Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky

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1 Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky

2 Objectives of Today s Lecture Refresher on Sedimentary Depositional Systems and Rock Classifications Transgressive and Regressive Marine Environments Carbonate Depositional Systems Mammoth Cave National Park Geologic History Cave Formation and Features Surface Features Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky

3 Mammoth Cave National Park Established in July 1, 1941 Longest known cave in the world 345 miles of mapped passageways Cave enlargement continues today

4 Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky

5 Geologic Context Marshak, EARTH (Norton, 2005) BASINS are places where the rocks have been folded downward

6 The diversity of sedimentary environments Glacier Nonmarine (Terrestrial) Stream Mountain front Lake Dunes Wetland Marginal marine (Transitional) Delta Shelf Beach Marine Seafloor Reynolds et al. (2008) Sedimentary Environments on Land and Shore: 6

7 Classification of SEDIMENTARY ROCKS Mud < 1/256 mm Silt - between 1/256 and 1/16 mm Sand - between 1/16 and 2 mm Pebble

8 Classification of SEDIMENTARY ROCKS Parks and Plates 2005 Robert J. Lillie

9 Clastic rocks are classified by: 1. Clast size 2. Clast composition 3. Angularity and Sphericity 4. Sorting

10 Sedimentary Depositional Environments Continental (above sea level) Alluvial Fans Glacial Fluvial (stream) Lacustrine (lake) Death Valley National Park, California

11 Sedimentary Depositional Environments Continental (above sea level) Alluvial Fans Glacial Fluvial (stream) Lacustrine (lake) Kenai Fjords National Park, Alaska Glacier National Park, Montana

12 Sedimentary Depositional Environments Continental (above sea level) Alluvial Fans Glacial Fluvial (stream) Lacustrine (lake)

13 Alluvial Fans Glacial Fluvial (stream) Lacustrine (lake) Sedimentary Depositional Environments Continental (above sea level)

14 Alluvial Fans Glacial Fluvial (stream) Lacustrine (lake) Sedimentary Depositional Environments Continental (above sea level)

15 Sedimentary Depositional Environments Transitional to Marine Marine depositional environments

16 Sedimentary Depositional Environments Marine Depositional Environments

17 Beach sand Time 1 Migrating seas deposit a sequence of sediments Time 2 Mud over sand Time 3 Mudstone Reef Limestone over mud Sandstone Older units Section formed during a transgression Reynolds et al. (2008)

18 Time 1 Mud over limestone Migrating seas deposit a sequence of sediments Time 2 Beach sand over mud Sandstone Time 3 Dune sand Mudstone Section formed during a regression Illustrates Walther s Law vertical succession of facies reflects lateral changes in Reynolds et al. (2008) environment

19 Make up 10-15% of total volume of all sedimentary rocks Sedimentary Depositional Environments Limestone - Carbonate Environments Limestone CaCO 3 Biochemical Dolomite (Ca,Mg)(CO 3 ) 2 Chemical Mg in seawater replaces some of the Ca in carbonates Fossiliferous Limestone Dolomite Mountains, Italy

20 Sedimentary Depositional Environments Limestone - Carbonate Environments Warm water Tropical; 30 N to 30 S latitude Shallow shelf Within the photic zone (mostly <10-20 m) Also accumulate in deep water (pelagic oozes) Lime mud

21 Modern Environments Sedimentary Depositional Environments Limestone - Carbonate Environments Great Barrier Reef, Australia

22 Ancient Environments Sedimentary Depositional Environments Limestone - Carbonate Environments

23 Marine deposition Ma Mammoth Caves Geologic Sequence Impure limestone

24 Late Devonian (360 Ma) Blakely,

25 Early Mississippian (345 Ma) Blakely,

26 Late Mississippian (325 Ma) Blakely,

27 Mammoth Caves Geologic Sequence Pennyroyal Plateau Chester Upland Impure limestone

28 Impure limestone Mammoth Caves Geologic Sequence

29 Mammoth Caves Geologic Sequence

30 Mammoth Caves Geologic Sequence Erosion during Tertiary (65-10 Ma) formed the flat-lying Pennyroyal Plateau Cave formation began during this time, but was slow Pennyroyal Plateau Chester Upland Impure limestone

31 CONTINENTAL GLACIATION Began ~5 Ma The ice sheets affected Voyageurs National Park, but did not extend as far south as Mammoth Cave. Marshak, EARTH (Norton, 2005) Parks and Plates 2005 Robert J. Lillie

32 Mammoth Caves Surface Features

33 Mammoth Caves Surface Features

34 Dissolving limestone Water mixes with CO 2 (mostly in soils) to form carbonic acid Mammoth Caves Formation of caverns H 2 O + CO 2 H 2 CO 3 Water Carbon Dioxide Gas Carbonic Acid Impure limestone

35 Development of Cave System Marshak, EARTH (Norton, 2005) Parks and Plates 2005 Robert J. Lillie

36 Water tends to flow along the horizontal sedimentary layers. Development of Cave System Marshak, EARTH (Norton, 2005) Parks and Plates 2005 Robert J. Lillie

37 Vertical cracks (joints) serve as conduits for the flow of water into the ground. Development of Cave System Marshak, EARTH (Norton, 2005) Parks and Plates 2005 Robert J. Lillie

38 Caves form as the groundwater dissolves the limestone and dolomite, leaving floors and ceilings of sandstone and shale. Development of Cave System Marshak, EARTH (Norton, 2005) Parks and Plates 2005 Robert J. Lillie

39 Mammoth Caves Travertine (Speleothems) If water enters a large cavern, the reverse process can occur, causing dissolved CO2 to release into the cave atmosphere H 2O Water + CO2 H2CO3 Carbon Dioxide Gas Carbonic Acid This causes CaCO3 to precipitate forming travertine

40

41 Jewel Cave National Monument, South Dakota National Park Service Parks and Plates 2005 Robert J. Lillie

42 Carlsbad Caverns National Park, New Mexico

43 Mammoth Caves Surface Features Karst Topography Features formed by the solution of limestone Caves, sinkholes, springs, disappearing streams Pennyroyal Plateau

44 Karst Topography South China

45 Mammoth Caves Karst Features - Sinkholes Sinkholes form where surface water drains downward into an underground river system.

46 Mammoth Caves Karst Features - Springs Springs Impure limestone

47 Impure limestone Mammoth Caves Karst Features - Springs

48 Impure limestone Mammoth Caves Karst Features - Springs

49 Recap Sedimentary rocks Finding a (carbonate) happy place Process of carbonate dissolution and associated features Caves, sinkholes, springs, etc Formation of Travertine Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky

50 What s the depositional history here? Sandstone Removed by erosion Mudstone Mudstone Sandstone Cretaceous marginal and marine sedimentary rocks, East of Beclabito, Navajo Nation, New Mexico

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