlie Science 8 Page 4 Summer 2005

5 15. Demonstrate how unbalanced forces cause changes in speed or direction of an object s motion. (SCIENCE TEKS 8.7A; SCIENCE TAKS 10, Obj. 5A, B) Review Newton s three laws of motion. Analyze data that describes motion. Define and calculate formulas involving speed, velocity, and acceleration. 16. Represent the natural world using models and identify their limitations. (SCIENCE TEKS 8.3C; SCIENCE TAKS 10, Obj 4A) Determine the effects of friction. Examine how the change of velocity is related to acceleration. Design an experiment to prove momentum is related to velocity and mass. Xandra Williams-Earlie Science 8 Page 5 Summer 2005

6 Science - Third Six Weeks EARTH SYSTEMS: Geological Events that Alter the Earth s Surface Alfred Wegener cementation compaction convection current convergent boundary crust crustal plate density deposition divergent boundary earthquake elevation epicenter erosion fault focus glacier The Student Will: VOCABULARY igneous extrusive rock igneous intrusive rock inner core lava Law of Superposition L-wave magma mantle metamorphic rock mid-ocean ridge mineral Moho boundary Moh s Hardness Scale ocean-floor spreading ocean trench outer core Pangaea plasticity P-wave Richter Scale Ring of Fire sedimentary rock seismic wave seismograph subduction S-wave Subsidence volcano weathering 17. Identify, demonstrate, and assess appropriate use of scientific processes and laboratory equipment. (SCIENCE TEKS 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5; SCIENCE TAKS 10 and 11) 18. Connect science concepts with the history of science and contributions of scientists. (SCIENCE TEKS 8.3E) 19. Predict land features resulting from gradual earth changes such as mountain building, beach erosion, land subsidence, deposition and continental drift. (SCIENCE TEKS 8.14A) Xandra Williams-Earlie Science 8 Page 6 Summer 2005

7 a. Summarize the theory of continental drift and relate to the theory of Plate Tectonics. b. Explain the role of convection currents in plate movement. c. Identify the geologic activities [earthquakes, volcanoes, mountains] that occur along the three types of plate boundaries [convergent, divergent, strike-slip]. d. Define and interpret a topographic map. e. Analyze rock strata using the Law of Superposition. 20. Analyze and predict the sequence of events in the Rock Cycle. (SCIENCE TEKS 8.12A; SCIENCE TAKS 10, Obj. 4.8A and 11, Obj. 4.8A) Identify the three types of rocks and explain how each is formed using the steps of the rock cycle. Explain how temperature relates to depth within the Earth s interior. Identify the properties and common uses of minerals. Xandra Williams-Earlie Science 8 Page 7 Summer 2005

8 Science Fourth Six Weeks CONSTANCY and CHANGE in LIVING SYSTEMS acid rain adaptation allele aquifer biology carbon cycle chromosome cloning codominance condensation conservation deforestation denitrification DNA dominant ecology ecosystem emissions equilibrium evaporation extinct The Student Will: VOCABULARY feedback mechanisms fossil fuels genetics genotype green house effect groundwater hazardous waste heredity heterogeneous homeostasis homogeneous human genome hybrid impermeable incomplete dominance landfill mutation natural selection nitrogen cycle non-renewable resource offspring organic decay ozone depletion parent permeable phenotype pollution precipation Punnett Square purebred recessive renewable resource runoff smog species trait transpiration water cycle zone of aeration 21. Identify, demonstrate and assess appropriate use of scientific processes and laboratory equipment. (SCIENCE TEKS 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5; SCIENCE TAKS 10 and 11) 22. Connect science concepts with the history of science and contributions of scientists. (SCIENCE TEKS 8.3E) 23. Describe interactions within ecosystems. (SCIENCE TEKS 8.6C; SCIENCE TAKS 10, Obj. 3.9D and 11, Obj. 3.9B, 3.9E) 24. Predict results of altering the Earth s water, carbon, and nitrogen cycles. (SCIENCE TEKS 8.12C, 8.14C; SCIENCE TAKS 10, Obj. 4.8A and 11, Obj. 4.8A) Xandra Williams-Earlie Science 8 Page 8 Summer 2005

9 25. Describe how human activities have modified soil, water, and air quality. (SCIENCE TEKS 8.14C; SCIENCE TAKS 10, Obj.3.12E and 11, Obj. 3.9D) 26. Identify that changes in environmental conditions can affect the survival of individuals and of species. SCIENCE TEKS 8.11A; SCIENCE TAKS 10, Obj. 3.13A and 11, Obj. 3.13A) a. Explain the term adaptation and name different kinds of adaptations. 27. Analyze how natural or human events have contributed to the extinction of some species. (SCIENCE TEKS 8.2C, 8.14B; SCIENCE TAKS 10, Obj. 3.4B and 11, Obj. 3.4B) a. Distinguish between inherited traits and other characteristics that result from interactions within the environment. (SCIENCE TEKS 8.11B; SCIENCE TAKS 10, Obj. 2.6A, D and 11, Obj. 3.6A) Adaptations, genetic mutations and genetic diseases. Explain how traits are inherited. b. Make predictions about possible outcomes of various genetic combinations of inherited traits.(science TEKS 8.11C) Determination of male/female c. Describe interactions among human body systems. (SCIENCE TEKS 8.6A; SCIENCE TAKS 10, Obj. 2.10A and 11, Obj. 2.10A, B) d. Identify feedback mechanisms that maintain equilibrium of systems such as the body temperature, turgor pressure, and chemical reactions. (SCIENCE TEKS 8.6B: SCIENCE TAKS 11, Obj. 2.10B) Xandra Williams-Earlie Science 8 Page 9 Summer 2005

10 Science Fifth Six Weeks ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS and HUMAN ACTIVITY Air pressure anemometer barometer climate cold front convection currents dew point El Nino elevation hurricanes VOCABULARY Infiltration isobar isotherm jet stream latitude longitude meteorologist meteorology occluded front ozone Psychrometer rain gauge recycling relative humidity stationary front thermometer tornado warm front weather map weather station wind vane The Student Will: e. Identify, demonstrate, and assess appropriate use of scientific processes and laboratory equipment. (SCIENCE TEKS 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5; SCIENCE TAKS 10 and 11) f. Connect science concepts with the history of science and contributions of scientists. (SCIENCE TEKS 8.3E) g. Relate the roles of oceans to climatic changes. (SCIENCE TEKS 8.12B) 28. Describe interactions among solar, weather, and oceans systems. (SCIENCE TEKS 8.10B) 29. Identify instruments used to predict weather patterns; and collect, interpret analyze, and record weather data using these instruments. 30. Interpret information from weather maps and weather data tables. Xandra Williams-Earlie Science 8 Page 10 Summer 2005

11 Science Sixth Six Weeks Interactions within the Universe Absolute magnitude apparent magnitude blue shift Big Bang Theory crescent Doppler Effect frame of reference fusion The Student Will: VOCABULARY galaxy gibbous horizon light years Nebular Theory red shift satellite solar system star telescope universe waning waxing 31. Identify, demonstrate, and assess appropriate use of scientific processes and laboratory equipment. (SCIENCE TEKS 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5; SCIENCE TAKS 10 and 11) 32. Connect science concepts with the history of science and contributions of scientists. (SCIENCE TEKS 8.3E) 33. Analyze and critique historical theories of the origin of the universe. (SCIENCE TEKS 8.3E, 8.13C; SCIENCE TAKS 10 and 11, Obj. 1.3A Explain the Doppler Effect and relate the behavior of sound waves to light waves. Explain the Red and Blue shift in the light spectrum. Measuring star distance [parallax] 34. Explain the use of light years to describe distances in the universe. (SCIENCE TEKS 8.13B) 35. Describe characteristics of the universe such as stars and galaxies. (SCIENCE TEKS 8.13A) Classify galaxies [elliptical, spiral, and irregular] and explain Earth s position in the Milky Way. Explain how the electromagnetic spectrum relates to the study of the universe. Xandra Williams-Earlie Science 8 Page 11 Summer 2005

12 Classify stars by size, mass, color, temperature, types, and brightness. Interpret data on an H-R diagram and other star charts. 36. Analyze and predict the events of the lunar cycle. (SCIENCE 8.12A) Point of reference/ horizon/ angular movement Xandra Williams-Earlie Science 8 Page 12 Summer 2005

Earth Science. Explain how Earth's biogeochemical cycles create a balance of materials. Examine the importance of biogeochemical cycles.

Earth Science. Explain how Earth's biogeochemical cycles create a balance of materials. Examine the importance of biogeochemical cycles. Unit 1: DYNAMIC STRUCTURE OF EARTH Introduction to Understand that earth science is based upon the four sciences of astronomy, geology, meteorology, and oceanography. Identify topics studied within the