Magnitude Central Italy
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1 Magnitude Central Italy > at least 227 killed > 1000 injured, bldgs destroyed or damaged > occurred in central Appenines, a mountain range formed as a large accretionary wedge > Mediterranean highly complex due to interactions of numerous microplates
2 FOCAL MECHANISM AND HISTORIC SEISMICITY > What kind of fault did it occur on?
3 EQ HAZARD MAP SHAKE MAP (PGA)
4 Preliminary Earthquake Report U.S. Geological Survey, National Earthquake Information Center: World Data Center for Seismology, Denver Earthquake Hazards Program Magnitude CENTRAL ITALY 2009 April 06 01:32:39 UTC Versión en Español Details Summary Maps Scientific & Technical Additional Info Where can I find...? Earthquake Details Magnitude 6.3 Date-Time Location Depth Region Distances Location Uncertainty Monday, April 06, 2009 at 01:32:39 UTC Monday, April 06, 2009 at 03:32:39 AM at epicenter Time of Earthquake in other Time Zones N, E 8.8 km (5.5 miles) set by location program CENTRAL ITALY 75 km (45 miles) W of Pescara, Italy 85 km (55 miles) NE of ROME, Italy 115 km (75 miles) SE of Perugia, Italy 145 km (90 miles) S of Ancona, Italy Error estimate not available Parameters NST=321, Nph=321, Dmin=6 km, Rmss=0 sec, Gp= 14, M-type=teleseismic moment magnitude (Mw), Version=A Source Event ID Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Rome, Italy us2009fcaf This event has been reviewed by a seismologist. Did you feel it? Report shaking and damage at your location. You can also view a map displaying accumulated data from your report and others.
5 EARTHQUAKE SIZE How do we measure the size of an earthquake? What other factors influence amplitude of signals on seismograms?
6 DEVELOPMENT OF MAGNITUDE SCALE > expect signal amplitude to vary with distance to epicenter > seismologists K Wadati and C Richter both noticed that peak ground motion of quakes varied with distance > proposed magnitude scale through analogy with stellar brightness scale (similar to ph scale)
7 CONCEPT OF MAGNITUDE > first measure of size was termed magnitude > magnitude scales have form: M = log(a/t ) + F (h, ) + C A T F (h, ) C : signal amplitude : dominant period : correction for quake depth & distance : regional scale factor > logarithmic: unit increase equivalent to 10-fold increase in signal amplitude; necessary since earth motions span a range of 10 10
8 HISTORY OF MAGNITUDES > first devised by Charles Richter in 1935 for S California: ``Richter Scale or ``local magnitude M L = loga log 2.48 > valid for Wood-Anderson seismograph (resonant frequency = 0.8 Hz) and uses S-wave amplitude > sometimes still reported since good indicator of structural damage > later modifications include global body wave and surface wave scales: m b = log(a/t ) + Q(h, ) M s = log(a/t ) + 1.6log + 3.3
9 RICHTER SCALE FOR LOCAL MAGNITUDE > magnitude found from amplitude of largest arrival and the S-P travel time difference > in example, maximum amplitude is 23mm and S-P time is 24 s, yielding an ML of 5.0
10 MAGNITUDES AS MEASURES OF EARTHQUAKE SIZE ADVANTAGES: 1. directly measured from seismograms; no sophisticated signal processing required 2. yield units of order 1, providing intuitively attractive scale: M=5, moderate; M=6, strong, M=7, major, M=8, great etc. LIMITATIONS: 1. entirely empirical, not physically based (dimensions don t match) 2. magnitudes often discrepant between scales 3. magnitude scales saturate
11 MAGNITUDE DISCREPANCIES > note discrepant body-wave and surface wave magnitudes (due to empirical nature, no account for radiation pattern, fault dimensions and locations can vary along fault etc). > body-wave magnitudes saturate at ~6.2, surface wave magnitudes at ~8.4
12 THE SEISMIC MOMENT > a physically based measure of earthquake size/energy M 0 = µds (units?) µ D S : rigidity (shear modulus) of fault materials : slip as function of time : fault area > latter terms are timedependent since they can vary during an earthquake but we approximate as constant
13 RELATIVE AREAS, SLIP MOMENTS OF SOME EARTHQUAKES
14 THE MOMENT MAGNITUDE > moment estimated through sophisticated modelling of seismograms to estimate D, S > define moment magnitude as: M w = logm > physically based with terms 1.5, chosen to achieve good agreement with > doesn t saturate m b, M s > largest earthquakes bounded to M w < 10
15 ENERGY RELEASE > seismic moment and moment magnitude allow us to compare size of largest earthquakes > find that energy release for earthquakes of last century is dominated by a few large subduction earthquakes
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