Notepack 18 AiM: How can we tell the age of rock layers? Do now: Which Jenga piece was placed first to build this tower? Support your answer with

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1 Notepack 18 AiM: How can we tell the age of rock layers? Do now: Which Jenga piece was placed first to build this tower? Support your answer with complete sentences.

2 How old is the Earth? The Earth is said to be 4.54 billion years old. Although there was no living things to witness the birth of this planet, scientists can use several techniques to estimate the Earth s age.

3 Geological Time Geological Time refers to time as it relates to the Earth. There are 2 types of time use when studying the Earth: Relative age Time based on comparison to another object. An objects age falls with in a range rather than an exact date. Example - This rock is older than that rock Absolute age Time based with a number. More accurate Example - This rock is 4 million years old

4 Geologic Time Relative Time When the Earth formed, its surface consisted of molted rock. As the Earth cooled, the outer surface began to solidify and form the crust. Once water and the atmosphere formed, weathering and erosion of surface rock took place. This weathering allowed sedimentary rocks to form. The constant movement of crustal plates and volcanic activity helped form metamorphic rock.

5 Over time, these newly formed rock began to pile on top of each other, creating layers. Scientist use these layers, to help them determine the age of rock by comparing the layer s position relative to the other layer of rock.. Geologic Time Relative Time (cont)

6 Example of Relative Age Dating and Correlation

7 Principle of Superposition Principle of Superposition states that the thickness of the ground always start from the layers of rock on the bottom and ends with the layers of rock on top. This means the layer of rock closest to the top is younger than those layers of rock that is deep in the ground. (Oldest on bottom, youngest on top)

8 Principle of Superposition uperposition In In undisturbed sedimentary rock rock or lava or lava flows flows: Top = youngest layer Bottom = oldest layer

9 Relative Age Dating

10 Oldest layers at bottom

11 The law of cross-cutting relationships Any feature that cuts across a rock or layers of rock is younger than the rock or layer that it cuts. These features include: Magma pushing through cracks in the layers Faults or cracks that break through a layer of rock.

12 Lava

13 As the lava and magma cool, they form igneous rock. But because the lava and magma was very hot, some of the rock that they touch change and become metamorphic rock. Metamorphic Rock Lava

14

15 Fault line

16 Lava Fault Metamorphic Rock Magma

17 Example of Cross-Cutting Intrusion - - igneous rock that that forms when magma squeezes between existing rock rock and and hardens

18 Examples of Cross-Cutting Faults, joints, tilts, and veins also follow the law of cross--cutting relationships

19

20 Principle of Original Horizontality The Principle of Original Horizontality states that Sedimentary layers are deposited in horizontal sheets. If rock layers are found folded or up lifted, than the event that caused this deformation must have occurred after rocks formed. Folding occurs when rocks are pressed under tremendous pressure. (tectonic plate movement.)

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23 Unconformity As new layers of rock form, the upper most layer is exposed to water, wind and climate. As a result, these rocks may be exposed to weathering and erosion. In areas where weathering is extreme, new rock layers can form as the results of new depositation occurs. The irregular profile is known as unconformity.

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25 Some Problems with Unconformity Because of folding and uplifting, rock layers are moved out from their original position; causing scientist to make inaccurate dating. Due to weathering and erosion, some layers of rock could have worn down; making those layers vanish from the geological timeline.

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27

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29 Correlation Correlation is determining that rock layers from different area locations may have formed at the same time based on comparing the sequence of rock layers or the fossils that may be found in the rock layers.

30 Two Rock formations hundred of miles away from each other F E D C B A F E D B A

31 Correlation Correlation is determining that rocks are the same formation (may mean rocks are the same age)

32 Illustration of Principle of Faunal Succession

33 Unconformity Types Using Grand Canyon as Example

34 Put Rock Layers in order from oldest to youngest. Use your ESRT. Contact metamorphism

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