City of Fort Collins: Geology Staff Training, June 2012

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1 1 City of Fort Collins: Geology Staff Training, June 2012 Levels of Analysis Descriptive (What do you see, feel, hear, etc..) This rock is made of round grains of quartz. Interpretive-- (The detective story) This rock was deposited in ancient sand dunes. Dynamic (Normally determined by years of work by many scientists) Because of the configuration of Earth s plates, the climate was much drier. Making Observations in the Field Part 1. The Big Picture: The Landscape. Part 2. The Outcrop. Part 3: The close up (Hand Samples). Additional Important Geologic Terms Sedimentary Structures: Any feature within a sedimentary rock. Primary sedimentary structures those that form at the time of sediment deposition. Reflect modes of deposition Useful tools for interpreting ancient environment of deposition Secondary sedimentary structures those that form after burial of the sediment. Related to processes during lithification. Different kinds of Strata Stratum any single layer of sediment or sedimentary rock. Pleural: strata. Lamina any stratum that is <1 cm thick Bed any stratum that is >1 cm thick Organization of different rocks in the field Group--Groups of formations Formation (Fm) Ex: Morrison Fm, and Lyons Ss. Unit of rock formed in a particular way. Large enough to be easily mapped Formally named, often for nearby geographic feature Member (Mbr) Smaller rock unit within a formation

2 2 Living Colorado s Geologic History Student Worksheet STEP ONE: Rock Number: Characteristics of Your Rock Crystals Check one box STEP TWO: Characteristics of Your Rock Vesicles (holes)-- Layers of grains Check one or two boxes o Large or small (circle one) o Many or Few (circle one) o **If your rock has gold or silver (metallic) crystals/ coatings, skip to step 3. Grains o Large or small (circle one) Draw the size and shape of your Neither crystals or grains crystals or grains o Wavy or flat (circle one) Layers of crystals o Wavy or flat (circle one) Fossils None of the above o If none: Is rock LIGHT or HEAVY for its size? (circle one) o If none: Is rock SOFT or HARD? (circle one) STEP THREE: Use the chart below to help determine which type of rock you are looking at. Table shows possible characteristics of each rock type. Characteristics of Rocks (your rock may not have all characteristics in the column) Igneous Rock Types Metamorphic Sedimentary Crystals (yes or no) Crystals (yes or no) Grains: None, Small or Large Crystals: Only rarely Layers: None Layers: none, wavy or Layers: Flat or wavy flat Vesicles (holes) Fossils Impossible to scratch Gold or silver crystals/ coatings Weight: Heavy for its size Easy to scratch Weight: Light for its size Based on the above information, my rock is (circle one): Igneous -- Metamorphic -- Sedimentary

3 3 STEP FOUR: Hypothesis: Using what you know about geology and how rocks form, describe the environment where you think your rock could have been made (HINT: think about the rock cycle). STEP FIVE: LEAVE THE PICTURES ON TABLE while you examine them. When you decide which picture goes with your rock, write down the letter (from the yellow box) on the line below and ask your instructor if you are correct. If you are correct, remove the picture from the table and keep it with you. If you are incorrect, go back and choose a different image. Which image best matches where your rock could have formed? (Write letter) Based on the image, describe the past environment where your rock could have formed. STEP SIX: Look at the image your instructor has given you and answer the following sentences. A. I could go see my rock near this place in Colorado: B. My rock is years old. C. My rock is important in our society because. STEP Seven: Summary Sentence: (HINT: use the data you collected in Steps 1-6) My rock has the characteristics of (e.g.: crystals, fossils, etc.), was formed/deposited (circle one) years ago by a. It is currently found in, Colorado. This rock is important in our society because. STEP Eight: List three other past environments where rocks formed in Colorado. (Hint: your classmates will present the answer to this question) STEP Nine: Name a place on Earth where rocks like yours are forming today.

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6 Using the figure below, work out the sequence of geologic events needed to produce the following exposure. For simplicity, use numbers to designate individual rock units. List the geologic events from oldest on the bottom to youngest on top. 6 Youngest Event Oldest Event Principles of Relative Age Dating Superposition: the oldest layers are on the bottom and the youngest are on the top. Original Horizontality: sediments are deposited horizontally (forming originally flat beds) due to the effects of gravity and particles settling in water or air. Original Lateral Continuity: sediments originally extended in all directions until they thinned out to nothing or were limited by the margin of their depositional basin. Crosscutting Relations: any rock unit cut by a fault or another rock unit is older than the fault or the crosscutting unit. Included Fragments: fragments in a rock body must be older than the rock body. Faunal Succession: fossil plants and animals succeed each other in a definite and determinable order. o Life has gone through irreversible changes over time. o Individual fossils are unique to a particular time, thus a period of time can be recognized by its fossils.

7 7 Relative Age Dating Cards Activity 1. Imagine you saw an outcrop that had the exposure of the rocks in Drawing I. The Principle of Superposition says the rocks on the bottom are older, but sometimes rocks get overturned by tectonic forces so that the youngest rock layers appear to be on the bottom. Which relative age dating principle tells you THESE layers are in the order from oldest at the bottom to youngest of the top? Circle One: Original Horizontality, Original Lateral Continuity, Superposition, Crosscutting Relations, Included Fragments, Faunal Succession. 2. Which relative age dating principle tells you the layers of rock in Drawing I came before Drawing G and not the other way around? Circle One: Original Horizontality, Original Lateral Continuity, Superposition, Crosscutting Relations, Included Fragments, Faunal Succession. 3. Imagine you saw a cliff that had the exposure of the rocks in Drawing B. Which relative age dating principle tells you the fault (a break in the rock that moves) in the rocks had to have occurred after the rocks were deposited? Circle One: Original Horizontality, Original Lateral Continuity, Superposition, Crosscutting Relations, Included Fragments, Faunal Succession. 4. In the front of the classroom, examine the rock samples from Location #1 (See drawing below). These were found where the fault occurred. The polished surfaces are called slickensides; they form when cracking and movement of rocks occur. Examine the largest sample to see how these surfaces can indicate the direction of movement along a fault. Each person should pick up one of the smaller samples, find the slickensides, and use your finger to determine the two possible directions of movement along the fault. When finished, bring the sample to your instructor and show them your findings. 5. In the front of the classroom, examine the rock samples from Location #2 (See drawing below). These rocks were found where the igneous intrusion occurred. The small fragments of rock you see in each sample are pieces of the rock (they could be any type of rock) that fell into the intruding magma before it cooled. These fragments are called xenoliths. Which relative age dating principle tells you the xenoliths you see must be older than the granite? Each person should pick up one sample, find the xenolith, and show it to your instructor. Circle One: Original Horizontality, Original Lateral Continuity, Superposition, Crosscutting Relations, Included Fragments, Faunal Succession. 6. In the front of the classroom, examine the rock samples found at Location #3 (see drawing below). The composition of the older rocks below this layer can be seen at the front of the room and are labeled, Sample #4. What features do you see in the Location #3 samples that tells you these rocks must be

8 8 younger than the rocks they are sitting on top of? Each person should pick up one of the large samples, find the important clue to answer the above question, and show it to your instructor. Which TWO relative age dating principles confirm your observations? Circle Two: Original Horizontality, Original Lateral Continuity, Superposition, Crosscutting Relations, Included Fragments, Faunal Succession. 7. Imagine you saw a cliff that had the exposure of the rocks in Drawing D. The V shape is a water-carved canyon where a river flows today. If you were standing on one side of this canyon looking across to the other side; would you think that the rocks had originally been connected (before the river cut into them) or had been deposited only on either side of the river? What evidence exists to support your answer? Which relative age dating principle confirms your observations? Circle One: Original Horizontality, Original Lateral Continuity, Superposition, Crosscutting Relations, Included Fragments, Faunal Succession. 8. Imagine you saw a cliff that had the exposure of the rocks in Drawing E. Which relative age dating principle tells you the granitic intrusion is younger that the surrounding rocks and the fault? Circle One: Original Horizontality, Original Lateral Continuity, Superposition, Crosscutting Relations, Included Fragments, Faunal Succession. E #4 #3 #2 #1 #2 Mike Zawaski:

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