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New Mexico Geological Society Downloaded from: http:nmgsnmtedupublicationsguidebooks13 Geology of Kennecott Copper Corporation's Safford copper deposit Annan Cook and R F Robinson, 1962, pp 143147

1 New Mexico Geological Society Downloaded from: Geology of Kennecott Copper Corporation's Safford copper deposit Annan Cook and R F Robinson, 1962, pp in: Mogollon Rim Region (EastCentral Arizona), Weber, R H; Peirce, H W; [eds], New Mexico Geological Society 13 th Annual Fall Field Conference Guidebook, 175 p This is one of many related papers that were included in the 1962 NMGS Fall Field Conference Guidebook Annual NMGS Fall Field Conference Guidebooks Every fall since 1950, the New Mexico Geological Society (NMGS) has held an annual Fall Field Conference that explores some region of New Mexico (or surrounding states) Always well attended, these conferences provide a guidebook to participants Besides detailed road logs, the guidebooks contain many well written, edited, and peerreviewed geoscience papers These books have set the national standard for geologic guidebooks and are an essential geologic reference for anyone working in or around New Mexico Free Downloads NMGS has decided to make peerreviewed papers from our Fall Field Conference guidebooks available for free download Nonmembers will have access to guidebook papers two years after publication Members have access to all papers This is in keeping with our mission of promoting interest, research, and cooperation regarding geology in New Mexico However, guidebook sales represent a significant proportion of our operating budget Therefore, only research papers are available for download Road logs, minipapers, maps, stratigraphic charts, and other selected content are available only in the printed guidebooks Copyright Information Publications of the New Mexico Geological Society, printed and electronic, are protected by the copyright laws of the United States No material from the NMGS website, or printed and electronic publications, may be reprinted or redistributed without NMGS permission Contact us for permission to reprint portions of any of our publications One printed copy of any materials from the NMGS website or our print and electronic publications may be made for individual use without our permission Teachers and students may make unlimited copies for educational use Any other use of these materials requires explicit permission

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NEW MEXICO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY % THIRTEENTH FIELD CONFERENCE 143 GEOLOGY OF KENNECOTT COPPER CORPORATION'S SAFFORD COPPER DEPOSIT By ANNAN COOK and R F ROBINSON Resident Geologist, Safford Project,

thirteen miles northeast of the town of Safford, county seat of Graham County, Arizona The nearest active mining property is Phelps Dodge's Morenci openpit copper mine, located nineteen airline miles

3 NEW MEXICO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY % THIRTEENTH FIELD CONFERENCE 143 GEOLOGY OF KENNECOTT COPPER CORPORATION'S SAFFORD COPPER DEPOSIT By ANNAN COOK and R F ROBINSON Resident Geologist, Safford Project, Kennecott Copper Corporation Senior Geologist, Southwest District, Bear Creek Mining Company LOCATION AND HISTORY Kennecott's Safford Development Project is located in the Lone Star Mining District, thirteen miles northeast of the town of Safford, county seat of Graham County, Arizona The nearest active mining property is Phelps Dodge's Morenci openpit copper mine, located nineteen airline miles to the northeast (or 60 miles by road) Recorded production from the Lone Star Mining District up to 1907 amounted to only 110,000 lbs of copper mainly from the San Juan Mine This production was mined from small shear zones or veins which occur in quartzmonzonite porphyry, andesite, or rhyolite The mining district lies south of the Gila Mountains, which are covered by later unmineralized basalt, andesite, agglomerate and tuff From 1949 to 1952 Consolidated Copper Mines Corporation and the American Metal Company, Ltd, optioned some of the existing claims, drilled four holes in the outcropping mineralized rhyolites, and five holes through the basaltcovered area While only lowgrade copper mineralization was encountered, some of the mineralization was found to occur as disseminations in the andesites and rhyolites In 1955 Bear Creek Mining Company (Kennecott's exploration subsidiary) commenced reconnaissance geological mapping in the Gila Mountains Although results of the previous drilling were not available to Bear Creek at this time, the sheared, altered and ironstained outcrops looked encouraging enough to warrant further investigation The same area was therefore optioned in 1956 After the area was mapped geologically assisted by geophysical surveying and geochemical sampling a diamond drilling program was commenced When drilling indicated the existence of a sizeable lowgrade copper deposit underlying the unmineralized later volcanics in the Gila Mountains, the property was purchased by the Company in 1959 Since this time development work has been carried on at the property In 1961 a development shaft was sunk to a depth of 804 feet, followed by 1,500 feet of crosscutting and 1,500 feet of drifting on the 3900' level (754 feet from the collar) Both underground and surface drilling is currently being done GEOLOGY The sequence of rocks exposed in the area is shown in the tabulation below: Formation Alluvium, Gila conglomerate Sedimentary and Volcanic Rocks Rock Types Thickness Sands, siltstones & 0'2,000' conglomerates Age Quaternary Pleistocene Unconformity Younger Vol Basalt, tuffs & 0,1,000' Tertiary(?) conic rocks agglomerates Intermediate Volcanic rocks Unconformity to disconformity Andesite, tuffs, 0'2,000 Postflows, agglomerates plus mineral Unconformity A Older Andesite, flow 2,500' plus Pre Volcanic breccia, & tuffs mineral rocks Cretaceous(?) Unconformity Quartzite Quartzite (?) Cambrian (?) Formation Intrusive Rocks Basalt dikes Postmineral Age Latite, quartzlatite, Older than Unconformity A rhyolite and quartz (Intrusive into Older Volcanics and diorite dikes and plugs Lone Star pluton) Quartzmonzonite porphyry Older than Unconformity A (Intrusive into Older Volcanics) Lone Star pluton (quartz Older than Unconformity A diorite, diorite) (Intrusive into Older Volcanics) As will be seen from the tabulation, and also from the attached geological map (Fig 1), the oldest rocks in the area consist of the small outcrops of quartzite of possible Cambrian age Next younger in age is the group of Older Volcanics, consisting mainly of andesite with some flows and lithic tuffs, strongly sheared by northeast fault zones Intrusive into the andesite is the Lone Star pluton, consisting of diorite and quartzdiorite Still later intrusions include a quartzmonzonite porphyry plug (at the San Juan Mine) and numerous northeasterlytrending dikes, and probably three plugs of latite, quartzlatite and rhyolite only one of which is exposed at the surface Dikes of these rock types also intersect both the quartzite and the Lone Star pluton

I I I I I I I I I I 00, 1'1 r i;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;,";1,,,,,,,,,,,,, Y )44 ++4 +_ 4 4 1 4, : : +++ ++:++4* 41 4 4, + 4y+ 1 + +, + z 'f_4, ++ p, 4 + 4 + + + 4 1,,e,4_ + 4 r1

, +11 + ++++++++++++++++++ +++++ 4 + + 4 + 1 4 4+4* + +4 4, + 0 4,++ + 4 4 1 4 1 4 4 + LONE STAR STOCK + + + ++ ±4 : 4 4+ +4 + ++ I i ++ i : ; ++ * 7+,+ +;_,++1 + : a+ ++++ ++++ 44 : 4,,, +4++ * 4 4

4 I I I I I I I I I I 00, 1'1 r i;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;,";1,,,,,,,,,,,,, Y ) _ , : : :++4* , + 4y , + z 'f_4, ++ p, ,,e,4_ + 4 r1 _,_ : 4 4 +ti!, * , + 0 4, LONE STAR STOCK ±4 : I i ++ i : ; ++ * 7+,+ +;_,++1 + : a : 4,,, +4++ * , *4 4+ * ' " * :4:4:++ ++ i* O 44:+: ', 4 + t+ :"++,,':, 7 +' 41,, 17, G 44' OUTLINE OF M N g A) ==;;';=1= ZONE 3900LEV L 0I ib A!900'LEVE G2, 18 SD7 G DEV SHAFT G12 40 '",;,',,';;;;;;;;;;',1 F AULT QUATERNARY TERTIARY TERTIARY OR CRETACEOUS CRETACEOUS (?) CAMBRIAN (?) LEGEND I I ALLUVIUM DE BASALT ( YOUNGER VOLCANICS) 1,1 ANDESITE, TUFF, AGGLOMERATE,FLOWS ( INTERMED VOLCAN) QUARTZ LATITE, LATITE, RHYOLITE LITHIC TUFF rn1 QUARTZ MONZONITE QUARTZ DIORITE, DIORITE ANDESITE (OLDER VOLCANICS) QUARTZITE SCALE IN FEET ==1 FAULTS, SHEARS O ' 2000 DRILL HOLE 4000 Fig I GENERALIZED GEOLOGICAL MAP, SAFFORD PROJECT AREA

$LEACHED r CAPPING d,,,,,, 4,,,_,,X,',1, " s ',14,,,, 77,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : 3 1 7' '),,,, ' 7 \ (_ ),,, ( ", =, _,\77,,,,,,:,, a4 ''7,4, ELEV 3000 _ 4 ( it 4 ' norrr 1134$ 9 = z Jg Z, Mi; :7; (` I I ' taa, ' I I 4 1284' 1,,_ :SI OUTLINE OF MINERALIZED 1,s,,, ZON E r'17 771 4, 2222, _ 2472 21 7' 2132' =, LEGEND I I QUATERNARY ALLUVIUM mil BASALT

9 = z Jg Z, Mi; :7; (` I I ' taa, ' I I 4 1284' 1,,_ :SI OUTLINE OF MINERALIZED 1,s,,, ZON E r'17 771 4, 2222, _ 2472 21 7' 2132' =, LEGEND I I QUATERNARY ALLUVIUM mil BASALT

5 1 G S 34 30' W N 34 30', E U G12 G SD7 r G 13 LITTLE LONE STAR SHAFT ELEV4000,:, r, h:,,,",r n,,,,," r,,,, '' N, r,r,,, N,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,r, rr,,, r,,,,,,,,,,,,, G38 '2 rrr LEACHED r CAPPING d,,,,,, 4,,,_,,X,',1, " s ',14,,,, 77,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : 3 1 7' '),,,, ' 7 \ (_ ),,, ( ", =, _,\77,,,,,,:,, a4 ''7,4, ELEV 3000 _ 4 ( it 4 ' norrr = z Jg Z, Mi; :7; (` I I ' taa, ' I I ' 1,,_ :SI OUTLINE OF MINERALIZED 1,s,,, ZON E r' , 2222, _ ' 2132' =, LEGEND I I QUATERNARY ALLUVIUM mil BASALT (11 INTERBEDDED TUFFS) SECT I ON G 01 F1 INTERMEDIATE VOLCANICS V1 QUARTZ LATITELATITE RHY 1 :::1 CRYSTAL LITHIC TUFF,;ILd ANDESITE Fig 2 o' soo' loon X SCALE IN FEE z o 7 V)

$_,,c,4 e_,, ',' C 2, 11 s," '4 171, F,,, "'"" "'" it 94 " 398 _491', I \ I k 391 92 492' ' " '" 6 N I s u, ''4=4;:, LEACHED CAPPING = 7,,, ELEV 3000 LEGEND \$

6 , X N 55 30'W S55 30' E AX G18 I G11 G4,,,,?,7,,,,,,,,,,, G2I,,,,,, 08 D EV SHAFT ( 210' N OF SEC) ELEV 4000 ILL 17",77,i77, 5,5,,5551i55,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ' 44,,,!dz:: z!_,,c,4 e_,, ',' C 2, 11 s," '4 171, F,,, "'"" "'" it 94 " 398 _491', I \ I k ' ' " '" 6 N I s u, ''4=4;:, LEACHED CAPPING = 7,,, ELEV 3000 LEGEND \ 1908' _ _ 222e * r c ) 186e, " ",'> 2296' " OUTLINE OF MINERALIZED ZONE ( ' QUATERNARY ALLUVIUM SECT ION X XI min BASALT (B INTERBEDDED TUFFS) 1%%%:, 1 INTERMEDIATE VOLCANICS 2991' NI QUARTZ LATITE LATITE RHY MI CRYSTAL LITHIC TUFF Fil ANDESITE Fig3 (, z o 2 to 1 I, 0' 50' SCALE IN FEET 100

$NEW MEXICO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY 4 THIRTEENTH FIELD CONFERENCE 147 Shearing and fracturing along the northeast shear zones continued after the later intrusions Following this, the area was$ covered by the socalled Intermediate Volcanics (andesite, tuffs and flows) and the Younger Volcanics (basalt, tuffs and agglomerates) Northwest blockfaulting then took place, resulting in the uplift

covered by the socalled Intermediate Volcanics (andesite, tuffs and flows) and the Younger Volcanics (basalt, tuffs and agglomerates) Northwest blockfaulting then took place, resulting in the uplift

7 NEW MEXICO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY 4 THIRTEENTH FIELD CONFERENCE 147 Shearing and fracturing along the northeast shear zones continued after the later intrusions Following this, the area was hydrothermally altered and mineralized principally with iron and copperbearing sulfides In time the deposit probably became enriched by the formation of a chalcocite blanket Subsequently it was covered by the socalled Intermediate Volcanics (andesite, tuffs and flows) and the Younger Volcanics (basalt, tuffs and agglomerates) Northwest blockfaulting then took place, resulting in the uplift and tilting of the Gila Mountains to the east and further oxidation of the presumably previouslyenriched ore deposit STRUCTURE The most prominent structural element exposed is the strong and dominant northeast trend of shearing in the Older Volcanics This has also been borne out by underground development The early age of this shearing is suggested by the probability that it guided the emplacement of the Lone Star and San Juan plutons, as well as the quartzlatite, latite and rhyolite dikes It also guided and localized alteration and mineralization Movement on some of the faults was late enough to displace the Tertiary basalts e, the Trojan fault, on which there is 170 feet of throw While the northeast shearing is most intense in the area straddling the Lone Star Mine (approximately 1,500 feet on each side), it also persists less intensely for 5,000 feet south of the Trojan fault To the northwest it is also less intense inside the Lone Star pluton However, on the northwest flank of this intrusive it increases in intensity (as in the At Ease fault zone) but falls of again towards the San Juan quartzmonzonite porphyry While the northwest trend of the Gila Mountains is considered to have been created by block faulting, the Butte fault is the only major fault found to be parallel with the range Based on the difference in elevation of the base of the basalt on each side of this fault, the displacement here may be as much as 2,000 feet No extensive breccias occur within the main mineralized section, but a tectonic breccia (500 feet by 100 feet) does occur northwest of the San Juan quartzmonzonite A few structural breccias and breccia pipes (16 feet in width), and also small pebble dikes, occur in the vicinity of the Lone Star pluton Around the San Juan intrusive some of the breccias are mineralized with chalcopyrite making them presulfide mineralization in age From surface and underground mapping, as well as underground drilling on the Safford Project, there appear to be three main plugs of rhyolite (with attendant dikes) intrusive into the andesite The rhyolite also intruded a lithic tuff of similar composition This tuff may have originated earlier from the same vent or vents up which the rhyolite plugs were intruded later The ore deposit occurs in the rhyolite plugs and adjoining areas of andesite, whereas the lithic tuff is only slightly mineralized ALTERATION AND MINERALIZATION Four hypogene alteration zones have been recognized on the property from surface exposures, diamond drilling and underground mapping, namely: (1) Zone of strong sericitization and silicification (2) Zone of strong biotitization (3) Zone of chloritization (4) Zone of propylitic alteration or unaltered rocks The orebody occurs in zones (1) and (2), depending 0 on which rock type is present Sericitization is restricted to rhyolites, latites and quartzlatites, whereas biotitization is mainly limited to the andesites These two zones, occupying an area of approximately 7,000 by 7,000 feet, consequently may be regarded as being equal high intensity zones of potash introduction Where exposed, the zone of chloritization forms a partial halo 1,0002,000 feet in width around the zones of sericitization and biotitization Within this zone which grades into the zone of propylitic alteration and unaltered rock strong sericitization occurs locally along mineralized veins, shear zones, or dikes Supergene alteration has resulted in the development of kaolinite, quartz, limonite, some sericite, and local alunite and gypsum While evidence of supergene effects is found at depth in most drill holes, the supergene minerals usually can be distinguished from the hypogene alteration products Alteration within the San Juan quartzmonzonite porphyry intrusive has a roughly concentric configuration, and consists of a central silicified, sericitized zone 2,500 feet in diameter Adjoining andesites are biotitized in a halo for an additional 1,500 2,000 feet, followed by an incomplete halo of chloritization approximately 1,000 feet wide As previously mentioned, the Safford Project copper deposit occurs in the first two zones of alteration However, a pyritized zone some 20,000 feet in length and 4,000 9,000 feet in width is associated with the ore, overlapping into the chloritized zone A similar zone 3,000 6,000 feet in extent is present around the San Juan intrusive Small amounts of gold also occur in quartz veins situated 1,000 feet south of the orebody Some galena was found near Corncob Hill 4,000 feet southwest of the center of the mineralized zone As stated above, the orebody occurs in the Older Volconics, which were later covered by unmineralized Intermediate and Younger Volcanics Below the unmineralized volcanics is a leached zone feet thick Hypogene mineralization consisted predominantly of pyrite and chalcopyrite occurring in vein lets or disseminations Very minor quantities of bornite, molybdenite, sphalerite, galena, magnetite, and specularite also occur During later supergene enrichment, chalcocite and covellite were formed by replacement of chalcopyrite and pyrite Because of the later uplift of the Gila Mountains, oxidation to great depths occurred and produced the mixed oxidesulfide orebody being developed today The most characteristic and abundant copper mineral in the deposit is chrysocolla, with important amounts of brochantite Lesser quantities of cuprite, pseudomalachite, native copper, antlerite, turquoise, and malachite are also present ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Much of the data described above are based on geological mapping and petrological studies by Bear Creek geologists, particularly R F Robinson, Annan Cook, D Maltzahn, W Kurtz, A Rose, A Banerjee, L Bryner, D Huckins, D Lobiondo, K Martin and C Hall Additional valuable assistance in mineral and rock identification was given by Dr Colin Hutton and Dr Robert Compton of Stanford University, and Dr R L DuBois of the University of Arizona Thanks are due to Kennecott Copper Corporation for permission to publish this paper

New Mexico Geological Society

New Mexico Geological Society Downloaded from: http://nmgs.nmt.edu/publications/guidebooks/43 Volcanic geology of the Rio Puerco necks R. Bruce Hallett, 1992, pp. 135-144 in: San Juan Basin IV, Lucas,